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CONS 127 > Wildlife > Flashcards

Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

wildlife

A

Undomesticated animal species

Typically includes:
* Mammals
* Birds
* Fishes
* Amphibians
* Reptiles

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2
Q

Why Monitor Wildlife?

A

Ethical
* Preserve species for future generations
* Intrinsic value in wildlife species

Political
* Endangered & threatened species
* IUCN list

Cultural
* Identities
* Sustenance

Ecological
* Serve key purposes in ecosystem functions

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3
Q

Why Monitor Wildlife?

A

Monitoring wildlife allows us to:
* Track population trends
* Identify threatened/endangered species

The addition of earth observation
remote sensing allows us to:
* Efficiently collect data on animal
movement
* Efficiently quantify animal habitat
o To ultimately make inferences on why species may be threatened
o And make management decisions to improve conservation

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4
Q

2 Key Aspect

A

Tracking Animal Movement
* GPS Collars
* GPS Tags
* Camera Traps

Quantifying Animal Habitat
* Satellite data
* Describe habitat
* Disturbance info
o Year
o Type

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5
Q

Historically Tracking Animal Movement

A

Scientists would go to the field
* Place themselves in a safe position
* Or use an aircraft

Quantify animal movement and behaviour for hours, days, weeks
* Highly susceptible to human error

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6
Q

Historically Tracking Animal Movement

A

These field expeditions are still important now because they :
* Provided first datasets on animal movement
* And animal behaviour

Did allow quantification of behaviour
* Sleeping
* Moving
* Vigilance
o How scared are they of predators?
* Feeding

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7
Q

Tracking Animal Movement: Two Approaches

A

Lagrangian
* Animal borne tracking device
* GPS collar
* GPS tag

Eulerian(historical )
* Pre-determined frame of
reference
* Visual surveys
* Camera traps like on threes

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8
Q

GPS Collars( Langarian Approch)

A
  • We put collars on a wide variety of species:
  • Wolves
  • Moose
  • Bears
  • Caribou
  • Deer
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9
Q

GPS Collars( Langarian Approch)

A
  • Accuracy can be 5-10m
    • Depends on terrain
  • Can now customize how often we get locations
    For example:
  • Once each day
  • Once each hour
  • Once every 30 mins
  • Collars are removed
  • With a “rot-off” feature
  • Or electronic mechanism
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10
Q

GPS Tags (Lagragian approch)

A

We use GPS tags for birds
* Lighter weight version of
GPS collars
* Can be attached via rings
around body/neck Or to the leg

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11
Q

GPS Collar/Tags

A

Advantages
* Fine scale movement data:
Locations up to every 30 mins

  • Remote data collection (Via satellites) dont have to go to the color to get the data

Disadvantages
* Individual level movement(only tracking on specifc animal)
* Expensive
- Physical collar is expensive
- Field work to place collars on
animals also expensive/time
consuming
* Invasive
* Malfunctions

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12
Q

Camera Traps(Eularian Approch)

A
  • Remotely triggered by moving warm objects
  • needs to be warm and moving (different then vegetation)

same as to observe vegetation phenology

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13
Q

Camera Traps(Eularian Approch)

A

Advantages
* Non-invasive
* Cost effective
* Population level data
* Multi-species
* some times Behaviour info

Disadvantages
* Coarser movement data - not getting a lot of movment capture like gps
* Manual data retrieval
* Have to travel to where cameras
are located
* Effected by weather
* Sometimes get covered in snow or
water

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14
Q

Quantifying Animal Habitat

A
  • So now we have animal movement data
  • Need to relate it to the environment

To answer questions like:
* What kind of habitat do animals prefer?
* What kind of habitat do animals avoid?
* Ultimately for management
* For Example:
* Close certain areas to people
* Harvest forest in only certain areas

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15
Q

Historically we quantified habitat

A

Historically we quantified habitat manually

  • Field work
    • Go to a site an animal spent lots of time in
    • Identify the plant species there
      • Count how many of each species are there)
    • Look at the terrain
  • Slope, aspect, etc.
  • Often times used aerial surveys
    • Scientists drew maps by hand
    • Sometimes digitized these
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16
Q

to find a habitat :

A
  • use GPS collar data and satilite

we use Landsat because of the 30 meters resolution

17
Q

Satellite Habitat Characterization

A
  • forest cover
  • thermal infered
  • lidar data
  • radar data

** Field work still required**
* To validate data

But overall:
* Efficient
* Informative
* Large coverage

18
Q

Grizzly Bear Example

A
  • Focal point of wildlife conservation:
    • Ethical
    • Political
    • Cultural
    • Ecological reasons
      • Keystone species
      • Umbrella species(high varied of habitats)
19
Q

Grizzly Bear Example

A
  • GPS Collar Data
  • Landsat data
    • Land cover
    • Disturbance
      * Fires, logging, etc.
      * When and where
20
Q

Grizzly Bears and Forestry

A
  • Bears were 1.6 times more likely to be found in forestry cut blocks
    than any other habitat (during certain times of the year)
21
Q

Why might grizzly bears like cut blocks?

A
  • Food
  • Grizzly bears love berries
  • 7-30 year old cut blocks preferable
    Because they have more berries and other food
  • Than other habitat types
22
Q

But what about other disturbances

A
  • Wildfires for example
    • Historically suppressed
  • Result:
    Overall lack of natural forest
    openings for grizzly bear
    habitat
    Bears have adapted to use
    cut blocks
23
Q

Management

A
  • Managers can make decisions for grizzly bear conservation from these
    findings
  • For example, in the forestry industry:
    * Harvest forest in strategic areas
    * Where natural forest openings lack
  • Protect disturbed areas
    * Cut blocks that provide a lot of food
    * Reduce human access
24
Q

this is to show

A

that movment location/habitat can be combine with other things like disturbences to find infrmation to better animal lifes

25
Q

Summary

A

How do we track animal movement?
* GPS Collars
* GPS Tags
* Camera traps

How do we quantify animal habitat with satellite data?
* Land cover
* Disturbance type & year
35

26
Q

Describe how you might use GPS collar data and Landsat data to
determine what habitat an animal prefers?

A

you can combine data of where the animal is located with Lanset data of what land cover type it is and you can overlay where the specie is located with the habitat data from Landasat and you can find a conclusion that these species prefere those type of location/ enviromet

CONS 127 (19 decks)

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