Wild Card Flashcards
A lesion affecting the ascending reticular activating system in the brainstem would result in which characteristic clinical manifestation?
Depressed mentation, coma
Which domestic (pet) animal species has the highest prevalence of rabies in North America?
The cat, and by far (more than dogs and cattle combined)
What is the usual behavior of canine cutaneous histiocytomas?
Spontaneous regression
Intravenous injections are almost never given into the mammary vein of a cow because doing so is associated with at least 4 possible complications (in addition to getting kicked). What are they?
Mammary vein thrombosis, mammary phlebitis, persistent unilateral mammary edema, and endocarditis.
Name the four primary bone tumors.
1) Osteosarcoma
2) Chondrosarcoma
3) Fibrosarcoma
4) Hemangiosarcoma
True or False: In the dog, the left lung is divided into 4 lobes and the right lung into 2 lobes.
False. The right lung is divided into 4 lobes - cranial, middle, caudal and accessory. The left lung is divided into 2 lobes - cranial and caudal.
What is the concentration of PZI VET insulin and therefore what type of insulin syringes should be used when administering PZI VET insulin?
40 U/mL; U-40 insulin syringes
Which nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the detrusor muscle of the bladder?
The pelvic nerve
Which form of insulin should be used in the initial treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Regular insulin (also called crystalline insulin or Toronto insulin)
Which protozoal organism transmitted by ticks causes a fatal illness in domestic cats?
Cytauxzoon felis
'’Poll evil’’ refers to an infection in which equine anatomical structure(s)?
Cranial and/or caudal nuchal (subligamental) bursae
Which branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) innervates the muscles of mastication?
Mandibular
What is the behavior term given to the process whereby animals learn to adapt to novel stimuli by repeated or continuous exposure, provided they suffer no consequences from the exposure?
Habituation
What are the characteristics of vaccines that are recommended for immunization against canine parvovirus?
Canine origin, high-titer, low-passage attenuated vaccines.
The first heart sound (S1) is caused by closure of the ______________.
AV valves (mitral and tricuspid)
Failure of muscular coordination is known as….?
Ataxia
Which ultrastructural (histologic) feature of cardiac muscle allows for rapid cell-to-cell conduction of electrical impulses and simultaneous contraction of fibers?
Syncytial arrangement (intercellular connecting pores - gap junctions - allowing ion flux)
Which disorder of phosphorus homeostasis is caused by tumor lysis syndrome and why?
Hyperphosphatemia, due to lysis of large numbers of tumor cells and release of intracellular phosphorus
The resting energy requirement (RER) is the number of calories required for maintaining homeostasis at rest in a thermoneutral environment. How do you calculate the RER?
RER = 70x (current body weight in kg)^0.75 or for animals between 2 and 30kg: RER = (30 x current body weight in kg) + 70
In healthy animals, plasma HCO3- concentration is maintained by the conservation and production of NaHCO3 by which structure in which organ?
Renal tubules
A fracture line perpendicular to the long axis of the bone characterizes which type of fracture?
Transverse fracture
During surgical ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus, which side of the ductus should be ligated first?
Aortic, because higher pressures are present on the aortic side.
The female dog and cat have which type of placentation?
Zonary
Which of the four compartments of the ruminant stomach is the glandular stomach?
Abomasum
Clostridium Difficile diarrhea is often associated with which inciting risk factor/predisposing cause?
Antibiotic therapy
What are the toxic components of chocolate?
Two methylxanthine alkaloids: Theobromine and caffeine
What is the medical term for straining to defecate?
Tenesmus
Name the photodynamic compound that is involved in cases of hepatogenic photosensitization.
Phylloerythrin
Name the two endogenous compounds most commonly associated with pigment nephropathy.
Myoglobin, hemoglobin; their presence in high concentrations in blood is associated with renal tubular damage.
Antibiotics are often used for preventing which potentially life threatening complication in patients with acute hemorrhagic diarrhea?
Sepsis or septicemia, because hemorrhage suggests compromise of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity.
Observing the pupillary light reflex tests which cranial nerves?
CN II and III (Optic and Oculomotor, respectively)
You give your patient a subcutaneous injection of maropitant. What are you treating? Is this the correct route of administration?
Nausea/vomiting. Maropitant is a centrally-acting (NK-1 antagonist) antiemetic drug, and it can be given orally or subcutaneously.
Which nerve is anesthetized to block motor function to the dorsal eyelid of a horse undergoing an ophthalmic exam, and from which cranial nerve does it originate?
Auriculopalpebral nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
How many pairs of ribs do ferrets normally have?
15 (Some have 14 on one side and 15 on the other.)
What is the normal life span if the canine red blood cell?
100-120 days
What is the name of the interneurons of the spinal cord that are affected by tetanus toxin?
Renshaw cells
Which suture material remains in the body the longest amongst the following?
A) Polypropylene
B) Polydioxanone
C) Chromic gut
A) Polypropylene, which is non-absorbable
Name the two nerves that innervate the male canine bladder and prostate.
Hypogastric (sympathetic) and pelvic (parasympathetic)
How many milliliters of a 5 mg/mL medication should be given to a 20kg animal if the desired dose is 2 mg/kg?
8 mL. (2 mg/kg x 20 kg = 40 mg. 40mg requires 8mL of a 5 mg/mL solution)
In mammals, what is the percentage of cardiac output that the two kidneys receive?
Approximately 25%
The amino acid structure of canine insulin is identical to that of which other mammal?
Porcine (which explains the preference for pork-based or pork-analog (Caninsulin) for treatment of diabetic dogs).
Congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis results in which type of hypertrophy and in which ventricle does it occur?
Concentric right ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid accumulation, tissue damage, and bacterial contamination in a wound necessitate the use of which principle of wound management?
Establishment of wound drainage (also decontamination, and debridement if compromised tissues are present).
What is the permanent dental formula for the dog?
2 x (I 3/3; C 1/1; P 4/4; M 3/2) = 42 teeth
Which zoonotic disease should the clinician be aware of when examining a cat with lymphadenopathy, signs of respiratory infection, and a recent history of having traveled to Arizona?
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Is a patient with cardiac tamponade more likely to present with signs consistent with right- or left-sided congestive heart failure?
Right-sided congestive heart failure, because right-sided intracardiac pressures are lower
A Holstein cow has an 8-cm smooth, flocculent mass noted by the herdsman to be protruding intermittently from the vulva. Aspiration reveals thick, slightly cloudy mucus. The cow otherwise is well. What is your diagnosis?
Cystic Bartholin’s (vestibular) gland. Likely due to ductal obstruction in one of the two glands in the vestibule and rarely a clinical problem; it is easily lanced if too large.
Which type of nut can cause neurologic signs such as whole body tremors when it is ingested by dogs?
The macadamia nut
Do small mammals (‘‘pocket pets’’) usually require higher or lower doses of anesthetics compared to dogs and cats?
Higher, due to higher metabolic rate
What is the sound-producing organ in birds which is located at the bifurcation of the trachea?
Syrinx
An animal tests positive for a given disease. The specificity of the test is 95%. The incidence of disease in the area is 1 in 1000. What is the likelihood that the animal has the disease?
2%. A test with 95% specificity yields 5% false positive results. 5% of 999 animals (about 50) will have false positive results. Because 1 in 1000 have disease, only 1 in those 50 animals (i.e. 2%) with a positive test result will have the disease.
Name two mechanisms by which medical therapy is effective for the treatment of glaucoma.
1) Decreasing aqueous humor production (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, beta blocker, etc.)
2) Increasing aqueous humor outflow (prostaglandin analog, parasympathomimetics, etc.)
What are the 3 cell types found in bone? What do they do?
1) Osteoblasts (Synthesis of osteoid bone matrix)
2) Osteocytes (Develop from osteoblasts once matrix is mineralized and become part of the bone matrix)
3) Osteoclasts (Osteolysis)
Which ligaments in the thoracic spinal column keep the thoracic intervertebral discs in situ?
The intercapital ligaments (present at T1-2 to T9-10)
Which nerve provides somatic innervation to the external urethral sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
Name the 2 organ systems that are most commonly responsible for acute clinical signs of systemic hypertension in cats and dogs.
1) Ocular (Vision loss due to retinal detachment or hemorrhage, or hyphema)
2) Central nervous system (Behavior change, ataxia, asymmetrical cranial nerve deficits, seizures due to intracranial hemorrhage)
Which organ is susceptible to damage in horses that ingest the bovine coccidiostat monensin?
Striated muscle: The heart and skeletal muscle (ionophore toxicosis)
Observing symmetry of eye position and pupils tests which cranial nerves?
CN III, IV, and VI (Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens, respectively)
Which intestinal layer has the greatest tensile strength and should be included when suturing the intestine?
The submucosa
Name a diagnosis for which the optimal treatment is implantation of a cardiac pacemaker.
Sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction), third degree atrioventricular (AV) block, high grade second-degree AV block, or atrial standstill.
Some animals with a persistent right aortic arch may also have a continuous heart murmur. What is the most likely cause for this murmur?
A patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The persistent right aortic arch itself does not cause a murmur.
In addition to causing paralysis of the limb and loss of sensation distal to the elbow, a complete brachial plexus avulsion typically causes 2 other neurological deficits. What are they?
1) Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (T1-3; sympathetic nerve)
2) Loss of cutaneous trunci reflex (C8, T1; lateral thoracic nerve)
Cats treated with enrofloxacin doses of 5 mg/kg or more may experience irreversible toxicosis. What is the manifestation of this toxicosis?
Blindness (Irreversible retinal degeneration)
Cranial nerve IV, the trochlear nerve, is the motor pathway to a single muscle only. Which one is it?
Dorsal oblique muscle of the eye.
List the four most likely mechanisms to explain arterial hypoxemia in an animal breathing room air.
1) Ventilation/perfusion mismatching (V/Q mismatch)
2) Hypoventilation
3) Extrapulmonary (right-to-left) shunts
4) Diffusion impairment
Dietary microangiopathy is a result of ___________________ deficiency.
Selenium-Vitamin E
What is the name of the cutaneous manifestation of anaphylaxis consisting of pruritic wheals?
Urticaria (hives)
What is the normal range of urine pH in carnivores?
5.5 to 7.5
What differentiates hiatal hernia from gastroesophageal (G-E) intussusception?
Hiatal hernia: Protrusion of the stomach into the thorax alongside the esophagus
G-E intussusception: Eversion of the stomach INTO the esophagus
Which part of the brain is responsible for the modification and coordination of body movements so that they are fluid in nature?
The cerebellum
What is the geographical endemic region of coccidioidomycosis in North America?
Southwestern United States, Mexico
Which serious hematologic complication can occur in an animal with heatstroke?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
List 4 nerves or neurological structures involved in the menace response.
1) Retina
2) Optic nerve (CN II)
3) Medulla
4) Cerebral cortex
5) Cerebellum
6) Facial nerve (CN VII)
The cow and ewe have which type of placentation?
Cotyledonary
In cases of uveitis, which drug is used for controlling ocular pain and to prevent synechiae through mydriasis?
Atropine
What is the product of heart rate and stroke volume?
Cardiac output. In turn, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance determine blood pressure.
What is the major cat-to-cat mode of transmission of Bartonella spp.?
Arthropod vectors (Especially the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis).
San Joaquin Valley fever is caused by which fungus?
Coccidioides immitis
During cervical exploratory surgery, your absent-minded colleague is about to excise 4 thyroid ‘‘nodules’’ when you step in and prevent the removal of which normal structures?
The parathyroid glands
A young cat in a single-cat household stalks its owners and bites their hands and feet when moving. This cat is said to be exhibiting which type of aggression?
Play aggression
Which mechanisms lead to benefit from bone grafting at a fracture site?
Osteogenesis, osteoinduction, osteoconduction
Which 2 surgical goals must be achieved for successful arthrodesis of a joint?
Complete removal of articular cartilage and rigid stabilization of the joint
Are acquires portosystemic shunts usually single or multiple in nature?
Multiple. They are portosystemic anastomoses that normally are closed, but become patent due to portal hypertension.
Where is the majority of sodium reabsorbed in the nephron?
The proximal convoluted tubule
A Holtz-Celsus surgical technique is used for treating which common ocular condition?
Entropion
Virchow’s triad includes which 3 abnormalities?
1) Hypercoagulability
2) Vascular injury
3) Abnormal blood flow
These factors determine the predisposition to blood clot formation.
Over what time period do rapidly-administered intravenous crystalloid fluids leave the vasculature (dispersing into the interstitium), and which fluid type can be given concurrently to offset this effect?
Within one hour; Colloids.
Even though they are completely different structures, this name is synonymous with a horse’s interosseous muscle, and the structure that needs to be torn to provide better access to a dog’s ovary during ovariohysterectomy.
Suspensory ligament
What is the medical term that describes difficulty in swallowing?
Dysphagia
Which group of substances, secreted from functional pheochromocytomas, is responsible for the resulting clinical signs?
Catecholamines (e.g. epinephrine/norepinephrine)
This zoonotic disease results in slow growing cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs of affected people.
Echinococcosis (Hyatid cyst disease)
Conduction velocity of electrical impulses is highest in which specific cardiac tissue?
Purkinje system
Exotic Newcastle disease virus causes which hallmark clinical sign in humans?
Conjunctivitis
In addition to 2-3 cm margins, what other surgical recommendation is paramount when resecting a mast cell tumor?
Excision should include at least one fascial plane beyond the apparent extent of the tumor, Also, minimal manipulation of the tumor to avoid degranulation.
Which disorder of globe (eyeball) movement is seen with central but not peripheral vestibular dysfunction?
Vertical nystagmus (horizontal and rotary nystagmus can occur in both). Also acceptable: Nystagmus that changes in direction with changes in head position.
The entire length of the canine esophagus contains which type of muscle: smooth or striated?
Striated. Thus, promotility drugs (which act on smooth muscle) are expected to have minimal or no beneficial effect on esophageal motility in canine megaesophagus cases.
What is the primary force counteracted by the presence of an intramedullary pin in a transverse femoral fracture?
Bending
What is the difference between torsion and volvulus?
Torsion: Twisting along the long axis of the organ
Volvulus: Twisting perpendicular to the long axis of the organ
Which class of drug, used in estrus suppression, has potential adverse effects that include: diabetes mellitus, acromegaly, and adrenocortical suppression?
Progestins (e.g. megestrol acetate)
The nuchal ligament is absent in this domestic animal species.
The cat.
