White blood cells and Immunity Lecture slides Flashcards
Name the two primary lymphoid organs
Thymus and Bone marrow
Name the secondary lymphoid organs
We have the Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) which includes:
Naso-pharyngeal lymph nodes.
Tonsillar lymph nodes
Bronchiolar lymph nodes
We have the Peripheral lymph nodes and Spleen
We have Gut-associated lymph nodes which include the payer’s patches
True or false.
Leucocytes are formed and stored in a bone marrow until needed.
True
True or false
Lymphocytes are stored in lymphoid tissue and few enters circulation.
True
Phagocytosis depends on 3 selective procedures.
Name those three procedures
smooth surfaces - surface rough likely to be phagocytosis.
Protective protein coats that repel the phagocytes.
Antibodies then adhere to the bacterial membranes increase susceptibility to phagocytosis.
Which cells forms antibodies
specialized White Blood Cells. B cells
the function and protective regulation of leucocytes.
List three
Phagocytosis
Forming antibodies
Activates lymphocytes to destroy or inactivates invaders
The inflammation is characterized by certain processes. List the characteristics of inflammation
Vasodilation
Capillary permeability increase
Clotting substance e.g. fibrinogen leak into interstitial spaces.
Granulocytes and monocytes migrate to the injury site in large numbers.
Swelling of the tissue cells
List the characteristics of Eosinophils and their function and concentration in the WBCs.
Weak phagocytes
Chemotactic
2% of total leucocytes
Love parasites <3
Allergies: Basophils and Mast cells attract eosinophils
The Parasites are large to be phagocytized, so what does the Eosinophils do.
eosinophils are believed to detoxify some of the inflammation-inducing substances released by the mast cells and basophils and probably also phagocytize and destroy allergen-antibody complexes, thus preventing excess spread of the local inflammatory process
Name the granulocytes that are hydrolytic enzymes, highly reactive on oxygen species and major basic protein.
Eosinophils
What does the basophils release to prevent coagulation.
Heparin
IgE has affinity for which cells.
Basophils and mast cells
what are pro-inflammatory
Basophils
what is inflammation?
Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to antigen or tissue damage that brings immune cells and molecules of host defence from the circulation to the tissue where they are needed to destroy the antigen
Name and explain the steps of inflammation.
- Recognition- antigen is recognized by the host cell.
- Recruitment- leucocytes and plasma cells
- Activation- antigen destruction begins
- Inflammation- control inflammation to prevent host damage
- Repair- damage tissue repair or cleared
name the 1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defense under macrophages and neutrophils
1st line defence: Tissue macrophages
2nd line: Neutrophils
3rd line: 2nd wave macrophages
True or false
Inflamed tissues release inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-10) and other substances to attracts macrophages to the inflamed site by.
False
inflamed tissues release inflammatory ctokines (e.g. TNF and IL-10) and other substances to attracts neutrophil to the inflamed site by.
Explain how the neutrophils responds based on inflammation
↑ adhesion molecules: selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells surface.
React with neutrophils, stick to the endothelial cells forming the capillary and venule walls in the inflamed site.
Intercellular space between the endothelial cells
Neutrophils squeeze through the capillaries by diapedesis into the tissue spaces.
Chemotaxis of the neutrophils toward the injured tissues
The uncontrolled production if leucocytes or abnormal production of WBCs.
Luekemia
Causes of leukemia
Causes: mutations of myelogenous or lymphogenous cells
differentiates between myelogenous and lymphogenous formation of leukemia
Lymphocytic: begin in lymph nodes or lymphatic tissue, spread to other areas
Myelogenous: cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow; WBCs are produced in extramedullary tissue
what is acute
Acute: very undifferentiated cells
Name 4 types of leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
What happened in myelogenous leukemia
In myelogenous leukemia, the cancerous process occasionally produces partially differentiated cells, resulting in what might be calledneutrophilic leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, basophilic leukemia,ormonocytic leukemia. More frequently, however, the leukemia cells are bizarre and undifferentiated and not identical to any of the normal WBCs.
Leukemia is characterized by what?
leukemia is usually characterized by greatly increased numbers of abnormal WBCs in the circulating blood.
extramedullary tissues—especially in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver
List six effects of leukemia in the body
Metastatic growth of leukemic cells in other areas of the body
Bone marrow compromise surrounding bone
Almost all eventually spread to spleen, lymph nodes, liver and other vascular regions
Thrombocytopaenia – lack of platelets, severe bleeding
Severe anaemia
Metabolic starvation – deterioration of normal tissue
what does the leukemic tissue do?
The leukemic tissues reproduce new cells so rapidly that tremendous demands are made on the body reserves for foodstuffs, specific amino acids, and vitamins. Consequently, the energy of the patient is greatly depleted, and excessive utilization of amino acids by leukemic cells causes especially rapid deterioration of the normal protein tissues of the body
what is leukopenia?
Bone marrow produces very few WBCs compromised immunity
what causes of leukopenia?
Exposure of the body to x-rays and gamma rays
Exposure to substances containing benzene or anthracene nuclei cause aplasia (reduce WBC production) of the bone marrow
Drugs such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic)and thiouracil used to treat thyrotoxicosis.
symptoms of leukopenia
Normal microbiome is balanced
Ulcers in mouth and colon, bacteria invade other tissue
