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Anatomy 3 > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

T/F receptors for the special senses are anatomically distinct from one another

A

True

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2
Q

T/F Smell and Taste are chemical senses that involve interaction of molecules with receptors

A

True

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3
Q

Impulses from smell and taste propagate to the _________ system

A

Limbic system

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4
Q

A __________ is a sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal into an action potential

A

chemosensor/chemoreceptor

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5
Q

T/F there are between 1-1,000 receptors for olfaction

A

False, there are btwn 10-100 million. Olfactory basil cells do not last very long and women tend to have more esp during menses and pregnancy

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6
Q

3 kinds of Cells for Smell are —

A
  1. Olfactory - 1st order bipolar neurons
  2. Supporting Cells - Columnar epithelium mucous
  3. Basal Cells - produce new olfactory cells, live approx 1 month
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7
Q

__________ glands are in the connective tissue that supports the epithelium. They produce mucous which moisten surface and dissolve odorants

A

Bowman’s Glands

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8
Q

Branches of the ________ Nerve innervate the supporting cells and olfactory glands. They stimulate ________ glands.

A

Facial Nerve (VII); Stimulate lacrimal glands (produce tears from pepper and ammonia)

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9
Q

Humans can recognize about ________ different odors. There are _________ of “primary” odors.

A

10,000; hundreds of primary

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10
Q

T/F All Special senses have a high threshold

A

False, they all have a LOW threshold for an attenuation process, allowing for higher adaptation decreasing in sensitivity.

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11
Q

There are aprox. ______ olfactory foramina in the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone. _____ or so bundles form right and left olfactory Nerve (I). They terminate below —–

A

20 olfactory foramina; 40 or so bundles CN(I); They terminate in the olfactory bulbs - below the frontal lobes of the CEREBRUM - odor ID.

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12
Q

___________ sensations are the ONLY sensations that reach the cerebral cortex w/o 1st synapsing in the thalamus

A

Olfactory

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13
Q

___________ is the reduced ability to smell. This can be caused by smoking, age increase, head injuries, medications or gender.

A

Hyposmia - - women have a keener sense of smell

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14
Q

Effects of smells on our psychology and their associations of the brain are known as ___________

A

Aromatherapy

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15
Q

T/F Our sense of smell serves as a survival function to help us select non-poisonous foods

A

True

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16
Q

There are 5 primary tastes —

A

Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Salty and Umami (earthy/mushroom taste)

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17
Q

T/F There is a tongue map to help decipher different tastes

A

False, contrary to popular belief, responsiveness to the five taste is present in all areas of the tongue

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18
Q

There are approx _______ taste buds. The 3 kinds of Epithelial Cells in taste buds are….

A

10,000; 1. Supporting, 2. Gustatory Receptor (last about 10 days) and 3. Basal Cells - stimulate growth of more gustatory cells

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19
Q

Supporting cells in taste buds surround approx _______ gustatory receptor cells.

A

50 (Gustatory receptor cells synapse with 1st order neurons)

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20
Q

The ______ ______ also known as microvillus, projects thru the taste pores

A

gustatory hair

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21
Q

_______ Cells are stem cells at the periphery of the taste bud. They produce supporting cells which will develop into gustatory cells.

A

Basal Cells

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22
Q

There are 4 types of taste buds found in elevations on the tongue — 1. __________ papillae, 2. ___________papillae, 3. __________ Papillae and 4. __________ Papillae

A
  1. Vallate papillae - 12 very large circular at V-shaped row at back of tongue (100-300 taste buds) 2. Fungiform Papillae - over entire surface (5 tastebuds), 3. Foliate Papillae - lateral margins (these tastebuds degenerate in early childhood), 4. Filiform Papillae - entire surface - for friction - no taste buds - move food
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23
Q

__________ are chemicals that stimulate gustatory receptors. They dissolve in saliva. They generate action potential with gustatory hairs and in turn trigger nerve impulses with 1st order neurons

A

Tastants

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24
Q

________ ions in Salty foods enter the gustatory receptor cells via _____ channels in the membrane

A

Sodium ions; Na+ channels

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25
Q

__________ ions in Sour tastants flow in through ____ channels

A

Hydrogen ions; H+ channels

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26
Q

_______, ________ and _________ tastants DO NOT enter gustatory receptor cells. They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane and trigger 2ND messengers in cell.

A

Sweet, Bitter and Umami

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27
Q

The threshold for ______ substances is the lowest, esp since poisonous substances are usually ______.

A

Bitter; Bitter

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28
Q

The threshold for ________ substances is somewhat higher than bitter.

A

Sour

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29
Q

The threshold for ______ and ______ substances are similar and higher than the others

A

Salty and Sweet

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30
Q

Complete adaptation of a taste can occur in _____ if continuous stimulation

A

1-5 mins

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31
Q

Three Cranial nerves contain axons for the gustatory pathways - - -

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII) - anterior 2/3 of tongue, Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) - posterior 1/3 of tongue, and Vagus Nerve (CN X) - buds in throat and epiglottus

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32
Q

Gustatory impulses propagate to the gustatory nucleus in the _______ ________

A

medulla oblongata

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33
Q

Some axons carrying taste signals project into the _______ system and the __________. Others project to the __________ to the primary gustatory area in the parietal lobe of the _______ _______

A

limbic system and hypothalamus; thalamus; parietal lobe of cerebral cortex

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34
Q

More than half of the sensory receptors in the human body are located in the ______

A

eyes

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35
Q

Gamma Rays, X-Rays, UV Rays, Visible light, Infrared radiation, Microwaves and Radio Waves are known as _________ ________

A

Electromagnetic Radiation (waves that radiate from the sun)

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36
Q

The colors of the Electromagnetic Spectrum are —

A

ROYGBIV (lowest - highest) - Red (Lowest Freq - 700nm), Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet - (highest freq - 400 nm)

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37
Q

Wavelengths from short to long are as follows - - -

A

Gamma rays - shorter than a nanometer

Radio waves - greater than a meter

38
Q

T/F White reflects all wavelengths and Black absorbs all wavelengths

A

True

39
Q

Eyelids, Eyelashes, Eyebrows, Lacrimal Apparatus and Extrinsic Eye Muscles are all _________ Structures of the Eye

A

Accessory Structures

40
Q

The __________ or eyelids shade the eyes during sleep. The upper eyelid contains _________ palpebrae superiorus muscles and is more movable than the lower.

A

Palpebrae; Levator palpebrae superiorus muscle

41
Q

The ________ ________ is a small, reddish elevation on the medial border & contains sebaceous (oil) and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

A

lacrimal caruncle

42
Q

The _________ glands are embedded in the eyelids and secrete fluid that prevents eyelids from adhering to each other. Infection of the glands produce a cyst known as ________ or bulbar conjunctiva/bloodshot /pink eyes

A

Meibomian glands; Chalazion (harder to get rid of than a sty)

43
Q

________ _______ glands are located at the base of the eyelash follicles. They release a lubricating fluid into the follicles. Infections of these glands result in a _____

A

Sebaceous ciliary glands; sty

44
Q

Lacrimal Gland to Lacrimal ducts to superior or inferior lacrimal canal to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity is known as the _____ of _____

A

flow of tears

45
Q

___ extrinsic eye muscles move each eye. Sup rectus, inf rectus, med rectus and inferior oblique are controlled by CN____, Sup oblique by CN ____ and Lateral rectus by CN ____

A

6 extrinsic eye muscles; CN III - Oculomoter, CN IV - Trochlear and CN VI - Abducens.

46
Q

The Scleral Venous Sinus is also known as the ______ of_______

A

Canal of Sclemm (At junction of sclera and cornea) - aqueous humor drains into this sinus.

47
Q

T/F Only 1/6 of the eye surface area is exposed.

A

True, consists of three layers - 1.Fibrous Tunic (superficial - anterior cornea and posterior sclera), 2. Vascular Tunic (middle layer) and 3. Retina

48
Q

The _________ is a curved transparent coat that covers the colored iris and helps to focus light. The central part receives oxygen from the outside air.

A

Cornea

49
Q

The _______ is the “white” part of the eye and gives shape to the eyeball. It makes it more rigid , protects the inner parts and serves as site of attachment for extrinsic eye muscles

A

Sclera

50
Q

The ________ _______ is the middle layer of the eye and consists of three parts….1. ______, 2. _____ _____ and 3. _______, gives you your eye color

A

Vascular Tunic; 1. Choroid - contains melanocytes/produce melanin, 2. Ciliary body (anterior - provides bend and aqueous humor/involuntary ANS) and 3. Iris (colored portion)

51
Q

The ________ contains circular smooth muscle for constriction and radial smooth muscle for retraction/dilation

A

Iris(shaped like a flattened doughnut) btwn cornea and lens

52
Q

A principle Fx. of the ______ is to regulate amount of light entering the eyeball thru pupil

A

Iris

53
Q

Circular smooth muscle of the Iris controls ________ (Sphincter Pupillae)

A

Constriction (CN III) (parasympathetic fibers)

54
Q

Radial smooth muscle of the Iris controls ________ (Dilator Pupillae)

A

retraction/dilation (sympathetic neurons)

55
Q

Eye color is determined by the amount of ________ produced

A

melanin/Melanocytes

56
Q

The _______ is the inner layer of the eyeball. (Beginning of visual pathway)

A

Retina

57
Q

The Optic Disc is the site where the optic nerve CN___ exits the eyeball. (Blind Spot) (NO rods or cones here)

A

CN II

58
Q

The Optic Disc, Central retinal artery & vein, Macula lutea and fovea centralis can all be seen thru an _________

A

ophthalmoscope

59
Q

2 types of Photoreceptors are _____ (dim light & NO color vision and, _______ (brighter light & PRODUCE color vision)

A

Rods (120 Mil per retina, Cylindrical) ; Cones (6 Mil per retina, tapered)…takes much longer for night vision to kick in

60
Q

The three types of cones in the retina are ______ cones, _____ cones and ______ cones

A

Blue cones, Green cones and Red cones

61
Q

Refraction for vision depends on ________ fibers

A

Cilliary

62
Q

__________ make up the refractive media of the lens. They are part of the lens and help focus images.

A

Crystallins

63
Q

The anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity divided by the lens contains ______ ______

A

aqueous humor

64
Q

The ______ _____ is the posterior chamber of the eyeball and contains transparent jellylike substance

A

vitreous chamber

65
Q

Image formation has three processes that help focus image. _____ bends the light by lens & cornea, _____ changes shape of lens and ______ narrows the pupil

A

*refraction bends the light
accommodation changes shape of lens
*constriction narrows the pupil

66
Q

Images on retina are inverted. __% of refraction occurs at cornea and __% occurs at the lens which also changes focus from distant to near

A

75%; 25%

67
Q

________ surface that curves outward

A

Convex

68
Q

________ surface that curves inward

A

Concave

69
Q

Parasympathetic fibers of CN ___ innervate the ciliary muscle

A

CN III - Oculomotor

70
Q

A normal eye is also known as an ________ eye

A

Emmetropic eye

71
Q

Nearsightedness is known as ________

A

Myopia (Can be repaired with eye exercises)

72
Q

Farsightedness is also known as _______

A

Hyperopia ( Can be repaired with eye exercises)

73
Q

An irregular curvature of the lens or cornea and parts of the image are out of focus is called an ____________

A

Astigmatism (Can’t be repaired with eye exercises)

74
Q

____________ is the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are pointed towards an object

A

Convergence

75
Q

______________ are integral proteins in the plasma membrane. They all contain glycoprotein opsin and a derivative of Vitamin A called ______

A

Photopigments; Retinal

76
Q

Light response of rods peaks sharply in _______ light and respond little to ______ light

A

blue; red

77
Q

The ligand _____ allows the inflow of Na+ ions to depolarize the photoreceptor

A

cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate)

78
Q

CN nerves III, IV and VI ______ the _____ and CN II is responsible for _____ of _____

A

3, 4, 6 move the eye

2 is for sense of sight

79
Q

The three parts of the middle ear in anterior to posterior order is, _________ (connects to 1st Tympanic membrane, ________, ______(connects to 2nd Tympanic membrane)

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes (the stapedius muscle dampens vibrations of stapes from loud noises) CN VII

80
Q

The ___________ tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Eustachian

81
Q

16,000 hair cells in the _____ are the receptors for ________

A

Corti/Spiral organ; hearing

82
Q

The internal ear also called the ________ includes the semicircular canals and _______ (stimulates CN VIII - Vestibulochochlear)

A

Labyrinth; cochlea

83
Q

The central eardrum connects to the ________

A

Malleus

84
Q

The primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex is in the ________ ______

A

temporal lobe

85
Q

Tearing of the tympanic (btwn ext aud canal & middle ear) membrane is called a _____ _____

A

perforated eardrum (pressure from cotton swab, trauma or middle ear infection can cause this) heals w/i 1 month

86
Q

_____ is a degenerative disorder of the retina in persons 50 years or older. abnormalities occur in region of macula lutea

A

AMD - macular degeneration - lose ability to look straight ahead but retain vision

87
Q

The pressure of the eye is referred to as ______ ______. Produced mainly by aqueous humor & partly by the vitreous body.

A

Intraocular pressure - maintains shape of eye and prevent it from collapsing

88
Q

A puncture of the eyeball can cause loss of aqueous humor & the vitreous body decreasing intraocular pressure and causing a ______ _____ or sometimes blindness

A

detached retina

89
Q

Avoiding foods that upset the digestive system or evoke reactions of disgust is known as _____ _____

A

Taste Aversion

90
Q

______ and hairs help prevent dust & foreign particles from collecting in the ear.

A

Cerumen (earwax) - in external ear

Anatomy 3 (7 decks)

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