wichtig Flashcards
Parallel Distribution:
Two phonemes appear in the same environments and create meaning differences (e.g., /t/ vs. /p/).
Complementary Distribution:
Two sounds never appear in the same environment and are allophones of the same phoneme (e.g., [pʰ] in pin vs. [p] in spin).
Phonetic distinction
different sounds, but may not change meaning.
Phonological distinction
different sounds that can change meaning in a language.
Allophones
= variations of a single phoneme that do not change meaning.
Phonemes
distinct sound units that do change meaning when substituted
aspiration
= “stronger puff of air”
- aspirated voiceless stops are transcribed with the aspiration diacritic [h] (e.g.[ph] in pit)
- unaspirated stops are transcribed without the diacritic (e.g. [p] in spit)
affricates
- complete closure between the blade of the tongue and the palato-alveolar ridge (like a stop)
- in release phase friction occurs
medial approximants
Approximants are consonants for which the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete closure (cf. plosives) or friction (cf. fricatives) (open approximation)
j, w, l, umgedrehtes r
fricatives
= produced with a very narrow opening between the active and passive articulators (close approximation)
→ turbulence that results from the air being forced through that narrow gap is responsible for the characteristic sound of fricatives.
f,v,h,ʃ, ʒ, s,z, θ, ð
nasal stops
velum is lowered to allow escape of air through the nasal cavity typically voiced
[m] [ɱ] [n̪ ] [n] [ŋ]
plosives
a) one or two articulator is moved against another which allows no air to escape for the vocal tract
b) after air has been compressed behind the closure it is released/ allowed to escape
c) if the air is still under pressure when released, a noise (plosion) is produced
d) there may be voicing during part or all of the plosive articulation
p,b,k,g,t,d
