voicing and consonsants

Question 1

the larynx

Answer 1

● made of two large cartilages
● these are hollow and attached to the top of the trachea
● inside are the vocal folds
● at the front the vocal folds are joined together and fixed to the inside of the thyroid cartilage
● at the back they are attached to the arytenoid cartilages which are attached to the cricoid
cartilage
● glottos refers to the opening between the vocal folds
○ if the vocal fold are apart → glottis is open
○ if the vocal folds are pressed together → glottis is closed

Question 2

wide apart

Answer 2

for normal breathing and voiceless consonants like (p,f,s)

Question 3

narrow glottis

Answer 3

when air is pressed through narrow glottis → h

Question 4

vocal fold vibration

Answer 4

when edges of the vocal folds are (nearly) touching each other and air passes through → vibration
opening and closing movement (air pushes the vocal fold apart so that little air escapes → air flows quickly past the edge of the vocal folds → folds are brought together again) repeats rapidly

Question 5

tightly closed

Answer 5

air cannot pass → glottal stop

Question 6

respiration and voicing

Answer 6

egressive pulmonic airstream
= air is pushed out of the lungs

Question 7

voicing/phonation

Answer 7

= sound from vibration of the vocal folds

Question 8

variation in intensity of air pressure

Answer 8

high intensity for shouting, low intensity for speaking quietly

Question 9

variation in frequency of air pressure

Answer 9

rapid vibrations for high frequency, fewer vibrations for lower frequency

Question 10

variation in quality of air pressure

Answer 10

harsh, breathy, murmured, creaky voice qualities

Question 11

waveforms

Answer 11

= measures and visualizes air pressure changes
● voiced sounds → periodic waveforms,
○ a pattern that reoccurs regularly as long as the sound is produced
● voiceless sounds → aperiodic waveforms,
○ irregular vibration

Question 12

frequency

Answer 12

● frequency of air pressure changes, the fundamental frequency (F0), is perceived as pitch: 1 Hertz (Hz) = one cycle per second.
● The normal speaking voice of an adult female voice has 230 Hz. A male voice has an average F0 of 120 Hz.

Question 13

formants

Answer 13

• additional frequencies
  -> changing F0 varies pitch, but not the quality of a vowel
  -> changing formants varies the quality of a vowel, but not pitch.