Endocrine System Flashcards
The endocrine system utilizes __________ to control body fx. And the nervous system utilizes ________ to control body fx.
hormones; neurotransmitters (mediator molecules)
Neurotransmitters perform their action ________ to site of release and hormones usually perform their action _____ from site of release
close; far
The endocrine system acts upon _____ ______ of body. Unlike the nervous system which takes milliseconds to respond, the response time for Endocrine system can take seconds or days and lasts longer.
all cells
Interstitial fluid, metabolism/energy balance, contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle fibers, glandular secretions and some immune system activities are fx of _______
Hormones (control growth/development, reproductive systems and establish circadian rhythms)
The nervous and endocrine systems make up the “________”
“Supersystem” – nervous system stimulates/inhibit hormones & hormones promote/inhibit nerve impulses
_________ glands secrete products into ducts, lumen of organs or to the outer surface of the body
Exocrine (Exo = outside)
________ glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells
Endocrine (Endo = inside)
_________ can cause cascades of hormones
thoughts
Sudoriferous, Sebacious, Mucous and Digestive are all types of ______ glands
Exocrine glands
((Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pineal)) & (Other organs like the Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, KD’s, ST, LV, SI, Skin, HT, Adipose tissue & placenta are all ________ glands
Endocrine glands; ((True Glands)) and (glands that secrete hormones and have other roles as well)
Oxytocin (breastfeeding), blood clotting to prevent bleeding out and interleukin building to fight off infections are all examples of a ______ feedback loop
positive feedback loop (fx of endocrine system aka endocrine glands & hormones)
_____________ decreases the responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone - - if hormone is excess the number of target cell receptors may decrease
down-regulation
_____________ increases the responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone - - if hormone is deficient the number of target cell receptors may increase
Up-regulation
__________ hormones block the receptors from naturally occurring hormones
Synthetic hormones
Most hormones are _________ hormones. They pass from secretory cells that make them into the interstitial fluid & then into the blood.
Circulating (circulate thru the entire body)
________ hormones act on neighboring cells or same cells that secreted them without 1st entering the bloodstream
Local hormones - example - IL-2 (Interleukin 2 - + feedback loop)
_______ & _______ are both local hormone types. The first act on neighboring cells and the second acts on the same cell that secreted them.
Paracrines/para = beside or near & Autocrines/Auto = self
________ hormones usually inactivate quickly whereas ______ hormones linger longer. ________ hormones influence other hormones
Local - inactivate quickly; circulating linger & get deactivated by liver & excreted by kidneys; tropic hormones influence others
Steroids, Thyroid hormones & Nitric Oxide are all _____-_______ hormones. They guide transcription & translation.
Lipid-soluble hormones (Chemical classes) - go directly into cell & bind with nucleus - bind to transport protiens
Amine, Peptide, Sugars, Protein and Eicosanoid hormones like Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes are all _______-_______ hormones. These are 1st messenger and activate cAMP.
Water-Soluble hormones (Chemical classes) - bind on plasma membrane of cell - transported in “free” form/ unattached
Phosphodiesterase inactivates ______
cAMP
Hormone concentration, the # of hormone receptors on target cell and influences from other hormones all determine the _____ of the target cell
responsiveness
A _________ effect is when the action of a 2nd hormone is required for the 1st hormone to take effect.
permissive effect - example - thyroid hormones (2nd) allow epinephrine to stimulate lipolysis (only can happen with T3 & T4)
A _________ effect is when the sum of the actions of 2 hormones is greater than either individually.
Synergistic effect - example - estrogens & FSH promote development of oocytes
