consonants Flashcards
what happens when you speak?
- air is exhaled from lungs through oral and nasal cavities
- air flows through larynx
- stream is modified on the way out
vocal folds (in the larynx) produce voice
voiced
vocal folds are held together and they vibrate
voiceless
vocal folds do not vibrate
bilabial
the two lips close to block the airstream /pit/
labiodental
lower lip nearly touches the upper front teeth /fit/
dental
tongue tip touches the front teeth or is close /thin/
alveolar
tongue tip or blade touches or is near upper alveolar ridge /sin/
postalveolar
most of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge and front of the hard palate /ship/
palatal
front of the tongue articulates with the hard palate /yes/
velar
back of the tongue is moved against soft palate /cool/
glottal
vocal cords are brought into a constriction of close approximation /home/
manner of articulation
refers to the way in which the airstream used for a speech sound is modified by the primary and secondary articulators
stops/plosives phases
- approach/closing: stricture for the plosive is formed
- hold/compression: compressed air is stopped from escaping
- release: articulators are moved so that air can escape
- post-release: what happens immediately after the release phase
stops/plosives characteristics
a) Complete closure of the vocal tract prevents airflow.
b) Air is compressed behind the closure and then released.
c) If released under pressure, it produces a noise (plosion).
d) Voicing may occur during part or all of the articulation.
fortis
pronounced with strong force (voiceless plosives) p,k,t
lenis
pronounced with weak force (voiced plosives) b,g,d
positions of plosives
- initial position (C-V) /go/
- little to no voicing during the compression phase
- voicing can begin post-release when speaker pronounces b,g,d slowly
- initials are distinguished by aspiration - medial position (V-C-V) /ago/
- pronunciation depends on whether the syllable preceding and following are stressed - final position (V-C) /cap, dog/
- vowels preceding voiceless plosives are shorter
voice onset time
the duration of the period of time between the release of a stop and the beginning of vocal fold vibration
difference of voiced and voiceless stops
a) vowel length
vowels & some conson. are shortened before > fortis
vowels are longer in final pos. and before > lenis
b) aspiration
fortis stops are aspirated in certain positions /pin, cat/
lenis stops are never aspirated
c) glottalization
a glottal stop may occur before the fortis consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /tʃ/ /bottle/
but never before lenis consonants
nasal stops
velum is lowered to allow escape of air through the nasal cavity, typically voiced
voiced bilabial nasal stop
complete closure between the lips /map/ [m]
voiced labio-dental nasal stop
complete closure between the lower lip and upper teeth occurs before labio-dental sounds /pamphlet/ [ɱ]
voiced dental nasal stop
complete closure between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth occurs before dental sounds /tenth/ [n̪ ]
voiced alveolar nasal stop
complete closure between the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge /not/ [n]
voiced velar nasal stop
complete closure between the back of the tongue and the velum /sing/ [ŋ]
fricatives
produced with a very narrow opening between the active and passive articulators (close approximation) /f,v,s,z,θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ , h/
labio-dental fricatives
lower lip is brought up to the upper teeth, [f] and [v]
dental fricatives
tip of the tongue close to the upper teeth, [θ] and [ð]
alveolar fricatives
tip or blade of the tongue brought up to the alveolar ridge, [s] and [z]
palato-alveolar fricatives
blade of the tongue in close approximation with the palato-alveolar region, [ʃ] and [ʒ]
glottal fricative
vocal cords in a construction of close approximation, producing friction, [h]
(medial) approximants
Approximants are consonants for which the articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a complete closure (cf. plosives) or friction (cf. fricatives) (open approximation)
voiced palatal approximant
front of the tongue close to the hard plate [j]
voiced alveolar approximant
blade of the tongue close to the alveolar ridge [ɹ] /rat/
voiced labial-velar approximant
lips are close together (no friction produced) + back of the tongue and velum are close [w]
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
The tip of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge [l]
medial
air escapes along a central groove
lateral
Air escapes over the tongue rims and out of the oral cavity, without becoming turbulent
velarization
secondary articulation is velar /full, bottle/
palatalization
secondary articulation is palatal /light/
retroflex
the blade of the tongue comes into a momentary constriction of complete closure with the alveolar ridge -> voiced alveolar tap (or flap) /r/
trills
trills are produced by holding the blade of the tongue next to the alveolar ridge in a construction of complete closure
→ air pressure builds up and forces it open
→ the air pressure reduced
→ muscular pressure creates a constriction of complete closure
gerolltes /r/
affricates
complete closure between the blade of the tongue and the palato-alveolar ridge (like a stop) -> release phase friction occurs [tʃ], [dʒ]
voiceless palato-alveolar affricate
[tʃ] /chip/
voiced palato-alveolar affricate
[dʒ] /joy/
