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CONS 127 > Resolutions > Flashcards

Resolutions Flashcards

1
Q

```

The Resolutions:

A
  • Spatial Resolution
  • Spectral Resolution
  • Temporal Resolution
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2
Q

Spatial Resolution

A
  • Spatial Resolution Smallest possible feature/object that can be detected
  • Digital imagery:
    -Minimum area that can be resolved by the sensor
    -Ex: 30 x 30m area
    -Each pixel possesses a reflectance value
  • Satellites:
    -Resolution is fixed(because they have a fixed altitude)
  • Arial
    -Resolution is variable

each pixel

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3
Q

Spatial Resolution

A
  • Impacts level of detail/information
  • (lower special resolution)Coarser resolution = less detail/information
  • Spatial resolution is typically defined by the pixel size
  • Which is a function of platform and sensor specifications and
    geometry
  • Other considerations:
  • Spatial arrangement of targets
  • Data quality
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4
Q

why can we see the white lines in the tennis cort?==

A
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5
Q

in the spatial resolution:the atmospheric condition matter

it can affect the picture resolutuion

A
  • Poor atmospheric & light conditions can reduce effective spatial resolution
  • The pixel size is the same, but the poor conditions increase the size of the smallest detectable object/feature
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6
Q

Spacial Resolution
types:

A
  1. Low Spatial Resolution
  2. Moderate Spatial Resolution
  3. High Spatial Resolution
  4. Very High Spatial Resolution
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7
Q

1. Low Spatial Resolution (>100m)

A

Platform: Terra; Aqua
Sensor: MODIS

Spatial resolution:
250m – 1km

Applications:
* Land cover type
* Snow cover extent
* Vegetation phenology
* Canopy cover
* Sea surface temp.

Acquisition cost:
* Free
* Typically governmen

assigment 5

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8
Q

2. Moderate Spatial Resolution (<100m)

A

Platform: Landsat
Sensor: Thematic Mapper and OLI

Spatial resolution:
30m

Applications:
* Forest cover
* Insect infestation
* Crop forecasting
* Land cover use/change

Acquisition cost:
* Free
* Typically government

still can’t make out individual buildings or threes! but can make out neibourhoods

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9
Q

3.High Spatial Resolution (< 5m)

A

Platform: IKONOS

Sensor: IKONOS

Spatial resolution:
4m

Applications:
* Urban mapping
* Road mapping

Acquisition cost:
* Not free
* Private

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10
Q

4.Very High Spatial Resolution

A

Platform: airplane/drone

Sensor: digital camera

Spatial resolution:
Variable (ex. 0.1m)

Applications:
* Individual trees
* Health (insect infestation)
* Crown size and shape

Acquisition cost:
* Not free
* Private or governmen

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11
Q

Spectral Resolution

A

The number and dimension of specific wavelength intervals in the
electromagnetic spectrum to which a remote sensing instrument is
sensitive…

OR

  • the # of spectral channels/bands used
  • their location in the electromagnetic spectrum
  • the bandwidth of each channel/band
    Spectral Resolution

29:57

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12
Q

ex:

A

Landsat Thematic Mapper
* 7 channels
* located in visible; NIR; mid-IR; and Thermal
* bandwidths ranging from: 60-270 nm (+ thermal is 2,200nm)

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13
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Amount of time it takes to revisit same place on Earth

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14
Q

Why does it matter?

A
  • Coarse vs. fine scale time change analysis
  • Seasonal differences vs. daily differences
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15
Q

temporal resolution : Depends on

A
  • Orbit:
  • Close ellipitical vs geostationary
  • Swath width:
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16
Q

orbits used in Earth observation

A
  • Close Elliptical orbits(700-2000km altitude)
  • polar or near polar orbit
  • sun synchronoumous orbit
  • Geo-strationary(36000 altitude above the equator)
    -orbit speed matched to rotation of the earth
    -location static above a geographic location
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17
Q

Swath Width

35:58

A
  • wide/bigger swath width will not need to many flights over the surface of the earth before the satelite builds up an image but a smaller swath width will need more orbits/flights to come back to the sanme place
    ​
    close elliptical + big swarh width = collect data of the entire surface of the earth more quickly
18
Q

Orbits used in Earth Observation

A

Close Elliptical orbits (700-2000km altitude)
* Polar or near polar orbit
* Sun synchronous orbit

Geo-stationary(Altitude is 36,000 km above equator)
* Orbit speed matched to rotation of Earth
* Location static above a geographic location

19
Q

Polar Orbit

A
  • the satelite pass throgh the north and south pole (vertically)
  • because while the satelite moves the earth is also moving in its axis
  • the result is that each passover is different and keeps doing that until the statelites comes back to a similar position then it started and do everthing again until it comes back to the exact same place it started-
  • 16 days to get a whole picture of earth(temporal resolution)

* Landset

20
Q

Sun-synchronous orbit

A
  • a specific type of polar orbit
  • a satelites passes over the equator at the same local time every time it passes over the equator

Landsat

21
Q
  • why a sun synchronous orbit is important?

important

A

because the reflectence mesurment you will get for different bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are going to be differentat diferent times of the day

at night time:we dont have energy of the sun being reflected off the surface of the earth thus we are going to get different mesurments

by keeping staelites in sun synchronous obnit it ensures we can control for any differences in reflectence values we might mesurments that may be associated with different times of the day

22
Q

What is the difference between:

A
  • Close-elliptical orbit
  • Defined by altitude
  • 700 - 2000km

* Polar orbit
- Defined by orientation of orbit
- Orbit passes over the pole
- Is near perpendicular to equator

  • Sun-synchronous orbit
  • Passes over the equator the same time each day
  • Landsat passes over the equator between 10-10:30am
  • Passes over any same point on the earth at the same local time
23
Q

Landsat

A
  • Close elipitical order
  • Polar Orbit
  • Sun Synchronous orbit
24
Q

Temporal Resoltuions: Geostationary Orbits

A
  • Weather satellites (ex. GOES)
  • Telephone and television relay satellites
  • Constant contact w/ground stations
  • Limited spatial coverage
  • Each satellite can only cover about 25-30% of the Earth’s surface
  • Coverage extends only to the mid-latitudes, no more than about 55 degrees
  • high temporal resolution to portion they are looking at in minuts
25
Q

Acquisition of Data

A
  • Most satellites do not have (a lot of) on-board recorders
  • They need to directly downlink their acquired images to the antennas of suitably equipped Ground Stations or to other satellites
26
Q

Acquisition of Data

A
  • In Canada, the government operates 3 ground receiving stations
  • one at Gatineau, Québec
  • one at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
  • and one at Inuvik, NWT
  • Enables near real time data collectionfor most of Canada and parts of the USA
  • As well as transmission of recorded
    data
  • if the satelite comes in contact with another region that dosnt have this stations ranges, we would have to wait for that data to be dowladed once the satelites comes in contact with those stations(it takes more time)
27
Q

Three Earth Observation Programs we cover in CONS 127

A
  • TERRA and AQUA – MODIS
  • Landsat – Thematic Mapper and OLI
  • WorldView 1 - 4
27
Q

TERRA and AQUA (the satelites) – MODIS (the program)

A

Launch date: December 1999, May 2002

Equator crossing: 10:30 AM TERRA
1.30PM AQUA(sunsycronomus)

Instruments:
* Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)

27
Q

MODERATE RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER (MODIS)

A

Measurement of global biological and geophysical processes including:
* temperature (land and sea)
* ocean color
* global vegetation
* clouds and aerosols
* snow cover

  • 2330 km swath for global coverage in 1 – 2 days(vey high swarg with), high temporal resolution
  • 20 spectral bands in visible and near-infrared
  • 16 spectral bands in middle IR and thermal IR
27
Q

MODIS: Spectrum Resolution

1;03;24(table)

A

Modis have a very high spectrual resolution,

it has a lot of spectral bands covering a very broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum

27
Q

MODIS: Spatial Resolution

A
  • Lower special resolution
  • 250-500m pixel for land
    research
  • 1000m pixel for ocean and
    atmosphere research
27
Q

MODIS: Temporal resolution

A

very hight

1-2 days return period

27
Q

modis is best for

A

global mesurments and daily mesurments

modis limitations are due to sapatial resolution so when u need a lot of datail it may not be ideal to use it

usuful: usufull in detacting fire (not the fire demage) but where the fire is occuring

27
Q

Landsat(program)

A
  • 30m pixel
  • 16-day return period(lower temporial resolution)
  • Series of 8 satellites
    comprised of 4 different
    sensors
  • 185km Swath width(smaller then modis)
28
Q

Landsat History

1972- first landsat

A
  • Landsat program known as the Earth Resources Observation Satellites Program when it was initiated in 1966
  • but the name was changed to Landsat in 1975
  • Over the history of the program the satellites have passed from public, to private back to public ownership
  • The value of the Landsat program was recognized by Congress in October, 1992 when it passed the Land Remote Sensing Policy Act
  • Authorizing the procurement of Landsat 7
  • And assuring the continued availability of Landsat digital data and images, at the lowest possible cost, to
    traditional and new users of the data
29
Q

Landsat sensors

A
  • landsat 4-5:

-Thematic Mapper Sensor
-7 bands,
-30 meters spatial resolution(except band 6)

  • landsat 7
    -Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus Sensor
  • 8 bands
  • 30 meter spatial resolution
  • landsat 8-9
    -Operational Land Imager + Thermal Infared sensor
    -30 meter resolution, some 100 resolution
    -11 bands
30
Q

World View 1 - 4(satelite/pogram?)

A
  • DigitalGlobe is one of the largest and most successful private satellite companies which has launched 6 high
    spatial resolution satellites since 1999
  • Most recently they launched the World View series of
    satellites of which there are now 4
  • They are the** highest spatial resolution available from a
    space platform,** in some cases as low as 30cm
31
Q

WorldView-1-4: Spectral Resolution

A
  • visible,infared,short infered

have s tiltable sensor

32
Q

World view: Temporal resolution

A

HIght Temporal Resolution

33
Q
  • If I were to ask you to design a satellite for monitoring regional forest
    cover change – what attributes and resolutions would be
    appropriate?

1:24:45

A
  • moderate spatial resolution
  • near inferad part of the spectrum(spectrum resolution)-see if vegetation is doing well as healthy vegetation has high near-infered reflectence

*every month (temporal resolution)

Landset.

CONS 127 (19 decks)

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