Articulatory Phonetics, and Phonology Flashcards by Simon Justesen

What characterizes the production of:

Nasals

[m], [n], [ŋ]

What subgroup of consonant speech sounds is this a description of?

The egressive pulmonic airstream is allowed to escape through the nasal cavity by lowering the velum

( p.5 Lecture 3 handout )

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state the members belonging to this class and what feature defines the class:

obstruents

What concept do the following groups of consonant sounds fall under?

Plosives

Fricatives

Affricates

All three are produced by obstructing the air flow

(p. 28 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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describe the airstream:

The

egressive pulmonic airstream

What is the term for:

an airstream that originates in the lungs and moves through the vocal tract and out of the nose and/or mouth

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Under what concept can the following list of articulators be subsumed?

the upper jaw
the incisiors
The molars
the alveolar ridge
The hard palate

( P. 19-20 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

State the members belonging to the class of:

Passive articulators

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What does the concept entail?

complementary distribution

State the name of the concept that signifies:

If two similar sounds do not occur in the same environment

e.g. ‘imbalance’, injustice.

Prediction possible:

which of the two sounds that will occur in a given phonetic environment

e.g. The voiced bilabial nasal, [m], preceding the voiced bilabial plosive, [b], and

The voiced alveolar nasal, [n], preceding the voiced post-alveolar affricate, [dʒ]

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state the members belonging to this class and what feature defines the class:

sonorants

What concept do the following groups of consonant sounds fall under?

Nasals

Approximants

They use the resonance of the pharynx, the oral cavity and in some cases the nasal cavity

(p. 28 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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State the name of:

the area immedeately above the windpipe/trachea

Where is it situated?

The larynx

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In what standardized dialects of English are these the vowel phoneme inventory?

Unrounded:

[i], [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ], [ɜ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɑ]

Rounded:

[ɔ], [ʊ], [u], [ɒ] (RP)

( p . 64 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

How many are there of this category of sounds in GA and RP?

bonus: List as many of them as you can using example word

vowels

( RP & GA)

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Which concept is defined by the following:

Sounds formed at the same place of articulation

Define the concept:

Homorganic

e.g. [d] & [n], [b] & [m]

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How many are there of this category of sounds in RP and GA?

bonus: List as many of them as you can using example words

vowels

In what standardized dialects of English are these the vowel phoneme inventory?

Unrounded:

[i], [ɪ], [ɛ], [æ], [ɜ], [ə], [ʌ], [ɑ]

Rounded:

[ɔ], [ʊ], [u], [ɒ] (RP)

( p . 64 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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Define the concept:

closure stage

What term is described here?

the stage in which

an active articulator makes contact with a passive a articulator blocking the airstream.

Hence air pressure builds up behind the stricture caused by the adjoining two articulators.

related terms:

‘hold stage’ & ‘release stage’

(p. 76 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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What concept do the following groups of consonant sounds fall under?

Nasals

Approximants

They use the resonance of the pharynx, the oral cavity and in some cases the nasal cavity

(p. 28 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

state the members belonging to this class and what feature defines the class:

sonorants

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What characterizes this type of speech sounds?

Vowels

What type of speech sounds has the following characteristics?

a sound produced without a stricture

The sound is manipulated through differences in the positions of the tongue, and lips, changing the overall shape of the vocal tract in order to produce this group of speech sounds.

( p. 20 - 21 Bohn & Caudery 2014 )

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What sub-group of consonant speech sounds is this the characterization of?

a rapid succession of

plosive + fricative

(formed at the same place of articulation)

( p. 5 Lecture 3 handout)

What characterizes the production of:

Affricates

[tʃ] [dʒ],

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For the description of what subgroup of speech sounds are these parameters necessary?

Place of articulation

Manner of articulation

Voicing

state the three parametres involved in the description of:

The articulatory description of consonants

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What characterizes the production of:

Approximants

[l], [ɹ], [ɻ], [j], [w]

What subgroup of consonant speech sounds is this the description of?

The tongue affects the quality of the sound without either blocking or seriously interfering with the flow of air through the mouth.

The egressive pulmonic airstream escapes either:

over the sides of the tongue = the first sound in lead
or centrally over the tongue = the first sound in read
(p. 5 Lecture 2 handout & p. 27 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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State the overall type of speech sound that is characterized by:

a stricture in the supralaryngeal vocal tract

complete closure = stop sounds
partial closure = fricatives
approximation = approximants

( p. 20-21 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

What characterizes this type of speech sounds?

Consonants

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what subgroup of speech sounds are produced by:

a supralaryngeal stricture

state how the subgroup of speech sounds are produced:

consonants

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Describe the production of the effect:

Voiceless

State the appropiate term:

an effect generated by producing speech sounds with the vocal folds wide open

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What characterizes this type of speech sounds?

Consonants

State the overall type of speech sound that is characterized by:

a stricture in the supralaryngeal vocal tract

complete closure = stop sounds
partial closure = fricatives
approximation = approximants

( p. 20-21 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

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What subgroup of consonant speech sounds is this a description of?

The egressive pulmonic airstream is allowed to escape through the nasal cavity by lowering the velum

( p.5 Lecture 3 handout )

What characterizes the production of:

Nasals

[m], [n], [ŋ]

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What type of vowel sounds are produced the following way:

On-glide = starting position
off-glide = closing position
e. g. ‘oyster’ = ɔ(on-glide) ɪ (off-glide) stəɻ (GA)

( p. 41 Bohn & caudery 2014)

State the two phases involved in the production of the vowel sounds:

diphthongs

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state the word:

the airstream’s contribution to speech production

(p. 16 B & C)

what is it?

It provides the energy that is then manipulated in the vocal tract to form recognizable sounds

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what is it?

It provides the energy that is then manipulated in the vocal tract to form recognizable sounds

state the word:

the airstream’s contribution to speech production

(p. 16 B & C)

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State the concept comprising the following three cavities: the pharynx the nasal cavity the oral cavity

State the three cavities that make up the: Supralaryngeal vocal tract

What states of the glottis are involved in normal speech production? The glottis

Which vocal organ is this related to? 1. Open = Voiceless sounds 2. Vocal folds touching = Voiced sounds 3. Completely closed = The glottal stop [ʔ] (p. 22 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

# Define the concept: Plosion

State the concept characterized by: ...a sudden release of the built up air pressure caused by the articulators seperating from eachother e. g. [p], [b], [t], [d] (p. 26 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

# Define the concept: Plosion

What subgroup of consonant speech sounds is this the description of? The tongue affects the quality of the sound without either blocking or seriously interfering with the flow of air through the mouth. The egressive pulmonic airstream escapes either: 1. over the sides of the tongue = the first sound in **_l_**ead 2. or centrally over the tongue = the first sound in **_r_**ead (p. 5 Lecture 2 handout & p. 27 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

What characterizes the production of: Approximants [l], [ɹ], [ɻ], [j], [w]

State the three cavities that make up the: Supralaryngeal vocal tract

State the concept comprising the following three cavities: the pharynx the nasal cavity the oral cavity

For the description of what subgroup of speech sounds are these parameters necessary? Tongue hight: **close / open** Tongue Position: **front / back** Lip position: **rounded / unrounded** The parametres are filters amplifying and attenuating frequencies. (p. 34 Bohn Caudery 2014)

state the three parametres involved in the description of: The articulatory description of vowels

State what the phonemes in this category has in common and give two examples of words that contain the common feature: Sibilants

What term is appropriate for the following: a hissing sound [s] = 'bu**_s_**' [z] = 'bu**_zz_**' [ʃ] = 'bu**_sh_**' [ʒ] = 'rou**_ge_**' [tʃ] = 'bat**_ch_**' [dʒ] = 'ba**_dg_**e' ( p. 28 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

Where is it situated? The larynx

State the name of: the area immedeately above the windpipe/trachea

what class of speech sounds are the following 'manners of articulation' associated with? Stop sounds nasals / oral - plosives, flap, trill, fricatives approximants central / lateral

state the three broad manners of articulation of: consonants

What is the term for: an airstream that originates in the lungs and moves through the vocal tract and out of the nose and/or mouth

describe the airstream: The *egressive pulmonic airstream*

# Define the concept: Closure ## Footnote the 'closure phase' is a related concept

what concept is described here? The block which is made by the vocal organs during sound production. (p. 26 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

What term is described here? **the stage in which an active articulator makes contact with a passive a articulator blocking the airstream.** Hence air pressure builds up behind the stricture caused by the adjoining two articulators related terms: 'hold stage' & 'release stage' (p. 76 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

# Define the concept: closure stage

What concept do the following groups of consonant sounds fall under? Plosives Fricatives Affricates All three are produced by obstructing the air flow (p. 28 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

state the members belonging to this class and what feature defines the class: obstruents

what is the appropiate term for the following phonemes? Sounds that have a tendency to merge with the preceding vowel e.g. [l], [ɹ] as in 'nas**_al_**' 'fath**_er_**' (rp) ( p. 27 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

State what the concept entails and give an example of a phoneme that belong to the class of: Liquids

What do you call the phenomenon? the vocal folds are adducted to the point where the egressive pulmonic airstream causes the vocal folds to vibrate

# define the concept: Voicing

State the members belonging to the class of: passive articulators

Under what concept can the following list of articulators be subsumed? ## Footnote 1. the upper jaw 2. the incisiors 3. The molars 4. the alveolar ridge 5. The hard palate ( P. 19-20 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

what concept is described here? The block which is made by the vocal organs during sound production. (p. 26 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

# Define the concept: Closure ## Footnote the 'closure phase' is a related concept

State the two phases involved in the production of the vowel sounds: diphthongs

What type of vowel sounds are produced the following way: 1. On-glide = starting position 2. off-glide = closing position e. g. 'oyster' = ɔ(on-glide) ɪ (off-glide) stəɻ (GA) ( p. 41 Bohn & caudery 2014)

State what the concept entails and give an example of a phoneme that belong to the class of: Liquids

State the name of the concept that signifies: **If two similar sounds do not occur in the same environment** e.g. 'imbalance', injustice. **Prediction possible** **We are able to predict which of the two sounds that will occur in a given phonetic environment** e.g. The voiced bilabial nasal, [m], preceding the voiced bilabial plosive, [b], and The voiced alveolar nasal, [n], preceding the voiced post-alveolar affricate, [dʒ]

What does the concept entail? complementary distribution

State the appropiate term: an effect generated by producing speech sounds with the vocal folds wide open

Describe the production of the effect: Voiceless

What characterizes the production of: Affricates [tʃ] [dʒ],

What sub-group of consonant speech sounds is this the characterization of? a rapid succession of plosive + fricative (formed at the same place of articulation) ( p. 5 Lecture 3 handout)

# Define the concept: Homorganic e.g. [d] & [n], [b] & [m]

Which concept is defined by the following: Sounds formed at the same place of articulation

State what the phonemes in this category has in common and give two examples of words that contain the common feature: Sibilants

state the three broad manners of articulation of: consonants

what class of speech sounds are the following 'manners of articulation' associated with? Stop sounds nasals / oral - plosives, flap, trill, fricatives approximants central / lateral

Under what category can the following articulators be subsumed? ## Footnote 1. The lips (rounded/unrounded) 2. The lower jaw (up/down, forwards/backwards, sideways) 3. The tongue ( tip, blade, front, center and back - raised/lowered ) ( p. 19-20 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

State the members belonging to the class of: active articulators

state the three parametres involved in the description of: The articulatory description of consonants

For the description of what subgroup of speech sounds are these parameters necessary? Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing

# define the concept: Voicing

What do you call the phenomenon? the vocal folds are adducted to the point where the egressive pulmonic airstream causes the vocal folds to vibrate

State the subgroups relevant to the production of English speech sounds (GA & RP) by their place of articulation: Fricatives

What group of consonant speech sounds is associated with the following places of articulation? labio-dental dental alveolar post-alveolar/palatoalveolar glottal ( p. 30 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

State the members belonging to the class of: active articulators

Which vocal organ is this related to? 1. Open = Voiceless sounds 2. Vocal folds touching = Voiced sounds 3. Completely closed = The glottal stop [ʔ] (p. 22 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

What states of the glottis are involved in normal speech production? The glottis

What type of speech sounds has the following characteristics? a sound produced without a stricture sound is manipulated through differences in the positions of the tongue, and lips, changing the overall shape of the vocal tract in order to produce this group of speech sounds. ( p. 20 - 21 Bohn & Caudery 2014 )

What characterizes this type of speech sounds? Vowels

state how the subgroup of speech sounds are produced: consonants

what subgroup of speech sounds are produced by: a supralaryngeal stricture

state the three parametres involved in the description of: The articulatory description of vowels

state the different types of sounds (manner of articulation) in the group and give examples of phonemes that are relevant to the English language: stop sounds

Under what concept can the follwowing sounds be subsumed? plosives e.g. [t], [k] flap [ɾ] trill [r] nasals [m], [n] & [ŋ] (p. 76 - 79 Bohn & Caudery 2014 )

state the different types of sounds (manner of articulation) in the group and give examples of phonemes that are relevant to the English language: stop sounds

What group of consonant speech sounds is associated with the following places of articulation? labio-dental dental alveolar post-alveolar/palatoalveolar glottal ( p. 30 Bohn & Caudery 2014)

State the subgroups relevant to the production of English speech sounds (GA & RP) by their place of articulation: Fricatives

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