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Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 2014 - 2015 > Morphology > Flashcards

Morphology Flashcards

Familiarize yourself with some of the basic concepts in the study of morphology

1
Q

Give two examples of the word formation process:

blending

A

What type of word formation process are the following words examples of?

slanguage (slang + language)

motel (motor + hotel)

smog (smoke + fog)

telemarketing (telephone + marketing)

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2
Q

Define the concept:

reduplication

A

State the concept:

“… the process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total) or part of it (partial).

e.g.,

Mama, hocus-pocus,

hoity-toity.”

(p. 19. AM)

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3
Q

Define the concept:

compounding

A

state the concept:

“…the formation of a new word by assembling two content/free morphemes.”

e.g.,

Olive oil, Facebook, Flat-foot.

(p.14 AM)

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3
Q

Define the concept:

morpheme internal change

A

State the concept:

The word formation process that uses a change in the morpheme to generate a new word.

Examples:

Nouns: man - men, goose - geese

Verbs: ring, rang, rung. Swim, swam, swum.

Noun to Verb: Strife - strive, teeth - teethe

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3
Q

Give the definition of the term:

content morpheme

A

What type of morpheme is it?

This class of morphemes has “independent, identifiable meaning, or indicates change in meaning when added to a stem/root”.

e.g.,

neighbor-hood, loneli-ness.

(p.6 handout 1)

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3
Q

What type of word formation are the following words examples of?

Scuba (Self-contained underwater breathing apperatus)

Lazer (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emmision of Radiation”)

Soweto (South Western Township)

Fubar (Fucked up beyond all recognition)

A

Give two examples of word formation by:

akronymization

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4
Q

Define the concept:

affixation

A

State the concept:

When words are formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphems.

e.g.,

doubt(free)-ing(bound)

shame(free)-less(bound)

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5
Q

What do the suffixes mean and what do they do?

  1. -ly
  2. -ee
A

State what suffixes are being described:

  1. ( “in an X-manner”)
    - Attaches to almost any adj.

changes speech from adj. to adv.

  1. ( “one who is subjected to being X-ed” )

attaches only to verbs,

describing actions of humans on humans

changes part of speech to a noun.

( p. 3 Lecture 2 hand out )

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7
Q

In the English language, what caracterizes

inflectional suffixes

A

State the class of morphemes:

  • They do not change the meaning or part of speech. They create new forms of the same word.
    e. g., big, bigg-er, bigg-est are all adjectives.
  • They typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between the different words in a sentence.
  • They are very productive. Typically, they occur with all members of some large class of morphemes,
    e. g, the plural morheme -s

occurs with almost all nouns.

  • They occur at the very end of a word and always following after any derivational suffix that attaches to the root or stem.
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8
Q

Give two examples of the process of word formation:

​clipping

removing more than one morpheme

from the original word

A

Which word formation process are the following words examples of?

mic/mike (microphone)

typo (Typographical error)

pram (perambulator)

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9
Q

What type of word formation process is active here?

  1. ding-dong
  2. pop
  3. yuck
  4. slurp

( p. 5 Lecture 2 hand out )

A

Give two examples of word formation by means of:

Sound symbolism

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10
Q

Which word formation process are the following words examples of?

mic/mike (microphone)

typo (Typographical error)

pram (perambulator)

A

Give two examples of the process of word formation:

​clipping

removing more than one morpheme from the original word

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11
Q

What does the concept entail:

duality of patterning

A

State the concept:

A feature of human language that states that human language is organized on two levels:

  • The sound level with a limited number of units which differentiates meaning (phonemes).
  • The “grammatical” level with an open number of units which carry meaning (linguistic signs or morphemes).
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11
Q

State what suffixes are being described:

  1. ( “in an X-manner”)
    - Attaches to almost any adj.

changes speech from adj. to adv.

  1. ( “one who is subjected to being X-ed” )

attaches only to verbs,

describing actions of humans on humans

changes part of speech to a noun.

( p. 3 Lecture 2 hand out )

A

What do the suffixes mean and what do they do?

  1. -ly
  2. -ee
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12
Q

What type of morpheme is it?

This class of morphemes has “independent, identifiable meaning, or indicates change in meaning when added to a stem/root”.

e.g.,

neighbor-hood, loneli-ness.

(p.6 handout 1)

A

Give the definition of the term:

content morpheme

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13
Q

state the concept:

“…the formation of a new word by assembling two content/free morphemes.”

e.g.,

Olive oil, Facebook, Flat-foot.

(p.14 AM)

A

Define the concept:

compounding

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14
Q

What kind of word formation proces are the following words examples of?

This word formation process prescribes that the same morphological form represents two different word classes:

A hug - to hug

A comb - to comb

A kiss - to kiss

A

Give two examples of word formation by:

zero-derivation/conversion

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15
Q

State the concept:

“… the process of forming new words either by doubling an entire free morpheme (total) or part of it (partial).

e.g.,

Mama, hocus-pocus,

hoity-toity.”

(p. 19. AM)

A

Define the concept:

reduplication

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16
Q

What type of word formation process are the following words examples of?

to imprínt - an ímprint

To permít - a pérmit

to combíne - a cómbine

A

Give two examples of word formation by:

stress shift

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17
Q

State the concept:

This principle states that:

  • only a small number of the speech sounds which humans can make are linguistically relevant.
  • In a given language, speech sounds are always perceived categorically and sounds that belong in the same category are classified as being equivalent (i.e., realizations of one phoneme).
A

Describe the concept:

the phonemic principle

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17
Q

What type of word formation process are the following words examples of?

slanguage (slang + language)

motel (motor + hotel)

smog (smoke + fog)

telemarketing (telephone + marketing)

A

Give two examples of the word formation process:

blending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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18
Q

in English, what parts of speech are both:

free morphemes

and

function morphemes

A

Under what two classes of morphemes do these belong?

  • Prepositions
  • Articles
  • Pronouns
  • Conjunctions
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19
Q

Describe the concept:

the phonemic principle

A

State the concept:

This principle states that:

  • only a small number of the speech sounds which humans can make are linguistically relevant.
  • In a given language, speech sounds are always perceived categorically and sounds that belong in the same category are classified as being equivalent (i.e., realizations of one phoneme).
How well did you know this?
1
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20
Q

State the class of morphemes:

  • They change the part of speech or the meaning of a word, e.g., -ment added to a verb forms a noun. E.g., agree-ment.
  • They typically indicate semantic relations within a word, but no syntactic relations outside the word. e.g., happy is negated by adding the prefix un-.
  • They are usually not very productive. they are generally very selective about what parts of speech they’ll combine with. E.g. -hood only attaches to a few nouns (brother, neighbor and knight)
  • They typically occur before inflectional suffixes, e.g., govern-ment(der.)-s(infl.).
  • They may be prefixes or suffixes in English.
A

State the characteristics of:

derivational affixes

21
Q

State the three key steps in the process of:

morphological analysis

A

State the concept described:

  • Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar. E.g.,

write vs write-s. real vs real-ity.

  • If a single phonetic form has two distinctive meanings, it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.
    e. g.,

The derivational suffix in the noun work-er vs the inflectional suffix in the adjective higher.

  • If the same meaning is associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morpheme (they are allomorphs) and the choice of form should be predictable on the basis of the phonetic environment.
    e. g.,

the derivational prefix in- (meaning not) occurs in three different forms based on the following sound. Hence:

imbalance, injustice and incomplete (the ‘eng’ - n as in sing)

(P. 24 AM)

22
Q

Define the concept:

suppletion

A

state the concept:

“…the exception to all the other formation processes.” Typically associated with irregular verbs.

e.g.,

The verb ‘to be’:

Simple present 1st. person: ‘I am’

Simple past 1st person: ‘I was_‘_.

Present perfect 1st person: ‘I have been’:

(p. 20. AM)

23
Q

Give two examples of word formation by:

stress shift

A

What type of word formation process are the following words examples of?

to imprínt - an ímprint

To permít - a pérmit

to combíne - a cómbine

25
Q

Describe the term as it relates to compound words:

exocentric

A

State the term:

When the meaning of a compound word is not predictable from the parts of the compound.

e.g.,

Flat-foot(police man)

Egghead(intellectual geek)

Deadline

26
Q

How is the order of operation in:

the word formation process

A

What concept is this the desricption of?

  • Affixes only attach to specific parts of speech and create new words of a certain part of speech.

E.g,

  • able attaches only to verbs and forms only adjectives.
  • Any given word is structured in a hierarchy

E.g.,

-un (meaning not), attaches only to adjectives.

Thus it follows that the word un-us-able is formed by -able first attaching to the stem, use, rendering the word usable and then attaching -un to form a new adjective, unusable.

28
Q

Give two examples of word formation by:

eponymization

A

What word formation process are the following words examples of?

boycott (from the Irishman, Captain Charles Boycott)

einsteinium (Synthetic element named after the theoretical phycisist, Albert Einstein)

watt (named after the Scottish engineer, James Watt)

29
Q

State the characteristics of:

derivational affixes

A

State the class of morphemes:

  • They change the part of speech or the meaning of a word, e.g., -ment added to a verb forms a noun. E.g., agree-ment.
  • They typically indicate semantic relations within a word, but no syntactic relations outside the word. e.g., happy is negated by adding the prefix un-.
  • They are usually not very productive. they are generally very selective about what parts of speech they’ll combine with. E.g. -hood only attaches to a few nouns (brother, neighbor and knight)
  • They typically occur before inflectional suffixes, e.g., govern-ment(der.)-s(infl.).
  • They may be prefixes or suffixes in English.
29
Q

State the term that denotes:

different forms of one morpheme

( p.1 Lecture 2 handout)

A

Define the concept:

Allomorphs

30
Q

Define the concept:

Allomorphs

A

State the term that denotes:

different forms of one morpheme

( p.1 Lecture 2 handout)

31
Q

Give two examples of word formation by:

akronymization

A

What type of word formation are the following words examples of?

Scuba (Self-contained underwater breathing apperatus)

Lazer (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emmision of Radiation”)

Soweto (South Western Township)

Fubar (Fucked up beyond all recognition)

31
Q

Give two examples of word formation by:

zero-derivation/conversion

A

What kind of word formation proces are the following words examples of?

This word formation process prescribes that the same morphological form represents two different word classes:

A hug - to hug

A comb - to comb

A kiss - to kiss

32
Q

state the concept:

the ability of a speaker of a given language to apply the patterns in their lexicon in the production of new words.

E.g.,

If you know that you form the plural of nouns by adding and -s to the singular form then you can theoretically create an endless number of new recognizable words.

A

Define the linguistic concept:

productivity

33
Q

define the concept:

Morphology

A

state the concept:

“the study of:

  • how words are structured and
  • how they are put together from smaller parts.”

(AM p. 4)

34
Q

Describe the concept as it relates to compounds:

endocentric

A

State the concept:

When the meaning of a compound word is determined

(in part) by the meaning of its parts.

e.g.,

girlfriend, bathtub,

rubber boot

35
Q

state the concept:

“…the exception to all the other formation processes.” Typically associated with irregular verbs.

e.g.,

The verb ‘to be’:

Simple present 1st. person: ‘I am’

Simple past 1st person: ‘I was_‘_.

Present perfect 1st person: ‘I have been’:

(p. 20. AM)

A

Define the concept:

suppletion

37
Q

State the concept:

When words are formed by the combination of bound affixes and free morphems.

e.g.,

doubt(free)-ing(bound)

shame(free)-less(bound)

A

Define the concept:

affixation

39
Q

state the concept:

“the study of:

  • how words are structured and
  • how they are put together from smaller parts.”

(AM p. 4)

A

define the concept:

Morphology

40
Q

State the concept described:

  • Isolate and compare forms that are partially similar. E.g.,

write vs write-s. real vs real-ity.

  • If a single phonetic form has two distinctive meanings, it must be analyzed as representing two different morphemes.
    e. g.,

The derivational suffix in the noun work-er vs the inflectional suffix in the adjective higher.

  • If the same meaning is associated with different phonetic forms, these different forms all represent the same morpheme (they are allomorphs) and the choice of form should be predictable on the basis of the phonetic environment.
    e. g.,

the derivational prefix in- (meaning not) occurs in three different forms based on the following sound. Hence:

imbalance, injustice and incomplete (the ‘eng’ - n as in sing)

(P. 24 AM)

A

State the three key steps in the process of:

morphological analysis

41
Q

State the concept:

A feature of human language that states that human language is organized on two levels:

  • The sound level with a limited number of units which differentiates meaning (phonemes).
  • The “grammatical” level with an open number of units which carry meaning (linguistic signs or morphemes).
A

What does the concept entail:

duality of patterning

43
Q

Under what two classes of morphemes do these belong?

  • Prepositions
  • Articles
  • Pronouns
  • Conjunctions
A

in English, what parts of speech are both:

free morphemes

and

function morphemes

44
Q

State the concept:

When the meaning of a compound word is determined

(in part) by the meaning of its parts.

e.g.,

girlfriend, bathtub,

rubber boot

A

Describe the concept as it relates to compounds:

endocentric

45
Q

State the term:

When the meaning of a compound word is not predictable from the parts of the compound.

e.g.,

Flat-foot(police man)

Egghead(intellectual geek)

Deadline

A

Describe the term as it relates to compound words:

exocentric

46
Q

What word formation process are the following words examples of?

boycott (from the Irishman, Captain Charles Boycott)

einsteinium (Synthetic element named after the theoretical phycisist, Albert Einstein)

watt (named after the Scottish engineer, James Watt)

A

Give two examples of word formation by:

eponymization

48
Q

state the concept:

the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function”.

(AM p.4)

A

Define the concept:

a morpheme

49
Q

State the class of morphemes:

  • They do not change the meaning or part of speech. They create new forms of the same word.
    e. g., big, bigg-er, bigg-est are all adjectives.
  • They typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between the different words in a sentence.
  • They are very productive. Typically, they occur with all members of some large class of morphemes,
    e. g, the plural morheme -s

occurs with almost all nouns.

  • They occur at the very end of a word and always following after any derivational suffix that attaches to the root or stem.
A

In the English language, what caracterizes

inflectional suffixes

50
Q

What class of morphemes is it?

  • This class of morphemes provides information about grammatical functions.
  • They have no meaning out of context.
    e. g.,
  • ing, -ed, -s, the,

do, am, on, and, her, my.

(p. 6 handout 1.)

A

Define the concept:

function morphemes

51
Q

Define the concept:

function morphemes

A

What class of morphemes is it?

  • This class of morphemes provides information about grammatical functions.
  • They have no meaning out of context.
    e. g.,
  • ing, -ed, -s, the,

do, am, on, and, her, my.

(p. 6 handout 1.)

52
Q

Define the concept:

a morpheme

A

state the concept:

the smallest linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function”. AM p.4

53
Q

State the concept:

The word formation process that uses a change in the morpheme to generate a new word.

Examples:

Nouns: man - men, goose - geese

Verbs: ring, rang, rung. Swim, swam, swum.

Noun to Verb: Strife - strive, teeth - teethe

A

Define the concept:

morpheme internal change

54
Q

Define the linguistic concept:

productivity

A

state the concept:

the ability of a speaker of a given language to apply the patterns in their lexicon in the production of new words.

E.g.,

If you know that you form the plural of nouns by adding and -s to the singular form then you can theoretically create an endless number of new recognizable words.

55
Q

Give two examples of word formation by means of:

Sound symbolism

A

What type of word formation process is active here?

  1. ding-dong
  2. pop
  3. yuck
  4. slurp

( p. 5 Lecture 2 hand out )

56
Q

What concept is this the desricption of?

  • Affixes only attach to specific parts of speech and create new words of a certain part of speech.

E.g,

  • able attaches only to verbs and forms only adjectives.
  • Any given word is structured in a hierarchy

E.g.,

-un (meaning not), attaches only to adjectives.

Thus it follows that the word un-us-able is formed by -able first attaching to the stem, use, rendering the word usable and then attaching -un to form a new adjective, unusable.

A

How is the order of operation in:

the word formation process

57
Q

Give two examples of word formation by:

Back formation:

Stripping of one affix

A

What type of word formation process is active here?

  1. (to) ‘edit’ from ‘editor’
  2. (to) cliffhang from ‘cliffhanger’
  3. (to) babysit from ‘babysitter’
58
Q

What type of word formation process is active here?

  1. (to) ‘edit’ from ‘editor’
  2. (to) cliffhang from ‘cliffhanger’
  3. (to) babysit from ‘babysitter’
A

Give two examples of word formation by:

Back formation:

Stripping of one affix

Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 2014 - 2015 (7 decks)

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