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Haematology > White cells, cytopenia, cytophilia > Flashcards

White cells, cytopenia, cytophilia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common white cell?

A

Neutrophil

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2
Q

Which white cell is the first responder?

A

Neutrophil

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3
Q

How do neutrophils reach the site of infection?

A

Chemotaxis

follow cytokine signals to site of infection

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4
Q

What do neutrophils do at the site of infection?

A

Phagocytose pathogens

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5
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

1-4 days

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6
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrphil look like?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

3-5 segments

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7
Q

Where do neutrophils mature?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

What controls maturation of neutrophils?

A

Hormone G-CSF

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9
Q

What effect does G-CSF have on neutrophil maturation?

A

Increases production of neutrophils

Decreases time taken to release mature neutrophils from bone marrow

Enhances chemotaxis

Enhances phagocytosis of pathogens

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10
Q

Which stages of neutrophil maturation may be present in the blood?

A

Mature neutrophil

Band cell

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11
Q

Which stages of neutrophil maturation should not be present in the blood?

A

Myelocyte stages

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12
Q

What could cause immature neutrophils to be present in the blood? Why?

A

Haematological cancer - cells don’t differentiate

Sepsis - bone marrow releases them too early

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13
Q

What are the causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection - particularly bacterial

Acute inflammation

Acute haemorrhage

Cancer

Excess G-CSF

Myeloproliferative diseases

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14
Q

What are the categories of causes of neutropenia?

A

Reduced production

Increased use or removal

Benign ethnic neutropenia

Cyclic neutropenia

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15
Q

What are the causes of reduced production of neutrophils?

A

B12, folate deficiency

Infiltration of bone marrow - cancer, fibrosis

Aplastic anaemia - empty bone marrow

Radiation

Drugs

Viral infection

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16
Q

What can cause increased use or removal of neutrophils?

A

Immune destruction

Sepsis

Splenic pooling

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17
Q

What is benign ethnic neutropenia? What is an example of such an ethnic group?

A

Low neutrophil count is normal for some ethnic groups

e.g. afro-caribbean

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18
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

Neutropenia occurring after regular intervals

normal for the individual

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19
Q

What are the consequences of neutropenia?

A

May develop severe bacterial infection
or severe fungal infection

Mucosal ulceration

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20
Q

How is neutropenic sepsis treated?

A

IV antibiotics given immediately

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21
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Reduction in red cells, white cells and platelets altogether

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22
Q

What are the categories of causes of pancytopenia?

A

Reduced production

Increased removal

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23
Q

What can cause reduced production of red cells, white cells, platelets?

A

B12, folate deficiency

Bone marrow infiltration - cancer, fibrosis

Aplastic anaemia - empty bone marrow

Radiation

Drugs

Viruses

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24
Q

What can cause increased use or removal of blood cells, platelets leading to pancytopenia?

A

Immune destruction

Splenic pooling

Haemophagocytosis

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25
Which drugs may cause neutropenia, pancytopenia?
Chemotherapy Antibiotics Antiepileptics
26
Which viruses may cause pancytopenia?
HIV EBV, CMV Hepatitis virus
27
How does aplastic anaemia compare to normal bone marrow under a microscope?
Normal - 1:1 ratio of fat cells to white cells Aplastic anaemia - way more fat cells
28
How does bone marrow infiltrated by malignancy compare to normal bone marrow under a microscope?
Normal - 1:1 ratio of fat cells to white cells Infiltrated bone marrow - many more white cells
29
What is aplastic anaemia?
Hypocellular bone marrow Absence of abnormal infiltrate
30
What are the categories of the malignancies that can cause pancytopenia?
Haematological Non-haematological
31
What are the non-haematological malignancies that can cause pancytopenia?
Breast cancer Prostate cancer Lung cancer
32
What are the symptoms of pancytopenia?
Symptoms of anaemia - fatigue, shortness of breath Symptoms of thrombocytopenia - bleeding, bruising Symptoms of neutropenia - infection, ulcers Symptoms of underlying cause
33
Is immune destruction a common cause of neutropenia, pancytopenia?
No | more associated with anaemia, thrombocytopenia
34
What is haemophagocytosis?
Cells are destroyed in the bone marrow
35
How common is haemophagocytosis?
Rarely occurs
36
What are the functions of monocytes?
Respond to inflammation respond to antigenic stimuli By phagocytosis pinocytosis
37
What do monocytes do in tissues?
Differentiate into macrophages
38
What do monocyte lysosomes contain?
Lysozyme Complement Interleukins
39
What are the causes of monocytosis?
Chronic inflammatory conditions Chronic infection Malignancy - carcinoma Myeloproliferative disorders
40
What are some examples of chronic inflammatory conditions?
Rheumatoid arthritis Crohn's Ulcerative colitis
41
What is an example of a chronic infection?
TB
42
How much time do eosinophils spend in circulation?
3-8 hours
43
What is the lifespan of eosinophils?
8-12 days
44
What are the functions of eosinophils?
Infection with parasites Mediating allergic reactions
45
What are some examples of allergic reactions?
Reactions to drugs Reactions in allergic diseases
46
What do the granules of eosinophils contain?
Enzymes
47
What are the causes of eosinophilia?
Parasitic infection - roundworm, tapeworm, flukes Allergic reactions Hodgkin's lymphoma Myeloproliferative diseases
48
What are some examples of diseases that involve allergic reactions?
Asthma Eczema Uritacaria Hay fever
49
What is the least common type of white cell?
Basophils
50
What is the largest type of granulocyte?
Basophils
51
What are the different types of granulocytes?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils (doesn't include monocytes, macrophages - agranular)
52
What are the functions of basophils?
Allergic reactions Inflammatory conditions
53
What do basophil granules contain?
Histamine
54
What are the causes of basophilia?
Allergic reactions Inflammatory conditions Myeloproliferative diseases
55
What are the different types of lymphocytes?
B cells -plasma cells T cells - CD4+ - CD8+ Natural killer cells
56
What are the functions of B cells and plasma cells?
B cells - humoral immunity Plasma cells - antibody producing cells
57
What are the functions of T cells?
Cell mediated immunity
58
What are the functions of NK cells
Cell mediated cytotoxicity
59
What are the causes of lymphocytosis?
Infection - bacteria, viruses Post splenoctomy Lymphoproliferative diseases Lymphoma
60
How does a splenoctomy cause lymphocytosis?
Lymphocytes not contained in spleen
61
What is cytopenia?
Reduction in number of blood cells
62
What is anaemia?
Low red cell count
63
What is leucopenia?
Low white cell count
64
What is neutropenia?
Low neutrophil count
65
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count
66
What is pancytopenia?
Low red cell, white cell and platelet count
67
What is cytosis/philia?
Increase in number of blood cells
68
What is erythrocytosis?
High red cell count
69
What is leukocytosis?
High white cell count
70
What is neutrophilia?
High neutrophil cunt
71
What is lymphocytosis?
High lymphocyte count
72
What is thrombocytosis?
High platelet count
73
What do monocytes look like?
Large cells Large nucleus
74
What do eosinophils look like?
Pink cytoplasm Granular cytoplasm Bilobed nulcues
75
What do basophils look like?
Blue-purple cytoplasm Granular cytoplasm
76
What do lymphocytes look like?
Large nucleus Little cytoplasm
77
How can neutropenia be treated? Give an example of when this is done
Injections with recombinant G-CSF | often done after chemotherapy
78
What are the types of myeloproliferative diseases?
Acute myeloid leukaemia Polycythemia vera Essential thrombocytosis Myelofibrosis
79
What are sources of the haemopoietic stem cell?
Bone marrow aspiration G-CSF mobilises the haemopoietic stem cell into the blood Umbilical cord stem cells

Haematology (12 decks)

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