Pelzer Flashcards
What species has a high carrier rate of salmonella? Can you eradicate the carrier state with antibiotic treatment?
- 85% pet store reptiles (produced in crowded condiitons)
- Cannot eliminate –> not considered judicious use
How is salmonella acquired by humans?
Fecal-oral, vaccum cleaners = inhalation
What pets are suitable for immunocompromised HIV infected individuals?
Older animals over 2yo
Cats older than 2yo
kittens and puppies have 10% carriage rate of salmonella
What role do pet stores play in zoonotic spread of salmonella?
Keep records and warn people, wash hands, outbreaks associated w hedgehogs and aquarium frogs
What incidents related to the plague have happened in the US
- California costal parks closed due to ground squirrels with plague
- Prairie dogs and black-footed ferret population rapid decline
What is the organism responsible for the plague?
Yersinia pestis
General info about the plague
- Western states
- 4 corners (UT, CO, NM, AZ), california
- Transmitted by rodent fleas –> regurgitation while feeding
- Transmitted by cats
- Squirrels, prairie dogs affected
Clinical signs of the plague if transmitted by cats?
- Draining abscesses/lymph nodes
- Pneumonia
Sources of infection of tularemia?
- Infected tick and deer flies
- Rabbits
- Ingesiton of contaminated food or water
- Cat bites and scratches after they caught infected animals
Clinical signs in humans of tularemia
- Depends on ROE
- Necrotic ulceration, lymphadenopathy (septic)
- Pneumonic
- Oculoglandular
- GI
Signs of tularemia in rabbits
Splenic and hepatic abscesses
Signs of tularemia in cats?
Lethargy, lymphadenopathy, oral ulcers
Control measures of tularemia?
- Gloves
- Insect control
- Keep cats inside
- Proper cooking, clean water
Where is lyme disease in US?
- Wooded areas
- Norrtheast, upper midwest
- Wisconsin, Minnesota, Northern california, mid atlantic states
- 1/4 deer ticks in VA infected
What else is ixodes responsible for besides lyme disease?
Alpha-gal sugar –> red meat allergy
Resevoir hosts of borrelia burgdorferi
Rodents –> mice, white-footed mouse, chipmunks, rabbits
RMSF: agent, transmission, resevoir, symtpoms
- Rickettsia rickettsia
- Ticks, transovarina transmission
- Small rodents are resevoirs besides ticks
- Fever, chills, headache, muscle pains, macular eruptions (measales) end of first week cN, end of 2nd week pneuonia, 5% fatality
Hantavirus: virus, where first appear, around here?
- Sin Nombre Virus
- Southwest 1993 , 4 corners
- Yes
Hantavirus, how?
Mice, virus shed in feces, urine and saliver
Breathing in rodent excrement in contaminated enivronments
Hantavirus precautions and control
- Add moisture to prevent inhalation
- Eliminate rodents
California/La Crosse Encephalitis: agent, where, who, resevoirs
Agent = bunyavirus
Where = wooded areas of NC, VA, WV, upper midwest, lot of oak trees, children adolescents
From who = mosquitoes, transovarian transmission
Resevoirs = chipmunks and squirrels (like oak trees)
LCM: from who, what does it look like, how is it transmitted?
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
- mice (pets)
- PI in mice, no sign of ilness
- Exposure to fresh urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials from infected rodents
- Introduciton of above into broken skin, nose, eyes, or mouth
LCM clinical signs
Flu like symptoms for a week, may develop meningitis or encephalitis
Pregnant women -flu, abortion, stillbirth, fetus blindness or mental impairment or hydrocephaly
LCM control
Gloves, reduce rodent populations
Herpes B/ Monkey B virus: virus, clincial signs in monkeys, transmission?
- Macacine herpesvirus
- Macaque monkeys inapparent but have herpes like lesions
- Transmitted via bites, scratches, needl sticks, exposure to nervous tissue of infected animal
Herpes B: human sings, control
- From non-human primats rare but: vesicular lesions at site of entry, flu, then neurologic…ascending paralysis, 15% survival with no neuro signs, 90% die and 10% will have neurologic deficits
- Wear protective clothing, wuarantine monkeys for 6-8 weeks (Stres), hous ein small groups, remove those with lesions from colony
Monkeypox: agent, outbreak how, why PH concenr, clinical signs
- Monkeypox virus (orthopoxvirus)
- Gambiangiant rates to prairie dogs, people ended up infected from prairie dogs
- Concerned as it resembles smallpox, Africa case fatality 1-10%, other animals suspected to be suscpetible
- Cough, fever, blepharoconuncitiviit, lymphadenopathy, nodular rash
Milk trip from teat to cup
Teat end –> inflation –> bowl –> long milk tude –> milk line –> reciever jar –> milk sock –> bulk tank –> milk hose –> milk truck –> milk silo –> processing equiptment –> product truck –> store –> home –> refrigerator –> cup
What is the purpose of the milk sock?
Filters the milk before the bulk tank
What are the standards of grade A milk?
- No objectionable odors
- Bacterial count < 100,000 cells/mL
- No drug residues
- SCC < 750,000 cells/mL, most are < 400,000 cells/mL
- Bulk tank temperature of 40F or less w/in 2 hours of milking and remaining at or below this temp during storage (E. coli replicate every 20 mins at warm temperatures
What are the tests used to quantify bacteria in milk?
Standard plate count
Prelimnary Incubation Count (PI count)
Standard plate count
- Performed monthly
- Incubated at 37C for 18 hours then counted to see how many colonies
- 100,000/mL legal max
Preliminary incubation count
- Shelf life estimator (more bacteria = lower shelf life)
- Relates to sanitary condiitons on farm
- Incubated for 18 hrs at 55F
- 100,000 cells/mL max, goal is 20,000 or less
What are zoonotic pathogens that can be transmitted via milk (7)?
- Brucella
- Campylobacteria
- Coxiella, Q-fever
- E. coli 0157:H7
- Listeria
- Salmonella
- Tuberculosis
Describe pasteurization.
- Frees milk of pathogens
- Set to kill Coziella burnetti
- Alkaline phosphate test –> pasteurization should inactivate enzyme
- Increase in temperature = breakdown of proteins = changes the way milk tastes
Options:
* 145 F for 30 minutes
* 161 F for 15 seconds
* 280 F for 2 seconds (UHT milk, sterile, boxes in supermarkets)
What are two tests used to make sure the milk has not been adulterated and is wholesome?
- Cryoscope test. Milk is frozen slightly below 32F (H2O freezing point). We freeze milk to see if the freezing point is increased - which would imply adulteration and added water.
- Immunologic or bacteriologic tests to check for B-lactam resudues
Thermoduric bacteria
- Common in raw milk
- Survive pasteruization
- Lactobacilli and Enterococci
Psychotropic bacteria
- Grow in cold temperatures
- Do NOT survive pasteurization
- Produce off flavors but enzymes are not inactivated by pasteurization
- Majority of the PI count –> speaks to the hygiene of cows and the effectiveness of cleaning the equiptment
Spore-forming bacteria in milk and pasteurization
Survive
What are the sources of bacteria in milk?
- Cow cleanliness (housing, clipping or singeing of hair)
- Milking practices
- Cleaning of milk equiptment and bulk tank - increased PI if not performed properly
- Bulk tank - cool 40F, need mechanical temp recoridng, in line plate coolers, agitators
Milk stone importance
Bacteria in milk stone, which are protected from heat. Chunks break off and enter the bulk tank. Psychotropic bacteria proliferate. Thats why one step in cleaning the system involes using water with acid to get rid of milk stone that get stuck in the joints of piping.
