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Healthy Populations > Wildlife > Flashcards

Wildlife Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major wildlife diseases of importance (9)?

A
  1. Rabies
  2. Canine distemper
  3. Hemorrhagic disease
  4. Chronic wasting disease
  5. White nose syndrome of bats
  6. Avian pox
  7. Duck plague
  8. Avian influenza
  9. Avian cholera
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1
Q

What accounts for the largest proportion of human cases of rabies?

A

Bat exposures

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2
Q

What animal in VA is most frequently reported for rabies?

A

Raccoon

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3
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of canine distemper virus in wildlife.

A
  • Etiology: morbillivirus, epitheliotropic and attacks epithelial cells of the repsiratory tract, GIT and eyes
  • Host: cause of mortality in raccoons, gray foxes, and coyotes
  • Transmission: direct contact, aerosol of ocular and nasal secretions, urine - does not survive in the environment
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4
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of hemorrhagic disease in wildlife.

A
  • Etiology: 2 closerly related but distinct orbiviruses - epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) and bluetognue virus (BT)
  • Host: most important infectious diseae of white-tailed deer in southeastern US
  • Transmission: biting midges (culicoides)
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5
Q

Describe how deer are often found in the wild when infected with hemorrhagic disease.

A
  • Late summer to early fall
  • Recumbent and close to a source of water
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6
Q

Signficance of canine distemper in wildlife

A

Mot major human public health concern

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7
Q

Significance of hemorrhagic disease in wildlife

A
  • Can cause dramatic local population declines in white-tailed deer
  • Can resemble FMD, rinderpest, and heartwater in deer and livestock
  • No public health significance
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8
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of chronic wasting disease in wildlife.

A
  • Etiology: prions - transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, resulting in spongiform degeneration of CNS (interneuronal vacuoles)
  • Host: white-tailed deer, elk, mule deer, black-tailed deer, and moose
  • Transmission: direct froma animal to animal, indirect fro contaminated food of environment (importance unkown)
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9
Q

How is CWD diagnosed?

A

Examination of the obex of medulla oblongata and retropharyngeal lymph nodes for the presence of prions (post-mortem)

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10
Q

CWD significance

A
  • No scientific evidence it has infected humans
  • No correleation to CJD
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11
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of white nose syndrom in bats.

A
  • Etiology: fungus pseudogymnoascus (geomyces) destructans, which thrives in the characteristics of most bat habitats, cannot grow above 20C = 68F like most fungi
  • Host: 9 species of bats (little brown, big brown, northern-long eared, eastern pipistrelle, indianda, gray bat)
  • Transmission: ??
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12
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of rabbit hemorrhagic disease.

A
  • Etiology: lagovirus (calicivirdae) RHDV1 = adults, no resevoir in NA, RHDV2 = multiple species of rabbits, lower mortality than 1
  • Host: rabbits and hares (2) or adult rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus (1)
  • Transmission: ??
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13
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of avian pox.

A
  • Etiology: pox virus
  • Host: birds
  • Transmission: blood-feeding insects (mosquitoes), inhalation or ingestion of virus-laden scabs
  • No public health risk
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14
Q

Describe the control methods of avian pox in the wild and in captivity.

A

Wild - eliminate mosquito breeding sites, mosquito larvacides and adulticides

Captive - disinfection of equiptment w 5% bleach, screening, MLV in domestic birds

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15
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of duck plague.

A
  • Etiology: duck viral enteritis caused by herpesvirus
  • Host: only ducks, swans, and geese (Anseriformes)
  • Transmission: infected waterfowl or environment, virus sheds in fecal/oral discharges, survivors become lifetime carriers and shed virus
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16
Q

Describe control and prevention measures of duck plague.

A
  • Control - destruction of infected flocks/eggs, carcass disposal via incineration, decontamination of environment, disinfection of equiptment
  • Prevention - attenuated vx approved for domestic ducks only
  • No public health risk
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17
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of avian influenza.

A
  • Etiology: orthomyxovirus, H5 and H7 most common HPAI, LPAI not reportable
  • Host: domestic poultry, waterfowl, other wild birds
  • Transmission: horizontal, migratory waterfowl wild resevoirs but transmission to poultry unlikely, virus shed in feces and secretions, spread by contaminated feed and water equiptment, vehicles, and people
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18
Q

Describe prevention and control measures for avian influenza.

A
  • Report to state vet
  • Depopulation
  • Inactivation via heat, dryness, pH extremes
  • Disinfect with bleach, virkon, phenol, or formalin
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19
Q

Describe the etiology, host, and transmission of avian cholera.

A

Etiology: pasteurella multocida
Host: water birds, some rodent species and raptors as well
Transmission: infected birds shedding bacteria, infected carcasses, chronic carriers, seasonal in winter

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20
Q

Describe control/prevention measures of avian cholera.

A

Control - dispoasal and incineration of infected carcasses, habitat management, disinfection, vaccination of captive flocks (bacterin)

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21
Q

What are the prevention/control measures used for rabies?

A
  • Vaccination for domestic animals = buffer zone between humans and wildlife
  • Oral vaccine for free-ranging carnivores that consume vaccine-laden baits (racoons, coyotes)
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22
Q

Canine distemper clinical signs in wildlife

A

Respiratory, GI, neurologic (similar to rabies), and proliferation of foot pad epithelium

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23
Q

Clinical signs of hemorrhagic disease in wildlife

A
  • Fever, depression, oral ctanosis
  • Pulmonary edema, hemorrhage at base of pulmonary artery
  • Edema of head, neck, tongue and conjunctiva
  • Sloughing of hoof, rumen ulcers and loss of rumen papillae
  • Death 1-3 days
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Clinical signs of white-nosed syndrome in bats.

A
  • Iritation = bats dont hibernate = no food = weight loss
  • Microscopic fungal hyphae on external surfaces
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26
Q

Clinical signs of avian pox

A
  • Visual impairement, resp distress, weakness and emaciation
  • Dry = cutaneous - proliferative nodules of unfeathered areas like the nares
  • Wet = dipthertic - raised plaques in oral cavity or resp tract
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27
Q

Clinical signs of duck plague

A
  • Blood discharge from nares, mouth, or vent
  • Prolapsed phallus
  • Inability to fly
  • Convulsions, death
  • Hemorrhages on heart and liver
  • Raised necrotic plaques or ulcerations of intestines
28
Q

Clinical signs of avian cholera

A
  • Incoordination, tremors
  • Inability to fly
  • Sudden death
  • Hemorrhages in heart, gizzard and liver
  • Multifocal hepatic necrosis
  • Copper-colored liver
29
Q

What are the important zoonotic diseases of wildlife (6)?

A
  1. Hanta virus
  2. Plague
  3. Tularemia
  4. Mycobacteriosis (deer)
  5. Mycobacteriosis (avian)
  6. West Nile Virus
30
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of hantavirus.

A
  • Etiology: Bunyavirdae virus
  • Location: Western USA (national park cabins)
  • Host: Rodents are primary resevour (deer mouse SW, cotton rate SE, white-footed mouse) –> usually show no clinical signs
  • Transmission: virus particles become aerosolized from rodent urine, feces, or saliva and are inhaled or through handling rodents (think cleaning infested places)
31
Q

Describe the control of hantavirus.

A
  • Rodent control
  • Sanitation
  • Safety percautions including use of protective equiptment
32
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of tularemia.

A

Etiology: francisella tularenesis (g-)
Location: central US
Host: terrestrial cycle involved rabbits and rodents, aquatic cycle involves muskrats and beavers.
Transmission: blood-sucking arthropods, ingestion, inhalation, direct contact through skin, contamination of wounds

33
Q

Describe the clinical signs of tularemia in rabbits.

A
  • Lethargy, incoordination, occasional mortality
  • Pinpoint white lesions in liver and spleen
34
Q

Prevention of zoonotic tularemia?

A
  • Sanitary precautions
  • Wear gloves
  • Control insect vectors
35
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of the plague.

A
  • Etiology: yersinia pestis (g-)
  • Location: Western US
  • Host: flea-rodent cycle, resevoirs are voles, grasshopper mice, and rock squirrels….also prarier dogs and ground squirrels….felids and black-footed ferret suceptible
  • Transmission: flea bite! –> multiplies in GIT, regurgitation of blood into host
36
Q

What are the prevention/control measures for the plague?

A
  • Insecticides of environment
  • Local control of rodents close to humans
  • Must kill fleas
  • Treat all pets for flease
  • Protective clothing
  • Restriciton of outdor activites in areas with active plauge
37
Q

What are the public health concenrs of the plauge?

A

Category A bioterrorism agent

38
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of tuberculosis in deer.

A
  • Etiology: M. bovis
  • Location: north, great lakes? minnesota?
  • Host: Northern deer populations
  • Transmission: aerosol, consumption of contaminated feed, close contract with infected individual or contaminated area, enhanced by crowing and stress, people feeding deer in winter!!!
39
Q

What are the clinical signs of tuberculosis in deer?

A
  • Chronic , weight loss
  • Yellow to tan pea-sized nodules in chest cavity or lungs
  • SQ swelling/abscess
  • Swollen lnn in head and cranial neck region
40
Q

What are prevention/control measures for zoonotic tuberculosis in deers?

A
  • Reduce deer density through huntring
  • Keep deer from concentration by eliminating supplemental feeding and baiting
  • Wear protective clothing and gloves when field dressing deer
41
Q

Significance of TB in deer?

A
  • Loss of bovine TB free-status and trade
  • Hunters exposed
42
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of avian tuberculosis.

A
  • Etiology: mycobacterium avium
  • Location: ?
  • Host: birds
  • Transmission: fecal contamination, ingestion of contaminated food/water/environment, waste water and sewage effluents, long-term spore survival in soilt, migratory bird concentrations
43
Q

What are the clinical signs of avian Tb in birds?

A
  • Emaciation, muscle wasting, weakness, occasional diarrhea, lameness, dull plumage…chronic progessive multisystemic disease
  • Multifocal granulomatous nodules in lung and air scas, liver spleen intestines and gonads as well
44
Q

What are control/prevention measures for avian Tb? Whos at risk?

A
  • Ante-mortem testing and environmental decontamination are both very difficult
  • Immunoincompetent individuals at risk
45
Q

Describe the etiology, host, location, and transmission of West Nile Virus.

A
  • Etiology: arthropod-borne virus
  • Location: central US
  • Host: corvids, raptors, wild bird species, zoo/captive birds like pengiuns, horses, people, deer, black bear = dead-end hosts
  • Transmission: vectors = mosquitoes, soft and hard ticks, hippoboscid flies, possible bird to bird (only experimentally)
46
Q

What are prevention/control measures for west nile virus?

A

Insect repellents
Environmental larvacides and adulticides

47
Q
A
48
Q

How do humans get toxoplasma?

A
  • Exposure with oocysts
  • Contaminated soil around homes, in vegetable gardens
  • Runoff containing oocysts –> rivers and oceans –> filter feeding shellfish
49
Q

How do veterinarians get exposed to toxoplasma?

A
  • Tissue cysts –> necropsy of infected animals
  • Handling aborted fetuses/placental membranes
  • Any felids
50
Q

How do humans get cryptosporidium parvum?

A
  • Ingestion of oocysts (infective immediately when passed in feces)
  • Contamination of soil and water
  • Filter feeding shellfish

C. parvum, C. hominis

51
Q

How do veterinarians get exposed to crypto?

A

Safe to assume any mammal could carry zoonotic species

52
Q

How do humans get giardia duodenalis?

A

Assembleges A and B
Cysts in water

Beaver fever

53
Q

How do veterinarians get giardia?

A

Contact with feces

54
Q

What are parasites that are primarily found in wildlife but also can successfully infect domestic animals?

A
  • Echinococcus multilocularis
  • Baylisacaris procyonis
  • Trichinella
  • Angiostrongylus
55
Q

Most zoonotic infections of Echinococcus are from what species?

A

E. granulosus and E. multilocularis

56
Q

Echinococcus species definitive and intermediate host

A

DH: Canids
IH: Small rodents

57
Q

Human alveolar echinoccocosis - it can take…………. between infection point and development of clinical symptoms

A

10-15 years

58
Q

Describe the clinical importance of Echinococcus multilocularis in the DH, IH, humans and dogs?

A
  • DH - none
  • IH - potentially fatal
  • Humand and dogs - develop metacestode stage = alveolar echinococcosis (rare)
59
Q

Why is echinoccoccus of recent concern in US?

A
  • Signs may not develop years after infection
  • Treatment is difficult and may require anthelmintic treatment for life
  • Diagnosis of adult tapeworms in dogs is very difficult, eggs are indistinguishable from other taeniiid eggs
  • Disinfection requres freezing -80C for several days, undiluted bleach for several hours, flame
  • Detected in northern midwestern states, now in eastern (VA, MD, PA, VT)
60
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis

A
  • Racoom ascarid, small intestine
  • Visceral and ocular larva migrans in humans, also subclinical can occur
  • Attract transport hosts (rats)
  • Eggs take a few weeks to become infected
  • LATRINES!
  • Humans exposed via ingestion of eggs, children w hx of pica
  • Control = flaming, tx raccons w pyrantel, ivermectin, mocidentic, or albendazole or fenbendazole

Toxocara eggs bigger, worms have arrowhead

61
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis in children

A
  • Larvae continue to grow –> tissue damage and symptoms often severe
  • Acute eosinophilic meningoencephalitits
  • Death or lasting neuroological sequelae
62
Q

IDEXX antigen test for adult worms (B. procyonis)

A

would help distinguish coprophaagy from infeciton

63
Q

Trichenella transmission

A
  • Carnivory or scaveging
  • Ingestion of wildlife
  • Freezing not an option
64
Q

What domestic animals are most often infected with trichinella?

A

Pigs

65
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis in animals

A
  • Parasite of pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of rates and some other roden species
  • IH = African giant snail
  • Rats: first to CNS, then migrates to heart and arteries
66
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis in humans

A
  • Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
  • Ingested L3 –> CNS
  • Severe, may be fatal
  • Southeastern US, Caribbean Hawaii
  • Recent cluster in Hawaii
67
Q

Angiostrongylus cantonensis and vets

A
  • No zoonotic infection from rates
  • ddx for neurologic disease in endemic areas
  • Not able to diagnose premortem

Healthy Populations (10 decks)

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