Wildlife Treatment and Procedures Flashcards
1
Q
Ultra-potent opioids
A
- Etorphine
- Carfentanil
- Thiofentanyl
2
Q
Sedatives
A
- ACP
- Azaperone
- Medetomidine
3
Q
Neuroleptanalgesia
A
- Opioid + sedative
- Commercially available combo e.g. Etorphine/ACP (Large Animal Immobilon)
4
Q
Dissociate anaesthetics
A
- Ketamine
- Tileatmine
- Cannot be antagonised, don’t reverse when in combo will get AEs
5
Q
Central muscle relaxants
A
- Midazolam
- Zolazepam
6
Q
Sedation
A
- Dissociative anaesthetic + medetomidine or central muscle relaxants
7
Q
Full antagonists (reversal agents)
A
- Opioids - Naloxone
- Benzodiazepines - Flumazenil, Saramazenil
- Alpha-2 agonists - Atipamizole
8
Q
Partial (sequential analgesia) antagonists
A
- Opioid only
- Buprenorphine
- Diprenorphine
9
Q
Methods of drug delivery
A
- Physical restraint - allows rapid return to normal physiology, minimise duration
- Direct admin - cooperative, trained (captivity), effective physical restraint e.g. oral/oral transmucosal drug combo, hand injection, pole syringe
- Darts (remote) - pressurised gas or explosive (gunpowder), drug released after impact
- Needles (remote) - have side port + sliding sleeve, pushed back to open hole when delivered
- Blowpipe (remote) - short range, low velocity, can leak
- Gas-powered rifle/pistol - mod distance, shorter range
- Gunpowder cartridge powdered rifle - longest range + in wind
10
Q
Euthanasia
A
- Pharmaceutical - Barbiturates (IV), overdose opioids (IV or IM, Etorphine)
- Physical - gunshot, permanent stunning = electrical or concussive (captive bolt)
11
Q
‘Small’ large species euthanasia
A
- Animals similar size + body mass to large domestic animals = same ways as horses + cattle
- Firearms
- Barbiturates IV (Smoulose)
- Land mammals - zebra, buffalo, deer, antelope
- Cetaceans - small whales + dolphins
12
Q
‘Large’ large species euthanasia
A
- Not pos - drug residue, leave on beach to reclaim/tow out to sea, rendering
Other methods not legal in UK - New Zealand - Sperm Whale Euthanasia Device (SWED) - anti-tank weapon - fires three rounds simultaneously
- Australia + South Africa - peri-cranial implosion technique = directive explosive charge -> concussive neurological damage to brain
- Palliative care
13
Q
Anaesthetic pre-med
A
- Oral ACP or detomidine (tranmucosal)
- Oral midazolam
- IM azaperone, butorphanol, midazolam
14
Q
Anaesthetic agents
A
- Alpha-2 agonists
- Dissociative anaesthetics
- Opioids
15
Q
Induction combinations
A
- Medetomidine + ketamine (+/- butorphanol for wild cats) = e.g. contraception = primates + carnivores, equids, antelopes
- Zolatil = zolazepam + tiletamine
- BAM = butorphanol + azaperone + medetomidine - deer
- Etorphine +/- alpha-2/ACP - rhinos, elephants, roan antelopes
16
Q
Anaesthetic maintenance
A
- May not need additional agents
- Incremental IV drugs = ketamine, propofol
- Incremental IM drugs (same as induction)
- Inhalation agents
- Supplemental O2
17
Q
Nutrition (artiodactyls)
A
- Browsers - trees
- Grazers - antelopes + deer
- Omnivores - pigs
- Trace elements + mineral requirements
- UV supplementation
- Vit D
- Vit E/Selenium
- Affects hoof growth
18
Q
Internal parasites (artiodactyls)
A
- Test q 6 m
- Floatation test
- Tx - Moxidectin
- If possible rotate wormers
19
Q
Vaccinations (artiodactyls)
A
- Clostridial
- Haemochus contortus
- Johnes disease
20
Q
Contraception (artiodactyls)
A
- Seasonal breeders (deer) - separate sexes, grow + drop antlers in response to hormones - vasectomy
- Castration/vasectomy - behavioural
- Implants (Deslorelin) - females
- Improvac immunocontraception - giraffe males
- Oral (Regumate) - pigs + horses (Altrenogest)
- Breed + cull
21
Q
Active contraception (primates)
A
- Vasectomy of males
- Tubal ligation of females
- Deslorelin implants
- Oral contraceptives daily
22
Q
Nutrition (primates)
A
- Mix of a primate-specific pellet, fresh produce + invertebrates
- Geladas (baboons) = grazers - vegetation
- Callitrichids require high level of vit D supplementation + UV lighting
23
Q
Wounds (primates)
A
- Infections uncommon
- Analgesia given to avoid self-trauma
- Anaesthesia - clean + repair larger wounds
- Repair in several layers + use intradermals, prevent wound breakdown
- Local anaesthesia useful - less likely to interact wound on recovery
- Inc enrichment as distraction
- Decoy sutures - on forearm, allows actual wound to heal
- Analgesia post-op
- Manage social grouping + enclosure to minimise further conflict
24
Q
Dental disease (primates)
A
- Root canals considered to preserve teeth in species where important e.g. canines in baboons - refer
- Like cat/dog Tx
- Root extraction - damage to pulp
25
Q
Marmoset wasting disease (primates)
A
- Broad screen to identify factors -> Tx bacterial/parasitic causes
- Modify diet -> high fibre, low sugar (remove fruits), inc protein (invertebrates)
- Correct stressors
Long-term management of chronic cases
- Prebiotics + probiotics
- Pulse AB - metronidazole, ciprofloxacin
- Rehydration
- B12 injections
26
Q
Neonatal rejection (callitrichids - primates)
A
- Euthanise neonate - clinical problem, low conservation status
- Leave neonate for parents to learn from experience, rearing success inc w/ maternal experience, can introduce experience female to group
- Remove + hand-rear
- Surrogate rear if another suitable female present
- Anaethetise mother + allow baby to feed + confine to bond
27
Q
Nutrition (canidae - carnivores)
A
- Raw meat +/- dog kibble
- Maned wolf more omnivorous
- All will opportunistically take other food items (insects, vegetation, bones, fruit)
- Supplementation to add muscle meat fed - Ca, Phosphorus, vitamins
28
Q
Anaesthesia (canidae - carnivores)
A
- Separate from pack
- Dart in pen/hand inject in crate
- Move into confined, secure space with multiple entry/exit points available
- Medetomidine, ketamine, butorphanol combinations often used, can give oral pre-med
- Recover in same space
- Allow to wake up fully then house with small number of low-aggression individuals
- Then mix back into main group
- Reintegration after prolonged separation can be
difficult
29
Q
Routine veterinary care (canidae - carnivores)
A
- Vaccination - same as domestic dogs, killed vacc
- Contraception where necessary
- Faecal parasitology q 3 - 6 m - roundworms + tapeworm
30
Q
Gastroenteritis (canidae - carnivores)
A
- Food hygiene
- Simple diet
- Probiotics
31
Q
Nutrition (procyonidae - carnivores)
A
- Raccoon, coati - true omnivores
- Coati - diurnal foragers (active during day) so scatter feeding preferred
- Most other procyonids are crepuscular feeders (active at night) and will feed from hygienic bowls
- Kinkajou - fruit, invertebrates, nectar mix, carnivore/omnivore/insectivore pellet
32
Q
Anaesthesia (procyonidae - carnivores)
A
- Can be carried out in group (except raccoons where human aggression a concern)
- Dart/hand inject in confined, secure chute or box - medetomidine/ketamine combination reliable
- Recover in same space
- Allow to wake up fully then release into indoor quarters
- Once fully mobile and able to navigate
enclosure then mix back into main group
33
Q
Self-trauma (procyonidae - carnivores)
A
- Check for 1y dermatological cause -> inc enrichment
34
Q
Routine vet Tx (procyonidae - carnivores)
A
- Distemper vacc - inactivated domestic dog vacc
- Faecal parasitology q 6 m
35
Q
Nutirition (ailuridae - carnivores)
A
- Grazers - bamboo, grasses, forbs
- Planted exhibits will meet most needs
- Offer additional bamboo/grasses (200g daily)
- Concentrate ration with small amount veg and fruit
36
Q
Anaesthesia (ailuridae - carnivores)
A
- Secure in indoor area
- Never dart in outdoor enclosure
- Natural response is to climb nearest tree
- Recover in same space
- Allow to wake up fully then release
- Rarely any reintroduction issues with adults
37
Q
Routine veterinary care (ailuridae - carnivores)
A
- Preventative lungworm therapy
- Enteric parasite screening q 6 m
38
Q
Nutrition (herpestidae - carnivores)
A
- Insectivore pellet - obligate taurine requirement
- Vegetables
- Low fat invertberates
- Avoid high fat foods in excess e.g. rodents + mealworms
- Obesity + cholesterol granulomas common in captivity
39
Q
Anaesthesia (herpestidae - carnivores)
A
- Mask down with volatile agent under manual restraint
- Or hand inject with medetomidine/ketamine
- Similar size to ferret, can be intubated and maintained on
volatile agent for longer procedures - Recover in confined, secure box with bedding from home enclosure
- Return into main group
- Put multiple into same carrier immediately before release
- Scatter feed with high value food item at same time
- Monitor closely for rejection from group
40
Q
Toxoplasma (herpestidae - carnivores)
A
- Clindamycin
- Pot potentiated sulphonamides
- Diet management
41
Q
Contraception (herpestidae - carnivores)
A
- Vasectomy
- Deslorelin implant
42
Q
Anaesthesia (felidae)
A
- Move into holding pen with clear pen either side
- Ideally move rest of pride outside
- Bed down with straw in advance
- Make sure slides are not impeded
- Dart/hand inject induction - medetomidine/ketamine most reliable
- Seizures occasionally seen with ketamine, not of clinical
concern - Ensure no responses prior to entering enclosure
43
Q
Helicobacter gastritis + 2y renal amyloidosis (cheetah)
A
Multitherapy
- AB
- Gastroprotectants
- Renal support
44
Q
Dental disease (felidae)
A
- Manage as for domestic species
- Root canals - major teeth
45
Q
Routine vet care (felidae)
A
- Vacc - dead vaccs - as for domestic cats
- Parasitology q 3 m, roundworms common
46
Q
Breeding management (felidae)
A
- Males - vasectomy (castration -> mane loss + alter behaviours + social structure)
- Females - delorelin implant (may not return to breeding if used long - term)
47
Q
Routine vet Tx (equids - perissodactyls)
A
- Train to present to barrier for med/blood sampling
- Routine faecal analysis for worms
- Vacc for tetanus - like domestic horses
48
Q
Anaesthesia (equids - perissodactyls)
A
- Etorphine mainstay of anaesthesia
- Dart in safe area - induction over 5-10mins, stilted gait normal, minor injuries common if ground rough
- (Alpha-2 (xylazine/medetomidine), ketamine, benzodiazepine (midazolam)
combinations less reliable) - Short procedures elevate head and provide nasal oxygen
- Prolonged then intubate, place jugular cannula + maintain on volatile anaesthesia or infusion of IV agent
49
Q
Grevy zebra (Equus grevyi) 350 - 400 kg anaesthesia (equids - perissodactyls)
A
- 0.07 mg/kg medetomidine, 2.5 mg/kg ketamine, 0.085 mg/kg midazolam, 0.085 mg/kg butorphanol
- Give second dart of benzodiazepines when bit sedated
- Reversed with 0.35 mg/kg atipamezole, 0.2 mg/kg naltrexone
- Induction 17 - 25min, recovery 25-30mins
- Good sedation for footwork and blood collection
50
Q
Nutrition (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)
A
- White rhino - grazer, 1y grass + grass hay ad lib, supplemental pellets, fruit/veg + alfalfa hay
- Indian rhino - intermediate feeders, wider vegetation intake compared to white rhino, ad lib grass + hay, forage, pellets + leafy vegetables, obesity common
- Black rhino - browser, twigs + legumes main diet, high tannin intake, hard to replicate in captivity, 50% grass hay, 50% high protein hay (alfalfa), ad lib fresh or silage browse, supplemental conc/vitamins, avoid fruits/high vit C/high iron foods
- Obesity common, cut back on pellets, feed small quantities
- May need to add trace minerals
- Add vit E + biotin vit B7
51
Q
Routine vet Tx (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)
A
- Oral, hand injections in crush, darting medication, pole syringe
- Routine faecal analysis form worms
- Tetanus vacc - same as domestic horses
- Blood sampling - medial carpal/tarsal vein, ear veins
52
Q
Anaesthesia (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)
A
- Typically dart with sedation - aim for soft tissue behind ear, larger vol
- Etorphine good for initial immobilisation
- Combinations given as initial
sedation by dart then IV induction - Can intubate but challenging
53
Q
White rhino (Ceratotherium simum) 1700 - 2500 kg anaesthesia (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)
A
- 27 mg detomidine, 27 mg butorphanol, 94 mg
ketamine by dart - 20mg midazolam and 100mg ketamine IV once sedated in recum/not as responsive
- Reversed by 207 mg naltrexone and 41 mg atipamezole intravenously
- Reliable sedation with rapid
onset (19-26 min from initial
dart; 1-2 mins from IV dose) - Fast recovery (standing 2-3
mins following reversal)
54
Q
Nutrition (tapiridae)
A
- Alfalfa hay, grass hay, grazing, browse
- Supplemental pellets
- Fruit + veg
- Copper requirements low
55
Q
Routine vet Tx (tapiridae - perissodactyls)
A
- Sedate to examine teeth
- Routine faecal analysis for worms
- Clostridial + tetanus vacc commonly given
56
Q
Anaesthesia (tapiridae - perissodactyls)
A
- Withhold food for 12hrs in adults
- Dart or scratch down and hand inject
- Place cephalic cannula and administer flow by O2 and elevate head
- Intubate for longer procedures - Butorphanol 0.15 mg/kg, Xylazine 0.3 mg/kg IM gives sedation
- IV ketamine (0.5-1mg/kg) can be used to deepen/maintain
anaesthesia - Azaperone (1mg/kg) can be used to calm tapir for loading or minor procedures
