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Haematology > White cells, cytopenia, cytophilia > Flashcards

White cells, cytopenia, cytophilia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common white cell?

A

Neutrophil

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2
Q

Which white cell is the first responder?

A

Neutrophil

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3
Q

How do neutrophils reach the site of infection?

A

Chemotaxis

follow cytokine signals to site of infection

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4
Q

What do neutrophils do at the site of infection?

A

Phagocytose pathogens

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5
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

1-4 days

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6
Q

What does the nucleus of a neutrphil look like?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

3-5 segments

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7
Q

Where do neutrophils mature?

A

Bone marrow

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8
Q

What controls maturation of neutrophils?

A

Hormone G-CSF

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9
Q

What effect does G-CSF have on neutrophil maturation?

A

Increases production of neutrophils

Decreases time taken to release mature neutrophils from bone marrow

Enhances chemotaxis

Enhances phagocytosis of pathogens

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10
Q

Which stages of neutrophil maturation may be present in the blood?

A

Mature neutrophil

Band cell

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11
Q

Which stages of neutrophil maturation should not be present in the blood?

A

Myelocyte stages

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12
Q

What could cause immature neutrophils to be present in the blood? Why?

A

Haematological cancer - cells don’t differentiate

Sepsis - bone marrow releases them too early

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13
Q

What are the causes of neutrophilia?

A

Infection - particularly bacterial

Acute inflammation

Acute haemorrhage

Cancer

Excess G-CSF

Myeloproliferative diseases

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14
Q

What are the categories of causes of neutropenia?

A

Reduced production

Increased use or removal

Benign ethnic neutropenia

Cyclic neutropenia

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15
Q

What are the causes of reduced production of neutrophils?

A

B12, folate deficiency

Infiltration of bone marrow - cancer, fibrosis

Aplastic anaemia - empty bone marrow

Radiation

Drugs

Viral infection

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16
Q

What can cause increased use or removal of neutrophils?

A

Immune destruction

Sepsis

Splenic pooling

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17
Q

What is benign ethnic neutropenia? What is an example of such an ethnic group?

A

Low neutrophil count is normal for some ethnic groups

e.g. afro-caribbean

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18
Q

What is cyclic neutropenia?

A

Neutropenia occurring after regular intervals

normal for the individual

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19
Q

What are the consequences of neutropenia?

A

May develop severe bacterial infection
or severe fungal infection

Mucosal ulceration

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20
Q

How is neutropenic sepsis treated?

A

IV antibiotics given immediately

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21
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Reduction in red cells, white cells and platelets altogether

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22
Q

What are the categories of causes of pancytopenia?

A

Reduced production

Increased removal

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23
Q

What can cause reduced production of red cells, white cells, platelets?

A

B12, folate deficiency

Bone marrow infiltration - cancer, fibrosis

Aplastic anaemia - empty bone marrow

Radiation

Drugs

Viruses

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24
Q

What can cause increased use or removal of blood cells, platelets leading to pancytopenia?

A

Immune destruction

Splenic pooling

Haemophagocytosis

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25
Q

Which drugs may cause neutropenia, pancytopenia?

A

Chemotherapy

Antibiotics

Antiepileptics

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26
Q

Which viruses may cause pancytopenia?

A

HIV

EBV, CMV

Hepatitis virus

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27
Q

How does aplastic anaemia compare to normal bone marrow under a microscope?

A

Normal - 1:1 ratio of fat cells to white cells

Aplastic anaemia - way more fat cells

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28
Q

How does bone marrow infiltrated by malignancy compare to normal bone marrow under a microscope?

A

Normal - 1:1 ratio of fat cells to white cells

Infiltrated bone marrow - many more white cells

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29
Q

What is aplastic anaemia?

A

Hypocellular bone marrow

Absence of abnormal infiltrate

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30
Q

What are the categories of the malignancies that can cause pancytopenia?

A

Haematological

Non-haematological

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31
Q

What are the non-haematological malignancies that can cause pancytopenia?

A

Breast cancer

Prostate cancer

Lung cancer

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32
Q

What are the symptoms of pancytopenia?

A

Symptoms of anaemia - fatigue, shortness of breath

Symptoms of thrombocytopenia - bleeding, bruising

Symptoms of neutropenia - infection, ulcers

Symptoms of underlying cause

33
Q

Is immune destruction a common cause of neutropenia, pancytopenia?

A

No

more associated with anaemia, thrombocytopenia

34
Q

What is haemophagocytosis?

A

Cells are destroyed in the bone marrow

35
Q

How common is haemophagocytosis?

A

Rarely occurs

36
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

Respond to inflammation
respond to antigenic stimuli

By phagocytosis
pinocytosis

37
Q

What do monocytes do in tissues?

A

Differentiate into macrophages

38
Q

What do monocyte lysosomes contain?

A

Lysozyme

Complement

Interleukins

39
Q

What are the causes of monocytosis?

A

Chronic inflammatory conditions

Chronic infection

Malignancy - carcinoma

Myeloproliferative disorders

40
Q

What are some examples of chronic inflammatory conditions?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Crohn’s

Ulcerative colitis

41
Q

What is an example of a chronic infection?

A

TB

42
Q

How much time do eosinophils spend in circulation?

A

3-8 hours

43
Q

What is the lifespan of eosinophils?

A

8-12 days

44
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Infection with parasites

Mediating allergic reactions

45
Q

What are some examples of allergic reactions?

A

Reactions to drugs

Reactions in allergic diseases

46
Q

What do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

Enzymes

47
Q

What are the causes of eosinophilia?

A

Parasitic infection - roundworm, tapeworm, flukes

Allergic reactions

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Myeloproliferative diseases

48
Q

What are some examples of diseases that involve allergic reactions?

A

Asthma

Eczema

Uritacaria

Hay fever

49
Q

What is the least common type of white cell?

A

Basophils

50
Q

What is the largest type of granulocyte?

A

Basophils

51
Q

What are the different types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

(doesn’t include monocytes, macrophages - agranular)

52
Q

What are the functions of basophils?

A

Allergic reactions

Inflammatory conditions

53
Q

What do basophil granules contain?

A

Histamine

54
Q

What are the causes of basophilia?

A

Allergic reactions

Inflammatory conditions

Myeloproliferative diseases

55
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
-plasma cells

T cells

  • CD4+
  • CD8+

Natural killer cells

56
Q

What are the functions of B cells and plasma cells?

A

B cells - humoral immunity

Plasma cells - antibody producing cells

57
Q

What are the functions of T cells?

A

Cell mediated immunity

58
Q

What are the functions of NK cells

A

Cell mediated cytotoxicity

59
Q

What are the causes of lymphocytosis?

A

Infection - bacteria, viruses

Post splenoctomy

Lymphoproliferative diseases
Lymphoma

60
Q

How does a splenoctomy cause lymphocytosis?

A

Lymphocytes not contained in spleen

61
Q

What is cytopenia?

A

Reduction in number of blood cells

62
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Low red cell count

63
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Low white cell count

64
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophil count

65
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Low platelet count

66
Q

What is pancytopenia?

A

Low red cell, white cell and platelet count

67
Q

What is cytosis/philia?

A

Increase in number of blood cells

68
Q

What is erythrocytosis?

A

High red cell count

69
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

High white cell count

70
Q

What is neutrophilia?

A

High neutrophil cunt

71
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

High lymphocyte count

72
Q

What is thrombocytosis?

A

High platelet count

73
Q

What do monocytes look like?

A

Large cells

Large nucleus

74
Q

What do eosinophils look like?

A

Pink cytoplasm

Granular cytoplasm

Bilobed nulcues

75
Q

What do basophils look like?

A

Blue-purple cytoplasm

Granular cytoplasm

76
Q

What do lymphocytes look like?

A

Large nucleus

Little cytoplasm

77
Q

How can neutropenia be treated? Give an example of when this is done

A

Injections with recombinant G-CSF

often done after chemotherapy

78
Q

What are the types of myeloproliferative diseases?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Polycythemia vera

Essential thrombocytosis

Myelofibrosis

79
Q

What are sources of the haemopoietic stem cell?

A

Bone marrow aspiration

G-CSF
mobilises the haemopoietic stem cell into the blood

Umbilical cord stem cells

Haematology (12 decks)

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