Wildlife Pathology Flashcards
Considerations for immobilisation
- Location
- Terrain
- Weather - cold (hypothermia) / hot
- Species
- Emergency equipment
- Vehicle, boat, aircraft safety
- Operator safety when handling drugs, having full antagonists
- Operator failure, dart failure, drug failure
Desirable properties of drugs
- Active when admin IM
- Small vol - conc or potent
- Stable in field - not affected by heat/cold
- Rapidly acting
- Antagonisable (reversible)
- Predictable
- Reliable
- Dose-dependent
- Minimal AEs - CVS + resp
Adverse events related to immobilisation
- Stress
- Fatigue/exhaustion
- Resp depression
- Hypothermia
- Hyperthermia
- V+/Regurg -> aspiration
- Bloat (ruminant/camelid)
- Trauma
- Capture myopathy
- Myocardial ischaemia
Myocardial ischaemia
- Hypoventilation -> hypoxaemia
- Vasoconstriction -> dec tissue perfusion
- Muscle rigidity -> inc metabolic O2 demand
- Reduces O2 supply to myocardium -> myocardial ischaemia -> CVS problems
- Reduces heart muscle’s ability to pump blood
Common conditions of captive artiodactyls
- Trauma - intra/inter-specific aggression; injury from enclosure
- Parasites - high burdens; young animals; newly introduced animals
- Abscesses - ‘lumpy jaw’ diseases; 2y to trauma; dental abscesses
- Hoof issues - nutritional imbalances; inappropriate substrate
- Neonates - hypothermia; failure to feed; mismothering; sepsis
Zoonoses (artiodactyls)
- Bovine TB
- Bacterial GI disease - Salmonella, E. coli
- Ringworm
- Toxoplasma
- Brucella
- Anthrax
- Rabies
Common conditions of primates
- Wounds - conspecific fighting
- Dental disease - advancing age + soft sugary diet
- ‘Wasting’ disease/D+ in Marmosets - vague syndrome causing D+, fur, thinning + weight loss
Factors: stress, low protein/low fibre/high sugar diet, endoparasitism, abnormal GI bacterial flora, autoimmune disease, inappropriate heating/lighting - Neonatal care - rejection common = callitrichids - foetal abnormality, multiple births, stress/disturbance/naive parents, hand-reared adults
Zoonoses (great apes - primates)
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. bovis)
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Yersinia
- Giardia
- Balantidium coli
Reverse zoonoses (great apes - primates)
- Herpes (cold sores)
- Flu + cold viruses
- Measles
Viral zoonoses (old world monkeys - primates)
- Hepatitis A - consider vacc
- Poxviruses
- Respiratory Syncital virus
- Rotavirus
- Simian haemorrhagic fever
- Simian retroviruses
- Herpes B - macaques from all fluids/tissues -> flu-like symptoms + 70% mortality if untreated
Bacterial zoonoses (old world monkeys - primates)
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Shigella spp.
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Bordetella bronchiseptica
- Haemophilus influenza
- Haemophilus influenza
- Strep pneumonia
Parasitic zoonoses (old world monkeys - primates)
- Strongyloid worms
- Trichostrongylus spp.
- Balantidium coli
Zoonoses (new world primates)
Faecal-oral route most common
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Giardia
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Cryptosporidium spp.
Common health issues (canidae - carnivores)
- Gastroenteritis
- Pyometra
- Dental disease - canine Fx common from fighting, biting at bars/bones
Common health issues (procyonidae)
- Coati - self-trauma - check for 1y dermatological cause
Common health problems (ailuridae)
- Lungworm -> angiostrongylus
- High-risk species
- Causes - pul granulomas + death
- Grave Px once clinical disease evident
Common health conditions (Herpestidae)
- Neuropathies - wobbly gait, seizures, cerebral cholesterol granulomas + toxoplasmosis
- Collect sample for toxoplasma serology + cholesterol assay
- Dental disease - Fx, pulpitis, tartar + periodontal disease
Welfare concerns (felidae)
- Foot issues - damp/abrasive flooring - manage environment
- Obesity - manage food intake + provide space for activity
- Social group breakdown - lack of opportunity for male cubs to disperse
Common conditions (felidae)
- Wounds - generally heal
- Cheetah - helicobacter gastritis, 2y renal amyloidosis
- Geriatric cat diseases - chronic renal failure, neoplasia (lymphoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma)
Common conditions (Binturong)
- Diabetes mellitus
Zoonoses (carnvivores)
- Toxoplasma - felids
- Tapeworm - canids
- TB - large cats
- Enteric bacteria - salmonella, E. coli
Common medical concerns (equids - perissodactyls)
- Zebras - wounds
- Hoof overgrowth
- Geriatric Przewalski’s horses
Common anaesthetic procedures (equids - perissodactyls)
- Foot trimming
- Dental work
- Radiographs
- Blood sampling - routine screening prior to movement or geriatric
Common problems with management (rhinoceritidae - perissodactyls)
- Foot problems
- Obesity
- Sand colic - content in soil + low-land grazing
- Corvid wounds/flystrike
- Ovarian pathology - irregular cycling in captivity
- Black rhino nutritional issues
- Infertility - iron overload storage disease = hemochromatosis, anaemia - lysis of RBCs
- Cheek gland inflammation (Indian rhino)
Common anaesthetic procedures (rhinocerotidae - perissodactyls)
- Debridement of foot cracks
- US scanning of repro tract - oocyte/semen collection
- Blood sample collection
- Bronchoalveolar lavage sample collection
- Pre-movement TB testing
Common medical issues (tapiridae - perissodactyls)
- Keratitis
- Fly bites (ears)
- Foot sores/cracks
- Constipation/rectal prolapse
Common anaesthetic procedures (tapiridae - perissodactyls)
- Wound suturing - around face, thinner skin
- Foot Tx
- PRemovement TB testing
