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AAA VMS4007 > Wildlife Treatment and Procedures > Flashcards

Wildlife Treatment and Procedures Flashcards

1
Q

Ultra-potent opioids

A
  • Etorphine
  • Carfentanil
  • Thiofentanyl
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2
Q

Sedatives

A
  • ACP
  • Azaperone
  • Medetomidine
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3
Q

Neuroleptanalgesia

A
  • Opioid + sedative
  • Commercially available combo e.g. Etorphine/ACP (Large Animal Immobilon)
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4
Q

Dissociate anaesthetics

A
  • Ketamine
  • Tileatmine
  • Cannot be antagonised, don’t reverse when in combo will get AEs
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5
Q

Central muscle relaxants

A
  • Midazolam
  • Zolazepam
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6
Q

Sedation

A
  • Dissociative anaesthetic + medetomidine or central muscle relaxants
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7
Q

Full antagonists (reversal agents)

A
  • Opioids - Naloxone
  • Benzodiazepines - Flumazenil, Saramazenil
  • Alpha-2 agonists - Atipamizole
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8
Q

Partial (sequential analgesia) antagonists

A
  • Opioid only
  • Buprenorphine
  • Diprenorphine
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9
Q

Methods of drug delivery

A
  • Physical restraint - allows rapid return to normal physiology, minimise duration
  • Direct admin - cooperative, trained (captivity), effective physical restraint e.g. oral/oral transmucosal drug combo, hand injection, pole syringe
  • Darts (remote) - pressurised gas or explosive (gunpowder), drug released after impact
  • Needles (remote) - have side port + sliding sleeve, pushed back to open hole when delivered
  • Blowpipe (remote) - short range, low velocity, can leak
  • Gas-powered rifle/pistol - mod distance, shorter range
  • Gunpowder cartridge powdered rifle - longest range + in wind
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10
Q

Euthanasia

A
  • Pharmaceutical - Barbiturates (IV), overdose opioids (IV or IM, Etorphine)
  • Physical - gunshot, permanent stunning = electrical or concussive (captive bolt)
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11
Q

‘Small’ large species euthanasia

A
  • Animals similar size + body mass to large domestic animals = same ways as horses + cattle
  • Firearms
  • Barbiturates IV (Smoulose)
  • Land mammals - zebra, buffalo, deer, antelope
  • Cetaceans - small whales + dolphins
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12
Q

‘Large’ large species euthanasia

A
  • Not pos - drug residue, leave on beach to reclaim/tow out to sea, rendering
    Other methods not legal in UK
  • New Zealand - Sperm Whale Euthanasia Device (SWED) - anti-tank weapon - fires three rounds simultaneously
  • Australia + South Africa - peri-cranial implosion technique = directive explosive charge -> concussive neurological damage to brain
  • Palliative care
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13
Q

Anaesthetic pre-med

A
  • Oral ACP or detomidine (tranmucosal)
  • Oral midazolam
  • IM azaperone, butorphanol, midazolam
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14
Q

Anaesthetic agents

A
  • Alpha-2 agonists
  • Dissociative anaesthetics
  • Opioids
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15
Q

Induction combinations

A
  • Medetomidine + ketamine (+/- butorphanol for wild cats) = e.g. contraception = primates + carnivores, equids, antelopes
  • Zolatil = zolazepam + tiletamine
  • BAM = butorphanol + azaperone + medetomidine - deer
  • Etorphine +/- alpha-2/ACP - rhinos, elephants, roan antelopes
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16
Q

Anaesthetic maintenance

A
  • May not need additional agents
  • Incremental IV drugs = ketamine, propofol
  • Incremental IM drugs (same as induction)
  • Inhalation agents
  • Supplemental O2
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17
Q

Nutrition (artiodactyls)

A
  • Browsers - trees
  • Grazers - antelopes + deer
  • Omnivores - pigs
  • Trace elements + mineral requirements
  • UV supplementation
  • Vit D
  • Vit E/Selenium
  • Affects hoof growth
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18
Q

Internal parasites (artiodactyls)

A
  • Test q 6 m
  • Floatation test
  • Tx - Moxidectin
  • If possible rotate wormers
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19
Q

Vaccinations (artiodactyls)

A
  • Clostridial
  • Haemochus contortus
  • Johnes disease
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20
Q

Contraception (artiodactyls)

A
  • Seasonal breeders (deer) - separate sexes, grow + drop antlers in response to hormones - vasectomy
  • Castration/vasectomy - behavioural
  • Implants (Deslorelin) - females
  • Improvac immunocontraception - giraffe males
  • Oral (Regumate) - pigs + horses (Altrenogest)
  • Breed + cull
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21
Q

Active contraception (primates)

A
  • Vasectomy of males
  • Tubal ligation of females
  • Deslorelin implants
  • Oral contraceptives daily
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22
Q

Nutrition (primates)

A
  • Mix of a primate-specific pellet, fresh produce + invertebrates
  • Geladas (baboons) = grazers - vegetation
  • Callitrichids require high level of vit D supplementation + UV lighting
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23
Q

Wounds (primates)

A
  • Infections uncommon
  • Analgesia given to avoid self-trauma
  • Anaesthesia - clean + repair larger wounds
  • Repair in several layers + use intradermals, prevent wound breakdown
  • Local anaesthesia useful - less likely to interact wound on recovery
  • Inc enrichment as distraction
  • Decoy sutures - on forearm, allows actual wound to heal
  • Analgesia post-op
  • Manage social grouping + enclosure to minimise further conflict
24
Q

Dental disease (primates)

A
  • Root canals considered to preserve teeth in species where important e.g. canines in baboons - refer
  • Like cat/dog Tx
  • Root extraction - damage to pulp
25
Q

Marmoset wasting disease (primates)

A
  • Broad screen to identify factors -> Tx bacterial/parasitic causes
  • Modify diet -> high fibre, low sugar (remove fruits), inc protein (invertebrates)
  • Correct stressors

Long-term management of chronic cases
- Prebiotics + probiotics
- Pulse AB - metronidazole, ciprofloxacin
- Rehydration
- B12 injections

26
Q

Neonatal rejection (callitrichids - primates)

A
  • Euthanise neonate - clinical problem, low conservation status
  • Leave neonate for parents to learn from experience, rearing success inc w/ maternal experience, can introduce experience female to group
  • Remove + hand-rear
  • Surrogate rear if another suitable female present
  • Anaethetise mother + allow baby to feed + confine to bond
27
Q

Nutrition (canidae - carnivores)

A
  • Raw meat +/- dog kibble
  • Maned wolf more omnivorous
  • All will opportunistically take other food items (insects, vegetation, bones, fruit)
  • Supplementation to add muscle meat fed - Ca, Phosphorus, vitamins
28
Q

Anaesthesia (canidae - carnivores)

A
  • Separate from pack
  • Dart in pen/hand inject in crate
  • Move into confined, secure space with multiple entry/exit points available
  • Medetomidine, ketamine, butorphanol combinations often used, can give oral pre-med
  • Recover in same space
  • Allow to wake up fully then house with small number of low-aggression individuals
  • Then mix back into main group
  • Reintegration after prolonged separation can be
    difficult
29
Q

Routine veterinary care (canidae - carnivores)

A
  • Vaccination - same as domestic dogs, killed vacc
  • Contraception where necessary
  • Faecal parasitology q 3 - 6 m - roundworms + tapeworm
30
Q

Gastroenteritis (canidae - carnivores)

A
  • Food hygiene
  • Simple diet
  • Probiotics
31
Q

Nutrition (procyonidae - carnivores)

A
  • Raccoon, coati - true omnivores
  • Coati - diurnal foragers (active during day) so scatter feeding preferred
  • Most other procyonids are crepuscular feeders (active at night) and will feed from hygienic bowls
  • Kinkajou - fruit, invertebrates, nectar mix, carnivore/omnivore/insectivore pellet
32
Q

Anaesthesia (procyonidae - carnivores)

A
  • Can be carried out in group (except raccoons where human aggression a concern)
  • Dart/hand inject in confined, secure chute or box - medetomidine/ketamine combination reliable
  • Recover in same space
  • Allow to wake up fully then release into indoor quarters
  • Once fully mobile and able to navigate
    enclosure then mix back into main group
33
Q

Self-trauma (procyonidae - carnivores)

A
  • Check for 1y dermatological cause -> inc enrichment
34
Q

Routine vet Tx (procyonidae - carnivores)

A
  • Distemper vacc - inactivated domestic dog vacc
  • Faecal parasitology q 6 m
35
Q

Nutirition (ailuridae - carnivores)

A
  • Grazers - bamboo, grasses, forbs
  • Planted exhibits will meet most needs
  • Offer additional bamboo/grasses (200g daily)
  • Concentrate ration with small amount veg and fruit
36
Q

Anaesthesia (ailuridae - carnivores)

A
  • Secure in indoor area
  • Never dart in outdoor enclosure
  • Natural response is to climb nearest tree
  • Recover in same space
  • Allow to wake up fully then release
  • Rarely any reintroduction issues with adults
37
Q

Routine veterinary care (ailuridae - carnivores)

A
  • Preventative lungworm therapy
  • Enteric parasite screening q 6 m
38
Q

Nutrition (herpestidae - carnivores)

A
  • Insectivore pellet - obligate taurine requirement
  • Vegetables
  • Low fat invertberates
  • Avoid high fat foods in excess e.g. rodents + mealworms
  • Obesity + cholesterol granulomas common in captivity
39
Q

Anaesthesia (herpestidae - carnivores)

A
  • Mask down with volatile agent under manual restraint
  • Or hand inject with medetomidine/ketamine
  • Similar size to ferret, can be intubated and maintained on
    volatile agent for longer procedures
  • Recover in confined, secure box with bedding from home enclosure
  • Return into main group
  • Put multiple into same carrier immediately before release
  • Scatter feed with high value food item at same time
  • Monitor closely for rejection from group
40
Q

Toxoplasma (herpestidae - carnivores)

A
  • Clindamycin
  • Pot potentiated sulphonamides
  • Diet management
41
Q

Contraception (herpestidae - carnivores)

A
  • Vasectomy
  • Deslorelin implant
42
Q

Anaesthesia (felidae)

A
  • Move into holding pen with clear pen either side
  • Ideally move rest of pride outside
  • Bed down with straw in advance
  • Make sure slides are not impeded
  • Dart/hand inject induction - medetomidine/ketamine most reliable
  • Seizures occasionally seen with ketamine, not of clinical
    concern
  • Ensure no responses prior to entering enclosure
43
Q

Helicobacter gastritis + 2y renal amyloidosis (cheetah)

A

Multitherapy
- AB
- Gastroprotectants
- Renal support

44
Q

Dental disease (felidae)

A
  • Manage as for domestic species
  • Root canals - major teeth
45
Q

Routine vet care (felidae)

A
  • Vacc - dead vaccs - as for domestic cats
  • Parasitology q 3 m, roundworms common
46
Q

Breeding management (felidae)

A
  • Males - vasectomy (castration -> mane loss + alter behaviours + social structure)
  • Females - delorelin implant (may not return to breeding if used long - term)
47
Q

Routine vet Tx (equids - perissodactyls)

A
  • Train to present to barrier for med/blood sampling
  • Routine faecal analysis for worms
  • Vacc for tetanus - like domestic horses
48
Q

Anaesthesia (equids - perissodactyls)

A
  • Etorphine mainstay of anaesthesia
  • Dart in safe area - induction over 5-10mins, stilted gait normal, minor injuries common if ground rough
  • (Alpha-2 (xylazine/medetomidine), ketamine, benzodiazepine (midazolam)
    combinations less reliable)
  • Short procedures elevate head and provide nasal oxygen
  • Prolonged then intubate, place jugular cannula + maintain on volatile anaesthesia or infusion of IV agent
49
Q

Grevy zebra (Equus grevyi) 350 - 400 kg anaesthesia (equids - perissodactyls)

A
  • 0.07 mg/kg medetomidine, 2.5 mg/kg ketamine, 0.085 mg/kg midazolam, 0.085 mg/kg butorphanol
  • Give second dart of benzodiazepines when bit sedated
  • Reversed with 0.35 mg/kg atipamezole, 0.2 mg/kg naltrexone
  • Induction 17 - 25min, recovery 25-30mins
  • Good sedation for footwork and blood collection
50
Q

Nutrition (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)

A
  • White rhino - grazer, 1y grass + grass hay ad lib, supplemental pellets, fruit/veg + alfalfa hay
  • Indian rhino - intermediate feeders, wider vegetation intake compared to white rhino, ad lib grass + hay, forage, pellets + leafy vegetables, obesity common
  • Black rhino - browser, twigs + legumes main diet, high tannin intake, hard to replicate in captivity, 50% grass hay, 50% high protein hay (alfalfa), ad lib fresh or silage browse, supplemental conc/vitamins, avoid fruits/high vit C/high iron foods
  • Obesity common, cut back on pellets, feed small quantities
  • May need to add trace minerals
  • Add vit E + biotin vit B7
51
Q

Routine vet Tx (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)

A
  • Oral, hand injections in crush, darting medication, pole syringe
  • Routine faecal analysis form worms
  • Tetanus vacc - same as domestic horses
  • Blood sampling - medial carpal/tarsal vein, ear veins
52
Q

Anaesthesia (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)

A
  • Typically dart with sedation - aim for soft tissue behind ear, larger vol
  • Etorphine good for initial immobilisation
  • Combinations given as initial
    sedation by dart then IV induction
  • Can intubate but challenging
53
Q

White rhino (Ceratotherium simum) 1700 - 2500 kg anaesthesia (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)

A
  • 27 mg detomidine, 27 mg butorphanol, 94 mg
    ketamine by dart
  • 20mg midazolam and 100mg ketamine IV once sedated in recum/not as responsive
  • Reversed by 207 mg naltrexone and 41 mg atipamezole intravenously
  • Reliable sedation with rapid
    onset (19-26 min from initial
    dart; 1-2 mins from IV dose)
  • Fast recovery (standing 2-3
    mins following reversal)
54
Q

Nutrition (tapiridae)

A
  • Alfalfa hay, grass hay, grazing, browse
  • Supplemental pellets
  • Fruit + veg
  • Copper requirements low
55
Q

Routine vet Tx (tapiridae - perissodactyls)

A
  • Sedate to examine teeth
  • Routine faecal analysis for worms
  • Clostridial + tetanus vacc commonly given
56
Q

Anaesthesia (tapiridae - perissodactyls)

A
  • Withhold food for 12hrs in adults
  • Dart or scratch down and hand inject
  • Place cephalic cannula and administer flow by O2 and elevate head
  • Intubate for longer procedures - Butorphanol 0.15 mg/kg, Xylazine 0.3 mg/kg IM gives sedation
  • IV ketamine (0.5-1mg/kg) can be used to deepen/maintain
    anaesthesia
  • Azaperone (1mg/kg) can be used to calm tapir for loading or minor procedures

AAA VMS4007 (9 decks)

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