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Healthy Populations > Aquatics > Flashcards

Aquatics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the zoonotic aquatic diseases (9)?

A
  • San Miguel Sea Lion Virus
  • Aeromonas hydrophilia
  • Vibrio spp.
  • Edwardsiella tarda
  • Streptococcus spp.
  • Mycobacterium spp.
  • Nocardia spp.
  • Exophiala & Veronaea spp.
  • Anisakiasis
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2
Q

What are standard safety practices that can prevent the transmission of aquatic zoonoses?

A
  • Avoid moribund animals and discard dead fish properly
  • Wear gloves when handling aquatic species
  • Basic hygiene
  • Avoid eating uncooked or undercooked fish
  • Awaresness of potential aquatic zoonotic diseases
  • Educate and inform client of health risks
  • Advise personal physician of contact with aquatic species.
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3
Q

This zoonotic aquatic disease is caused by a virus with perhaps the lowest host specificity of any virus and is identical to vesicular exanthema of swine.

A

San Miguel Sea Lion Virus - calicivirdae, vesivirus

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4
Q

What are the gram + bacteria that are considered aquatic zoonotic diseases?

A
  • Streptococcus spp.
  • Mycobacterium spp.
  • Nocardia spp.
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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5
Q

What is the zoonotic infectious agent that causes “Red Pest” in fish?

A

Vibrio spp.

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6
Q

Describe exophiala and veronaea spp. as zoonotic aquatic diseases.

A
  • Dark-walled fungi, ubiquitos
  • Opportunisitc pathogens in cats, dogs, repitles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates
  • Causes phaeohyphomycosis = cutaneous or systemic mycosis
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7
Q

Describe anisakiasis, an aqautic zoonotic disease.

A
  • Eating certain raw or undercooked freshwater or marine fish
  • Ingestion usually of larval stage of the nematode
  • Chronic infectious = nematode burrow into intestinal wall and penetrate into the abdominal cavity.
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8
Q

What is one of the most common bacterial disease of fish that is also zoonotic?

A

Aeromonas hydrophilia

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9
Q

Describe the major groups of fish cultured in the world.

A
  • Food fish
  • Tropical fish
  • Ornamental fish
  • Bait fish
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10
Q

What are the main types of aquaculture systems used to maintain captive fish?

A

Open and closed water systems

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11
Q

Describe and open water system.

A
  • Raceways, pens, cages
  • Water source is reliable and suitable
  • Water quality is excellent
  • Allows for high stocking densities
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12
Q

Describe a closed water system.

A
  • Ponds, aquariums, and recirculation systems
  • Less total water required
  • Generally allows for better control over water quality
  • Generally limited stocking densities
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13
Q

What are the main water quality parameters used to evaluate the water quality for fish?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Dissolved Oxygen
  3. pH
  4. Ammonia
  5. Nitrates and Nitrites
  6. Salinity
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14
Q

Discuss temeprature as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Species specific - cold, cool, warm
  • Affects metabolism and immune responses
  • Affects DO levels
  • Variable temp for marine and freshwater since it is species specific
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15
Q

Discuss dissolved oxygen as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Sources - diffusion, photosynthesis, chemical production
  • Depletion - animal and plant respiration, organic decoposition, diel cycle (day vs night), warm water = less DO
  • Species specific requirements although minimum for most is 5ppm
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16
Q

Discuss pH as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Freshwater = 6.8 to 7.8, optimal 7.2
  • Saltwater = 7.8 to 8.6, optimal 8.2
  • Death points = 4.0 and 11.0
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17
Q

Discuss ammonia as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Primary waste product of fish
  • Free form (NH3) more toxic than ionized (NH4+)
  • < 0.02ppm best
  • Starts nitrification process and converted to nitrite by numerous bateria
  • Influences: pH and temperature increase NH3, salinity, hardness, and CO2 decreased NH3
  • Marine - < 0.02ppm
  • Freshwater - < 0.02ppm
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18
Q

Discuss nitrates and nitrites as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Ammonia –> Nitrites –> Nitrates
  • Nitrites (NO2) > toxic than nitrates (NO3)
  • Nitrates are relatively “non-toxic)
  • Freshwater - <0.10ppm nitrite, <100ppm nitrate
  • Marine - < 100ppm nitrate, nitrite generally not applicable as chlorides compete at gills
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19
Q

Discuss salinity as a water quality parameter. Include what the accepted range is for marine vs freshwater species.

A
  • Salt ion concentration in the water
  • Measured via refractometer, hydrometer, or specific gravity
  • Species depednent with a wide variation form 0-35ppt
  • Freshwater = 0 ppt
  • Marine = 32ppt
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20
Q

Decribe the important filtration techniques.

A
  • Mechanical - remove particulate matter from water
  • Biological - conversion of toxic and noxious substances to relatively non-toxic substances via bacteria
  • Chemical - remmove color or odorous compounds
  • Others like ozone, UV, etc. to remove pathogens and/or clarify water
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21
Q

What are some of the major stressors of captive and wild fish?

A
  1. Chemical stressors - pollution, low oxygen, chlorine and chloramines, etc.
  2. Physical stressors - capture, handling
  3. Precieved stressors - stimuli evoking a startle response such as sound of predator
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22
Q

Describe the stress response in fish.

A
  • Primary response - blood = increased hormone levels
  • Secondary response - tissues = metabolic changes such as increases in glucose and or lactate, changes in immune function
  • Tertiary - population = changes in whole-animal health such as growth, reproduction, disease resitance, changes in behavior such as feeding and aggression
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23
Q

What is new tank syndrome?

A
  • Imbalance of nitrates and nitrites in new tanks
  • Major problem for new aquatic systems
  • Takes about 6+ weeks to overcome the problem, as thats how long it takes for the nitrification cycle to complete
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24
Q

Describe the role of chlorine and chloramines in aquatics.

A

Chlorine and clormines are oxidizers found in municipal water supplies. They are toxic to ALL species of fish and should be removed via chemicals, aeraiton, or activated carbon.

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25
Q

What are the 2 most important external tissue surfaces of a fish?

A

Skin and gills

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26
Q

Describe the components of the skin in fish, as well as their functions.

A
  • Epidermis - external epithelial layer, has mucus cells, alarm cells, chemosensory cells, taste buds, chloride cells; living layer!
  • Scales - project into the epidermis but do not penetrate it, of dermal origin; loss indicates damage to skin
  • Dermis - internal layer of skin, origin and anchor for scales; contains pigemnet cells and overlays muscle
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27
Q

Describe the parts of the gills.

A
  • Opercular cavity (flaps) - contains respiratory structures, communicated with buccal cavity; usually paired, commmonly covered by an operculum
  • Respiratory structures - four cartilagenous arches on each side of the head, with gill rakers, aa + vv; supports gill tissue
  • Gills - holobranch, hemibranch, filament (bright), and lamellae (resp exchange)
28
Q

Describe the 3 major functions of the gill tissue in fish.

A
  1. Respiration: gas exchange, getting rid of CO2… occurs at the lamellae
  2. Excretion - major site of ammonia excretion
  3. Osmoregulation - ion and mineral balance…fish <—> water

Above usually via concentration gradients and doesn’t require energy.

29
Q

Describe the passive and active processes of osmoregulation in a freshwater fish.

A

Passive:
* Natural influx of water into the gills via osmosis
* Natural loss of salts from gills by diffusion

Active:
* Resorption of salt from urine as its processed in the kidney
* Large amounts of urine to eliminate excess water from the body
* Active uptake of salts by chloride cells in gills

30
Q

Describe the passive and active processes of osmoregulation in saltwater fish.

A

Passive:
* Natural loss of water from the gills via osmosis
* Natural influx of salt into the gills by diffusion

Active:
* Active intake of water by drinking sea water
* Active elimination of salts via chloride cells in the gills
* Small amount of urine to conserve body fluid
* Water absorbed in the gun (not salts)

31
Q

What are clinical signs that may be exhibited by diseased fish?

A
  • Changes in behavior
  • Decreased appetite
  • Changes in coloration
  • Development of external lesions
  • Increased morbidity and mortality
32
Q

What aquatic diseases are Foreign Animal Diseases?

A
  1. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)
  2. Infectious Salmonid Anemia (ISA)
  3. Spring Viremia of Carp
33
Q

What are the major viruses of salmonids (in his chart)? Describe their location, susceptible stages, what happens to survivors, how transmission occurs, and whether or not it is an FAD

A

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus (IPN): worldwide, fry and fingerlings susceptible stage, survivors become carriers, transmitted vertically inside egg, NOT a FAD

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis virus (IHN): western US, young < 2 years old are susceptible, survivors become carriers, transmitted vertically outside of egg, NOT a FAD

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS): pacific coast, salmonids and other marine fish are susceptible, survivors become carriers, transmitted vertically outside of egg, is a FAD

VHS IVb: great lakes, warm, cool, and cold species all susceptible, survivors become carriers, vertical transmission?, is a FAD

Infectious Salmonid Anemia (ISA): maine, all salmonids susceptible, survivors become carriers, unkown transmission, is a FAD

34
Q

What are the 6 major viruses of salmonids?

A
  1. Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
  2. Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)
  3. Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)
  4. Infectious Salmonid Anemia (ISA)
  5. Swim bladder sarcoma of Atlantic Salmon
  6. Herpes of salmonids
35
Q

What are the 3 major viruses of cyprinids?

A
  1. Koi Herpes Virus (KHV)
  2. Spring Viremia of Carp
  3. Fish pox
36
Q

What are the clinical signs of IPN in salmonids?

A
  • Hyperpigmentation, exophthalmia, ascites, and abdominal distention
  • Organs affected: pancreas, pyloric cecum, intestines
37
Q

What are the clinical signs of IHN?

A
  • Lethargy, anemia, exophthalmia, petechial hemorrhages, ascites, abdominal distension
  • Organs/tissues affected: hematopoietic tissues = liver and pancrease
38
Q

What are the clinical signs of VHS?

A
  • Lethargy, anemia, exophthalmia, petechial hemorrohages, ascites, hyperpigmentation
  • Organs/tissues affected: kidney, spleen, liver, intestines
39
Q

What are the clinical signs of VHS IVb?

A
  • Lethargy, swimming in circles, lying motionless on surface, petechial hemorrhages of skin, massive mortalities
  • Organs/tissues affected: hemorrhage on liver, spleen, intestine, and swim bladder
40
Q

What are the clinical signs of ISA?

A
  • Significant mortalities in net pen culture, lethargy, anemia, exophthalmia, scale loss
  • Organs/tissues affected: severe hemorrhage of kidney and splenic tissues
41
Q

What are the clinical signs of Koi herpes virus?

A
  • Acute, high mortality
  • Secondary bacterial and parasitic infections
  • Non-specific clinical signs, severe gill lesions, pale gills
42
Q

What are the clinical signs of spring viremia in carp?

A
  • Acute
  • Aimless swimming, abdominal distention, ascites
  • Generalized hemorrhage of skin and gills
  • Severe hemorrhage of swimbladder and visceral tissues
43
Q

Describe the clinical signs of fish pox. What causes this?

A
  • Caused by a herpes virus, worlwide
  • Chronic, superficial disease
  • Transient, focal, benign hyperplasia of the epithelium
  • Raised white nodules on skin and fins during winter and early spring
44
Q

What are the clinical signs of lymphocystitis?

A
  • Chronic disease
  • Raised white nodules on skin and fins
  • Infected fibroblastic cells undergo massive growth
  • Self-limiting, rarely fatal but if one fish has it, they probably will all get it
45
Q

Describe the general characteristics of bacteria that cause disease in fish.

A
  • Most are gram negatives
  • Ubiquitous
  • Opportunisitc (stress in host)
  • Seasonal occurence - early spring/late fall
  • Optimal culture 20-22C
46
Q

What are the clinical signs of Aeromona hydrophilia?

A
  • Skin and systemic infections in warmwater fish
  • Necrotic foci, petechial hemorrhages = osmoregulatory dysfunction (what will cause death)

Motile, gram -

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of aeromonas salmonicida?

A
  • Obligate fish pathogen
  • Furunculosis in coldwater fish
  • Peracute = fingerlings
  • Acute = subadult to adult
  • Chronic = market spawning size fish that become carriers

Non-motile, gram -

48
Q

What are the clinical signs of vibrio in fish?

A
  • Mainly marine and esturarine fishes
  • Skin ulcers and/or septicemia with erythema of the skin and oral cavity
  • Hemorrhages of tail, fins, and gills

Gram -

Major pathogen in mariculture facility

49
Q

What are the clinical signs of Flavobacterium columnaris?

A
  • Yellow-pigmented bacteria
  • Pale haystack colonial appearance on the fish (osmorgulatory dysfunction)
  • Warmwater freshwater dish

Gram -

50
Q

What are the clinical signs of streptococcus spp. in fish?

A
  • Freshwater and marine species
  • Severe bacterial septicemia
  • Anorexia, hrmorrhages of fin and body, skin ulcerations, abnormal behaviors
51
Q

What streptococcus species of fish is of particular zoonotic concern?

A

Streptococcus iniae

52
Q

Describe the clinical signs of mycobacterium in fish.

A
  • All species
  • Chronic, progressive multisystemic, disease
  • Anorexia, emaciation, lethargy, chronic skin ulcerations, low mortality
  • Granulomas in spleen

Gram +, acid fast

53
Q

What zoonotic disease does myocbacterium cause in humans?

A

Fish Handlers Disease

54
Q

Parasites of fish are often more pathogenic in ____ fish compared to ____fish

A

cultured, wild

55
Q

Describe ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fish.

A
  • Ich/white spot disease
  • Holotrich ciliate with large C-shaped nucleus
  • All freshwater finfish
  • Direct life cycle
  • Penetrates skin and gills
  • Must treat swimming form
56
Q

Describe cryptocaryon irritans in fish.

A
  • Similar to freshwater ich
  • Holotrich ciliate but without C-shaped nucleus
  • Marine fish
  • Direct life cycle
  • Invades skin and gill epithelium
57
Q

Describe myxobolus cerebralis in fish.

A
  • Whirling disease
  • Black-tail (neural effects) or skeletal deformitis in salmonids
  • Tropism for cartilaginous tissues of skeleton and kills
  • Mortality in young salmonids, signficant pathology in older salmonids
58
Q

Describe Henneguya ictaluri in fish.

A
  • Proliferative Gill Disease or Hamburger Gill disease
  • Inflammatory reaction in gill epithelium
  • Lethargy, surface breathing, severely swollen adn fragile gill tissue
59
Q

What causes proliferative gill disease?

A

Henneguya ictaluri

60
Q

Describe monogenans in fish.

A
  • Parasitic flatworms
  • One-host life cycle
  • Host-specific
  • External parasites of gills and skin tissue
61
Q

Describe digenetic trematodes in fish.

A

Larva
Fish = intermediate host
Minimal pathology
Yellow grub, black spot, eye fluke

62
Q

Describe arthropod parasites in fish.

A
  • Argulus and lepoephtheirus salmonis (fish lice)
  • Ergasilus (copepod)
  • Attaches to skin and gill filaments
  • Focal inflammation at site of attachment
63
Q

Describe fungal diseases of fish.

A
  • Oomycetes, saprolegniacae
  • Saprolegnia, aphanomyces = water molds
  • Associated with poor water quality or traums
  • Branched, non-septate fungal hyphae
  • White to gray cotton-like mycelial mass
64
Q

Describe the importance of neoplasia in fish.

A
  • Reported from freshwater, brackish, and marine species
  • Minimal economic impact to wild fisheries, sport fishing or fish culture
  • Etiologies are multifactorial
  • > older fish, > tumors of skin
65
Q

What type of tumors have been reported in fish?

A
  • Papillomas (epithelial)
  • Carcinomas (epithelial)
  • Fibromas (fibrous CT)
  • Melanomas
  • Adenoma, adenocarcinoma (thyroid)
  • Hepatomas, hepatic carcinomas
66
Q

What is an example of a non-infectious disease in fish?

A
  • Nitrogenous waste toxicity
  • Low = chronic stress and gill pathology (brachial hyperplasia)
  • High = lethal
  • Extremely difficult to determine the etiology from clinical signs or histopathology

Healthy Populations (10 decks)

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