WK 1 Flashcards by skug LU

Most pathogenic fungi are ___, residing in water, soil,
and organic debris.

exogenous

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The most frequent infections are _____ and
_____, often caused by fungi that are part of the
normal human microbiota.

candidiasis and
dermatophytosis

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Mycoses are classified as ________, based on the site of involvement
and portal of entry.

Mycoses are classified as superficial, cutaneous,
subcutaneous, or systemic, based on the site of involvement
and portal of entry.

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These can be caused by endemic fungi (geographically
restricted
primary pathogens) or opportunistic fungi
(ubiquitous secondary pathogens).

Systemic Mycoses

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geographically
restricted
primary pathogens

endemic fungi

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(ubiquitous secondary pathogens

opportunistic fungi

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Critical Immune Pathways: are noted as essential for natural protection against
life-threatening mycoses.

Th1 and Th17 immune
responses

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High-Risk Groups for Opportunistic Mycoses

● Patients with hematologic dyscrasias (e.g., leukemia).
● Recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants.
● Recipients of solid organ transplants.
● Patients receiving cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
(e.g., corticosteroids).
● AIDS patients with CD4 cell counts <100 cells/µL.

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Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses
● Acute leukemia patients: Incidence is ____
● Allogeneic stem cell transplant patients: Incidence is ____

Epidemiology of Systemic Mycoses
● Acute leukemia patients: Incidence is 5–20%.
● Allogeneic stem cell transplant patients: Incidence is 5–10%.

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Reduced innate host defenses IS DUE TO DECREASED NUMBER/FUNCITON

Decreased number/functionality of neutrophils and
monocytes.
Prolonged neutropenia (>7 days).
CD4 count depletion (100 cells/µL) in AIDS patients.

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Yeasts:
○

Candida, Cryptococcus, Saccharomyces

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Ascomycetous molds:
○

Aspergillus, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Scopulariopsis

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Dematiaceous molds:
○

Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Phialophora.

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Order Mucorales molds:
○ .

Rhizopus

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Antifungal Prophylaxis THAT IS common due to
difficulty diagnosing fungal infections early

oEmpirical or prophylactic treatment

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HANGGANG A[[RPACH TO ANTIFUNGAL PROPHYLAXIS LANG

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● She was recognized as an expert on the genus, Candida

Rhoda Williams Benham

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Co-founded the first lab for medical mycology research in the
US, also the fungus Trichophyton benhamiae

Rhoda Williams Benham

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Rhoda Williams Benham Co-founded the first lab for medical mycology research in the
US, also the fungus

Trichophyton benhamiae

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zoophilic dermatophyte that
can cause highly inflammation tinea in humans and
animals, guinea pigs are the primary carrier, and other
small animals are occasionally a source of infection

Trichophyton benhamiae:

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● Generally accepted as the founder of British mycology.

Miles Joseph Berkley

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English clergyman, who became one of the founders of the
science of plant patholog

Miles Joseph Berkley

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He published an introduction to Cryptogamic Botany in 1857, displaying a deep understanding of plant physiology and
morphology

Miles Joseph Berkley

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co-authored the first manual on
Aspergillus mold.

Margaret Brooks Church AND Charles Thom

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Margaret Brooks Church and Charles Thom co-authored the first manual on

Aspergillus mold.

conducted experiments on soy fermentation and wrote the first authoritative treatment of Asian fermented foods

Margaret Brooks Church

● Eukaryotic cells which lack chlorophyll

fungi

fungi o2 requirement

Most fungi are obligate aerobes (dies without air) or facultative aerobes (can survive without oxygen but grows slowly)

fungi Difference from bacteria and other prokaryotes

○ Cell walls contain chitin (rigidity & support), mannan, and other polysaccharides ○ Cytoplasmic membrane contains ergosterol ○ Possess true nuclei with nuclear membrane & paired chromosomes ○ Can divide asexually, sexually, or by both ○ Unicellular or multicellular

● 3 principal parts of fungi

nucleus, cyoplasm and rigid cell wall

Yeast

● Unicellular (black na nakaumbok buds, madalas makita sa urine) oblong structure ● Asexually reproduce by budding

● Basic structural unit

hypha

Tubular or thread-like structure (branching tree like) from the elongation of apical cells

hypha

all fungi (except yeast) are composed of filamentous or tube-like filamentsngi

hyphae

all fungi (except ____) are composed of hyphae

yeast

2 kinds of hypha

septate and aseptate or coenocytic hyphae

● has divisions, cross walls, or septum ● with cross walls or division ● presence of joint like structure

septate hyphae

● all fungi except ________ have septate hyphae

● all fungi except zygomycetes

example of fungi with aseptate hphae

example: zygomycetes (Rhizopus and Mucor)

aggregates of hyphae

mycelium

Fungi producing mycelia are called _____

molds or filamentous fungi.

two types of mycelium

○ aerial/reproductive mycelium - portion projecting above the substrate and capable of forming the spores ○ vegetative thallus mycelium - penetrates into the substrate and absorbs food

● fungi exist in two forms:

yeast or mold

Produce creamy colonies resembling bacterial colonies

yeast

Cottony mycelial mass

mold

filamentous forms long tubes of hypha occurs as branching strands of cells and hypha may have intracellular division or crossing (septate/aseptate)

MOLD

yeast reproduce via

Reproduced by budding (extrusion of daughter cells) or by fission (splitting of cells)

mold reproduce via

Reproduce asexually by fragmentation

● single growth phase

Monomorphic

wxample of dimorphic

- Sporothrix schenckii, - Blastomyces dematitides, - Histoplasma capsulatum, - Paracoccidiodes brasilliensis

nuclear division and reduction resulting in the formation formation of haploid nuclei without the cytoplasm

Meiosis

chromosome number contains with haploid nuclei is ½ the number of chromosomes in the mother cell

Meiosis

division of nuclear chromosome and cytoplasm resulting to 2 daughter cells

Mitosis

division of nuclear chromosome and cytoplasm resulting to 2 daughter cells

Mitosis

General fungal life cycle

somatic phase and reproductive phase

● feeding or trophic activities ● absorption of nutrients

somatic phase

reproductive phase ● asexual or imperfect state (______) ● sexual or perfect state (________)

● asexual or imperfect state (anamorph) ● sexual or perfect state (teleomorph)

reprofuctive phase

anamoprh and teleomorph

production of spores through differentiation of spore bearing hypha (somatic reproduction without nuclear fusion)

Asexual reproduction

fusion of 2 nuclei

karyogamy

● principal sexual structures in asexual rep:

○ conidia - always asexual ○ spores - sexual or asexual

portion of the plant body detach and develop into a new individual

● fragmentation of hyphae

production of small outgrowth from a parent cel

budding

in budding, ● if separation does not occur it results into a new “”

pseudohyphae

● simple splitting of a cell into a daughter of a cell wall

fission

2 kinds of spore formation spore formation

○ Sexual spores ■ perfect fungi ○ Asexual spores ■ arise from the side of the hyphae ■ imperfect fungi; cannot reproduce

example of asexual spores

- Microconidia (appear small; unicellular), - Macroconidia (large; multicellular), - Conidia (arise from the side of the hyphae) - chlamydoconidia (thick walled spores that are formed during unfavorable conditions ; they germinate when the environment improves)

hyphae loc

erminal ● at the top of the hyphae Intercalary ● within the hyphal strand Sessile ● at the side of hyphae

● derived from fragmentation of mycelium

arthroconidia

● Barrel-shaped or rectangular spores

arthroconidia

empty cell between each spore

Disjunctor cell

● coccidoides immitis ● geotrichum candidum

● enclosed in a sporangium borne on a specialized hypha known as sporangiophore (type of aerial hyphae)

sporangiospores

sexual reproduction

● plasmogamy - union or fusion of 2 protoplast ● karyogamy - fusion of 2 nuclei ● meiosis

● enclosed in a sac-like structure called ascus ● 2-8 spores

ascospores

● derived from the fusion of 2 identical spores from the same hypha

zygospores

● two cells from an non identical separate hyphae ● there will be conjunction

oospores

● enclosed in a club-shaped structure called basidium

basidiospores

● the fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus

Ascocarps not really important clinically;

consists of very tightly woven hyphae and may contain millions of asci, of which typically contains 8 ascospores

Ascocarps

ASCOCARP SHAPE

mostly-bowl shaped

Types of Ascocarps

- cleistothecium - perithecium - apothecium - gymnothecium - ascrotoma

● ascocarp is entirely enclosed without an opening

cleistothecium

● flask-shaped fruiting body with an opening through which the ascospore can escape

perithecium

● cup-shaped asci are formed on the inside of the cup

apothecium

● resembles cleistothecium except the outer walls of the ascocarp are loosely organized so the asci are release through the openings in the walls

gymnothecium

● asci are produced in locules (compression of cavities) in hard masses of supporting hyphae called stroma (mattress)

ascostroma

ungi classifications 2 major phyla

● zygomycota ● dikaryomycota

○ fungi that divides asexually forming sporangiospores and rapidly undergoes sexual reproduction

zygomycota

○ forming a zygote and is marked by prolonged sexual cycle since their haploid do not fuse readily.

dikaryomycota

subphyla of dikaryomycota classifications

asacomycotina and basidomycotina

○ fungi whose life cycle occur within a sac (ascus) and sexually produces ascospores

asacomycotina

fungi whose life cycle commence within a bag termed as basidium with maturation on the outside of the bag

basidiomycotina

○ they produce sexual spores termed basidiospores

basidomycotina

not completely classified due to the absence (not recognized) sexual state

fungi imperfecti

these include candida, torulopsis, and epidermophyton (cutaneous mycoses)