Winter Exam 2004/2005 Flashcards
Describe (with examples) the distinction between the two levels on which language is organized: the sound level and the grammatical level.
duality of patterning
State the collective name of the following two features of human languages:
The sound level:
small number units which differentiate meaning (phonemes); do not carry meaning. Example: [f], [æ], [n] each differentiate, but do not carry meaning in. e.g., [fæn] vs. [væn]
The grammatical level:
large number units which carry meaning (morphemes, made up of phonemes). Example: fans [fæn] plus [z]
Distinction is unique to human languages
Briefly describe how the voicing contrast between [f] and [v] is produced in:
- syllable-initial position (e.g., fan vs. van):
- syllable-final position (e.g., leave vs. leaf):
In what syllable position does the following voicing patterns occur?
- long (or normal) voicing duration before [v]; short voicing before f
. For each of the following groups, state which sound does not belong to the class, and state the feature defining class membership. (only one answer for each group is required)
- *1: g l n k
2: ɪ æ i ɛ ɒ e
3: j ð w ɹ
4: s ɹ v t r d z
5: n ŋ z m **
For consonants: State the voiced or voiceless equivalent and give examples of other sounds from the same group, for example fricatives: [s], [f], [v], [h]
For vowels: give the name of the back vowels relevant to the English language
1. [k]: + voice or [l]: velar p.o.a.
2. [ɒ]: front and/or -round
3. [ð]: approximants
4. [v]: alveolar p.o.a.
5. [z]: nasals
Each word transcribed below contains one error. List the error and the correct symbol.
Example: candy [ˈcændi] Error: [c] Correct: [k]
- *1: psycho [psaɪkoʊ]
2: apple [ˈæppɫ̩] [p]
3: bits [ˈbits]
4: champion [ˈtsæmpjən]
5: happy [hæˈpi]
4. 6 Two of the errors above can be observed in Danish-accented English. Which? (Just list the numbers.) **
1. [p]
2. [p]
3. [i] -> [ɪ]
4. [s] -> [ʃ] or [ts] -> [tʃ]
5. [ˈhæpi]
6. no. 3 and 4.
