The ''Ologies'' Flashcards
Upon ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus, the aortic and carotid baroreceptors sense a rise in blood pressure, triggering the Branham reflex. What is the response?
A decrease in heart rate
Which organ system in which livestock species is the reservoir for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?
The gastrointestinal tract of pigs
What are the mechanism and site of diuretic action of spironolactone?
Antagonizes aldosterone in the late distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) id a tick-borne zoonosis caused by this G- obligate intracellular parasite
Rickettsia rickettsii
Which bacterium is the causative agent of ‘‘circling disease’’?
Listeria monocytogenes
Rhodococcus equi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, infects which imune cell?
Macrophage
Name 2 classes of antibiotics that act by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Cephalosporins and penicillins.
This caracteristic makes them bactericidal.
What is the causative agent of infectious canine hepatitis?
Canine Adenovirus I
Right heart failure affects which zone of the hepatic lobule?
Zone 3 - Centrilobular
What is the mechanism of edema caused by inflammation?
Inflammation results in edema by causing endothelial damage, leading to increased vascular permeability
Bovine pyelonephritis and ovine posthitis (‘‘pizzle rot’’) are associated with infection with which organism?
Corynebacterium renale
What is the effect of hypomagnesemia on the cell membrane threshold potential?
Decreases threshold potential (Which increases cellular excitability)
Canine localized demodicosis most often produces lesions localized to these areas of the body
Face and/or forelimbs
Cephalexin is a member of which class of antibiotics?
First generation cephalosporin
Which phase of estrus in dogs and cats is predominantly characterized by high circulating levels if progesterone?
Diestrus
(Also high during pregnancy or ovarian lesions such as cysts ot neoplasia)
What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord?
Glutamate
The anti-ulcer drug omeprazole functions by which mechanism?
Proton pump inhibitor - Inactivates H+-K+ ATP-ase pump in the gastric parietal cell
Which bacterium is most commonly implicated in cases of pyoderma in the dog?
Staphylococcus pseudointermedius (formerly called Staph intermedius)
Postmortem examination of a sheep with a history of decreased appetite, diarrhea and wasting reveals marked irregular thickening of the abomasal wall with a convoluted appearance (sometimes likened to Morocco leather). What is the most likely cause?
Ostertagia circumcincta
Pimobendan exerts its effects via which mechanisms?
Calcium sensitization and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition causing increased myocardial contractility and arterial dilation
In cats and dogs, the presence of renal tubular necrosis with large numbers of intratubular calcium oxalate crystals on microscopic examination of the kidney is characteristic of which chemical intoxication?
Ethylene Glycol Toxicosis
A deficiency in these nutrients is associated with muscle necrosis and mineralization in calves, lambs and foals (white muscle disease). Name the nutrients.
Vitamin E & Selenium
What is the causative agent of infectious canine thrombocytopenia?
Anaplasma platys
On which part of the kidneys does furosemide exert its primary diuretic effects?
Thick portion of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
What kind of virus are parvoviruses?
Non-envelopped, single stranded, DNA viruses
Intradermal skin testing for Mycobacterium bovis is an example of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type IV hypersensitivity, which is cell-mediated hypersensitivity. (aka delayed-type hypersensitivity)
Which physiologic stimulus leads to vasopressin (ADH - antidiuretic hormone) release from the pituitary?
Increased plasma osmolality (also severe hypovolemia and hypotension)
What is the potential concern with combining tramadol with a pure mu-receptor agonist opiod (e.g. morphine, hydromorphone)?
Compounding central nervous system and respiratory depression
What is the minimum number of weeks of oral antibiotic administration typically recommended for treatment of superficial pyodermas?
3 to 4 weeks
How does severe hypophosphatemia cause anemia?
Hemolysis due to altered RBC membrane deformability (also decreased ATP availability)
On which ionic process are oxytocin-induced uterine contractions dependent?
Adequate influx of extracellular calcium
Canine distemper virus is a member of which genus and family?
Genus: Morbilivirus
Family: Paramyxoviridae
In myocardial infarction, the primary type of healing involves which cell type?
Fibroblast
Renal conjugation of bilirubin with urinary excretion is seen in which domestic species?
Canine. This phenomenon explains the lack of importance of mild bilirubinemia in the dog
Where is renin produced?
In the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney
What effect does aldosterone have on the collecting duct of the kidney?
It enhances sodium and water reabsorption
Necropsy of an equine fetus aborted at 9 months of gestation reveals multifocal pinpoint hepatic necrosis and severe pulmonary edema. What is the likely etiology of the abortion?
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)
Zinc-responsive dermatosis is a zinc deficiency-induced disorder of keratinization common in this type of dog breed.
Northern breeds (Siberian Husky, Samoyed, and Alaskan Malamute)
Does chocolate toxicosis cause an increase or a decrease in CNS activity?
Increase (until terminal)
Plants of the genus Lantana can be toxic to cattle. Which 2 organ systems are affected?
Liver (hepatotoxicosis) and integument (phototoxicosis)
Treatment of adult heartworm infection in dogs now involved administration of doxycycline in addition to adulticide drugs. Why?
It kills Wohlbachia spp., bacteria that live inside heartworms and without which the worms are weakened and more susceptible to adulticide drugs
What is the most common clinical manifestation of brucellosis in males?
Epididymitis and orchitis
Which organism is the most common cause of fungal nasal infections in dogs?
Aspergillus fumigatus
Which G- red blood cell parasite causes anemia in cats?
Mycoplasma haemofelis (less commmony mycoplasma haemominutum), formerly called Haemobartonella felis
A serum deficiency in which electrolyte causes muscular weakness and cardiac conduction disturbances due to decreases cell membrane excitability?
Potassium
Which 2 domestic animal species are most susceptible to infection with Bacillus anthracis?
Cattle and Sheep
What is the causative agent of Q fever?
Coxiella burnetii
Nigropalladial encephalomalacia (also called necrosis of the substantia (corpora) nigra) is the characteristic lesion of which plant toxicosis in horses?
Yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis) or Russian knapweed (C. repens), commonly found in California and other arid regions
This trematode causes severe disease in sheep, but often mild clinical disease in cattle and cervids.
Fascioloides magna
Pectoral abscesses in horses (‘‘Pigeon fever’’) are a result of infection with which organism?
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
The Cushing reflex/Cushing response is activated with severe increases in intracranial pressure. What is the expected change in arterial blood pressure that occurs as a result if the Cushing reflex?
Systemic arterial hypertension.
When intracranial pressure rises markedly (e.g. injury, inflammation), this reflex helps ensure that arterial perfusion of the brain is maintained.
What is the most common histologic diagnosis in feline mammary tumors?
Adenocarcinoma
Brucellosis is a disease of worldwide importance and affects a number of species, What is the most common clinical manifestation in females?
Abortion
Which bacterial etiologic agent is responsible for septic vasculitis with secondary thrombosis in the CNS of cattle?
Histophilus somni (Thrombotic meningoencephalitis)
The descending loop of Henle is:
A) Permeable to water but rather impermeable to solute
B) Rather impermeable to water nut permeable to solute
?
A) Permeable to water but rather impermeable to solute
What is the mechanism of action of toxicosis from ingestion of Poinsettia plants?
Topical oral mucosal irritation (mild and rare; large amounts need to be ingested to produce any signs at all). No GI, renal, hepatic or other effects of clinical significance.
What are two common ddx for multiple homogeneous gray-white nodules in the kidney of a cat?
Lymphoma and feline infectious peritonitis (PIF)
What is the maximum rate of decrease in plasma sodium levels during the treatment of chronic (more than 24h) severe hypernatremia?
8-12 mEq/L/day (or 0.5 mEq/L/h); a more rapid rate of correction risks cerebral edema
What are 3 classical histologic findings in the liver resulting from pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis in herbivores?
1) Fibrosis
2) Bile duct proloferation
3) Megalocytosis
___________ is the major intracellular cation and _________ is the major extracellular cation.
Potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+)
Necrosis in the CNS is typically of which pathological type?
Liquefactive necrosis
Which porcine virus causes disease that is characterized by stillbirth, mummification, early embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI)?
Porcine parvovirus
What is the etiological agent for bacillary hemoglobinuria (icterohemoglobinuria)?
Clostridium hemolyticum/ C. novyi type D (characterized by massive intravascular hemolysis). This disease is sometimes referred to as ‘‘red-water’’, a term also used for describing bovine babesiosis.
Amoxicillin, metronidazole, or trimethprim-sulfa. Which of these is the most appropriate oral antibiotic treatment for oral giardiasis?
Metronidazole. (50-60% efficacy); the other two have no appreciable effect. Fenbendazole is the treatment of choice though.
Foxglove, lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis) and oleander (Nerium oleander) plants all contain the same toxic agent. What is it?
Digitalis glycosides, causing cardiac arrhythmias, anorexia, lethargy and nausea
Which structure in birds is the location of B cell differentiation?
Bursa of Fabricius
Since striated muscle cells do not replicate, physiological enlargement is due to __________________ of myocytes.
Hypertrophy (NOT hyperplasia)
How do dogs typically become infected by Neorickettsia helminthoeca?
Ingestion of raw fish parasitized by Nanophyteus salmincola (trematode), which in turn carry N. helminthoeca
If nystagmus changes direction with head position, is the vestibular lesion most likely central or peripheral?
Central.
i.e. due to a brain lesion. Nystagmus due to peripheral (middle/inner ear) lesions does not change directions with changes in head position.
Macrophages are derived from which circulating blood cell?
The Monocyte
Which component of a blood pressure measurement (systolic, diastolic, or mean) is the best determinant of organ perfusion?
Mean arterial pressure
Immune-mediated polyarthritis is the result of which type of immune reaction?
Type III hypersensitivity reaction, in which immune complexes are deposited in the synovial membrane
What is the intermediate host for the tapeworm Dipylidium caninum?
The flea
What are the average erythrocyte lifespans in circulation for the cow and the horse?
Cow: 160 days
Horse: 145 days
How many types of toxin are produced by clostridium botulinum, and what are they?
Seven. Types A, B, C1, D, E, F, G.
Types A,B,E, and F cause human disease.
Types C and D cause disease in birds and mammals; More than 99% of canine cases are caused by type C.
Bromethalin rodenticide intoxication affects which body system?
CNS
Brightly-colored ornamental beads made from tropical seed pods and used for jewelry classically contain which toxin?
Ricin (Castor bean)
Name 3 drugs that reduce circulating thyroid hormone levels.
Sulfonamides, corticosteroids, phenobarbital, clomipramine, NSAIDs, methimazole.
Leishmania spp. are intracellular parasites of which cell type, primarily?
Macrophages
Which etiologic agent is associated with equine sarcoids?
Bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2
Do T lymphocytes function primarily in cell-mediated or humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity?
Cell-mediated
Newcastle disease is caused by a virus of which family?
Paramyxoviridae
What is the most common cause of fungal infection of the nail (onychomycosis) in dogs? What is it in cats?
Dogs: Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Cats: Microsporum canis (Microsporum gypseum and candidasis are less common)
Which antibiotic is best known for causing esophageal strictures in cats?
Doxycycline. When administered without water or food, the tablet remains in the esophagus, causing a chemical esophagitis and subsequently stricture.
Name the medication used in the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism that blocks the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone in the adrenal gland.
Trilostane
Name the 2 most common pathogenic bacteria associated with canine keratomalacia.
Streptococcus spp. and staphylococcus spp.
Which hormone is most important in fine regulation of blood calcium levels, with highest levels being elicited when blood calcium levels are low?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Which G- bacterium is the causative agent of the plague?
Yersinia pestis
What is the most common type of oral neoplasm in cats?
Squamous cell carcinoma
In health, approximately how long does a neutrophil stay in the blood?
10 hours (all blood cell neutrophils are replaced approximately 2.5 times each day)
Anticoagulant rodenticides inhibit the activation of all these coagulation factors with the exception of: II, III, VII, IX, or X?
III
What does a V/Q mismatch of infinity mean? In what clinical situation may this occur?
Alveoli are receiving ventilation but have no blood flow (V/Q = 1/0), as may occur with a pulmonary embolus.
Name 3 cutaneous manifestations of hepatic failure.
Icterus, superficial necrolytic dermatitis (also called necrolytic migrating erythema and hepatocutaneous syndrome), photosensitization, ecchymoses/bruising, poor wound healing.
A mare presents with a history of stallion-like behavior and a large ovarian mass, which on cut surface is cystic. What is the likely diagnosis?
GCT (Granulosa Cell Tumor)
Doramectin, milbemycin and abamectin belong to which class of antiparasitic drugs?
Macrolides
Which commonly used class of over-the-counter human medications is often associated with gastric erosive-ulcerative disease and may also cause acute renal failure?
NSAIDs
A dog has seizures and hyperthermia. The owners recently ‘‘treated’’ their yard due to a snail infestation. What is the likely toxin?
Metaldehyde
At rest, skin, erythrocytes, brain, skeletal muscle, and intestine all produce lactate. Which of these are the major producers of lactate during systemic tissue hypoxia?
Skeletal muscle and intestine
Deficient production or lack of response to this hormone results in diabetes insipidus.
Arginine vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)
Total body water makes up approximately which percentage of the total body weight in healthy, non-obese adult animals?
60%
