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Anatomy 3 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system utilizes __________ to control body fx. And the nervous system utilizes ________ to control body fx.

A

hormones; neurotransmitters (mediator molecules)

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters perform their action ________ to site of release and hormones usually perform their action _____ from site of release

A

close; far

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3
Q

The endocrine system acts upon _____ ______ of body. Unlike the nervous system which takes milliseconds to respond, the response time for Endocrine system can take seconds or days and lasts longer.

A

all cells

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid, metabolism/energy balance, contraction of smooth & cardiac muscle fibers, glandular secretions and some immune system activities are fx of _______

A

Hormones (control growth/development, reproductive systems and establish circadian rhythms)

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5
Q

The nervous and endocrine systems make up the “________”

A

“Supersystem” – nervous system stimulates/inhibit hormones & hormones promote/inhibit nerve impulses

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6
Q

_________ glands secrete products into ducts, lumen of organs or to the outer surface of the body

A

Exocrine (Exo = outside)

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7
Q

________ glands secrete hormones into interstitial fluid surrounding secretory cells

A

Endocrine (Endo = inside)

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8
Q

_________ can cause cascades of hormones

A

thoughts

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9
Q

Sudoriferous, Sebacious, Mucous and Digestive are all types of ______ glands

A

Exocrine glands

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10
Q

((Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pineal)) & (Other organs like the Hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, KD’s, ST, LV, SI, Skin, HT, Adipose tissue & placenta are all ________ glands

A

Endocrine glands; ((True Glands)) and (glands that secrete hormones and have other roles as well)

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11
Q

Oxytocin (breastfeeding), blood clotting to prevent bleeding out and interleukin building to fight off infections are all examples of a ______ feedback loop

A

positive feedback loop (fx of endocrine system aka endocrine glands & hormones)

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12
Q

_____________ decreases the responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone - - if hormone is excess the number of target cell receptors may decrease

A

down-regulation

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13
Q

_____________ increases the responsiveness of the target cell to the hormone - - if hormone is deficient the number of target cell receptors may increase

A

Up-regulation

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14
Q

__________ hormones block the receptors from naturally occurring hormones

A

Synthetic hormones

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15
Q

Most hormones are _________ hormones. They pass from secretory cells that make them into the interstitial fluid & then into the blood.

A

Circulating (circulate thru the entire body)

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16
Q

________ hormones act on neighboring cells or same cells that secreted them without 1st entering the bloodstream

A

Local hormones - example - IL-2 (Interleukin 2 - + feedback loop)

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17
Q

_______ & _______ are both local hormone types. The first act on neighboring cells and the second acts on the same cell that secreted them.

A

Paracrines/para = beside or near & Autocrines/Auto = self

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18
Q

________ hormones usually inactivate quickly whereas ______ hormones linger longer. ________ hormones influence other hormones

A

Local - inactivate quickly; circulating linger & get deactivated by liver & excreted by kidneys; tropic hormones influence others

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19
Q

Steroids, Thyroid hormones & Nitric Oxide are all _____-_______ hormones. They guide transcription & translation.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones (Chemical classes) - go directly into cell & bind with nucleus - bind to transport protiens

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20
Q

Amine, Peptide, Sugars, Protein and Eicosanoid hormones like Prostaglandins & Leukotrienes are all _______-_______ hormones. These are 1st messenger and activate cAMP.

A

Water-Soluble hormones (Chemical classes) - bind on plasma membrane of cell - transported in “free” form/ unattached

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21
Q

Phosphodiesterase inactivates ______

A

cAMP

22
Q

Hormone concentration, the # of hormone receptors on target cell and influences from other hormones all determine the _____ of the target cell

A

responsiveness

23
Q

A _________ effect is when the action of a 2nd hormone is required for the 1st hormone to take effect.

A

permissive effect - example - thyroid hormones (2nd) allow epinephrine to stimulate lipolysis (only can happen with T3 & T4)

24
Q

A _________ effect is when the sum of the actions of 2 hormones is greater than either individually.

A

Synergistic effect - example - estrogens & FSH promote development of oocytes

25
Q

A _________ effect is when one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone.

A

Antagonistic effect - example - Insulin promotes synthesis of glycogen & glucagon stimulates breakdown of glycogen

26
Q

Signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in blood and other hormones can all regulate _________ _______

A

hormone secretion

27
Q

The ____________ synthesizes at least 9 different hormones, regulates the pituitary gland and serves as integrating center for nervous & endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus - pain, stress and emotions can change hypothalamic activity

28
Q

Oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone go to ________ part of hypothalamus and wait to be released

A

Posterior

29
Q

7 of the hormones controlled by the hypothalamus go to the __________ pituitary gland. It’s attached by the infundibulum.

A

anterior - stimulated by releasing hormones and suppressed by inhibiting hormones

30
Q

____________ secrete hGH which stimulate tissues to secrete insulin like growth factors (IGFs)

A

Somatotrophs - Anterior pituitary gland

31
Q

__________ secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin

A

Thyrotrophs - Anterior pituitary gland

32
Q

___________ secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) which acts on the gonads. Stimulate secretion of estrogen and progesterone and testosterone

A

Gonadotrophs (oocytes on ovaries & sperm in testes)

33
Q

__________ secrete prolactin (PRL), which initiates milk production, need help from FSH, LH, hGH and permission

A

Lactotrophs

34
Q

__________ secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

A

Corticotrophs

35
Q

The hypothalamus secretes ___ releasing hormones and ____ inhibiting hormones

A

5 release; 2 inhibit

36
Q

___________ is released during labor/delivery and enhances the contraction of smooth muscle cells. Post-delivery it stimulates milk ejection.

A

Oxytocin

37
Q

_____ is a substance that decreases urine production. It causes Kidneys to return more water to the blood.

A

ADH - Anti-Diuretic Hormone

38
Q

The ________ gland is located inferior to the larynx, anterior to the trachea, is highly vascular and the right & left lobes are connected by an isthmus.

A

Thyroid gland (the thyroid follicular cells secrete T3 Triiodothyrronine & T4 Thyroxine) - (Parafollicular cells/C cells produce Calcitonin/CT

39
Q

____ regulates calcium, inhibits the action of osteoclasts & accelerates the uptake of calcium & phosphates in bones.

A

CT - produced by parafollicular cells/C cells

40
Q

____________ glands are in the posterior surface of lateral thyroid lobes. 2 types of epithelial cells - PTH (chief principal cell) & Oxyphil cells are produced here.

A

Parathyroid - para = near

41
Q

____ increases activity of Osteoclasts and stimulate the Kidneys to produce calcitrol/ active form of Vit D

A

PTH (regulates levels of Calcium, Magnesium & phosphate ions in the blood)

42
Q

The _______ cortex produces steroid hormones

A

Adrenal cortex

43
Q

The _______ medulla produces Norepinephrine, Epinephrine (fight or flight) and Dopamine.

A

Adrenal medulla

44
Q

____________(Cortex) regulates metabolism and resistance to stress. Stimulate Hypothalamus to secrete CRH which promotes release of ACTH from anterior pituitary.

A

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Corticostrerone, Cortisone) - stimulates lypolysis.

45
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of _______ which assist in early growth of axillary & pubic hairs. Contributes to libido & provides estrogen after menopause.

A

Androgens - ACTH stimulates its secretion

46
Q

_________ raises blood glucose levels

A

Glucagon - Hyperglycemia inhibits release – Hypoglycemia stimulates release

47
Q

______ lowers blood glucose levels

A

Insulin - Somatostatin inhibits both insulin and glucagon

48
Q

The _______ gland is a small endocrine gland attached to roof of 3rd ventrical of brain, it secretes melatonin and controls circadian rhythm

A

Pineal

49
Q

The ______ is located behind the sternum btwn lungs. It produces thymosin, thymic humoral/THF, Thymic Factor/TF & thymopoeietin.

A

Thymus - promotes maturation of T cells & may retard aging process.

50
Q

_________ is the study of the science of endocrine glands, Fx of endocrine glands, diagnosis & treatment of endocrine disorders.

A

Endocrinology

Anatomy 3 (7 decks)

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