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YBOD200 Physiology > White blood cells and Immunity I > Flashcards

White blood cells and Immunity I Flashcards

1
Q

where does the leukocytes are formed?

A

Bone marrow
Lymph tissue

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2
Q

Name the white blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow.

A

Lymphocytes and plasma cells

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3
Q

Name the white blood cells that are formed in the bone marrow.

A

Granulocytes
Monocytes
some lymphocytes

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4
Q

True or False
The WBCs is found in both blood and lymphatic system.

A

True

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5
Q

Granular appearance of the cells when stained and view under the microscope is known as ?

A

Polymorphonuclear

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6
Q

Which blood cells are known as polymorphonuclear

A

Granulocytes

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7
Q

What does the granules that are stained in polymorphonuclear cell do?

A

These are enzymes which are released during cell infection and allergic reaction.

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8
Q

WBCs are distinguished from other cells by the presents of what?

A

NUCLEI

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9
Q

Monocytes are granulated.
True or false

A

Monocytes are nongranulated.

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10
Q

The largest of leukocytes are?

A

Monocytes

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11
Q

Monocytes travels from where to where?

A

From the blood to the tissuues to mature to macrophages

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12
Q

Monocytes matures to what?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

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13
Q

Function of macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Ingest and digest the foreign microbes
Are antigen presenting cells

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14
Q

What are lymphocytes?
TYPES

A

Are WBCs that are distinguished by the presence in the lymph tissue
Divided into B and T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Granulocytes and monocytes are capable of what?
The lymphocytes and plasma cells are involved in what?

A

Granulocytes and monocytes are capable of phagocytosis (ingestion) of invading organisms, while lymphocytes and plasma cells are involved in adaptive or memory immune response.

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16
Q

Granulocytes in the innate. Phagocytic function and first responder in the site of infection.
name those WBCs

A

Neutrophil

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17
Q

Acidophils works in the conjunction with basophil cells and mast cells in allergic reaction and asthma.
Name

A

Eosinophil

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18
Q

Largest granulocytes. Function in anaphylaxis, asthma, allergy.

A

Basophils

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19
Q

Basophils produces what?

A

Histamine, heparin, serotonin

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20
Q

Differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells and functions in adaptive immunity and exerts tissue repair.

A

Monocytes

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21
Q

Includes natural killer cells B and T cells found in lymph tissue

A

Lymphocytes

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22
Q

in adult, human has about 7000 wbc per microlitre.
Give the concentration in percentage form of the WBCs

A

Neutrophils- 62%
Eosinophils- 2.3%
Basophils- 0.4%
Lymphocytes- 30%
Monocytes- 5,3%

23
Q

Multipotential hemopoietic stems cells under go what?

A

Undergo earl differentiation into different types of stem cells.

24
Q

When multipotential hemopoietic stem cells differentiate some are committed to becoming RBCs and some tow lineages of WBCs.
Name those lineages.

A

Myelocytic
lymphocytic

25
Q

Where does the myelocytic and lymphocytic cells are derived from?

A

Myeloblast
Lymphoblast

26
Q

Name the examples of lymphogenous tissues where lymphocytes are formed

A

specially the lymph glands, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and various pockets of lymphoid tissue elsewhere in the body, such as in the bone marrow and in Peyer’s patches underneath the epithelium in the gut wall

27
Q

Explain the life of granulocytes after being released.

A

Normally 4-8 hours in blood circulation and 4-5 days in tissues where they are needed.

28
Q

The life span of monocytes

A

10-20 hours before wandering through the capillary membrane into the tissue

29
Q

The life span of lymphocytes.

A

Lymphocytes has the life span of weeks to months depends on the body needs for this cells.

30
Q

Phagocytic cells.

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

31
Q

These WBCs can be attracted to a site of inflammation by chemical signals and squeeze through gaps between endothelial cells of the blood capillaries and postcapillary venules. This process is called

A

Diapedesis

32
Q

Many different chemical substances in the tissues cause both neutrophils and macrophages to move toward the source of the chemical. known as chemotaxis. When a tissue becomes inflamed, different products that can cause chemotaxis toward the inflamed area are forme, list those chemical signaling

A

They include the following: (1) bacterial or viral toxins; (2) degenerative products of the inflamed tissues; (3) reaction products of the complement complex activated in inflamed tissues; and (4) reaction products caused by plasma clotting in the inflamed area, as well as other substances.

33
Q

True or false
chemotaxis is independent on the concentration gradient of chemotactic substances

A

false
it is dependent

34
Q

3 procedures in which phagocytosis depends on so it does not destroy or ingest natural cells

A

First, most natural structures in the tissues have smooth surfaces, which resist phagocytosis. However, if the surface is rough, the likelihood of phagocytosis is increased.
Second, most natural substances of the body have protective protein coats that repel the phagocytes. Conversely, most dead tissues and foreign particles have no protective coats, which makes them subject to phagocytosis.
Third, the immune system of the body develops antibodies against infectious agents such as bacteria. The antibodies then adhere to the bacterial membranes and thereby make the bacteria especially susceptible to phagocytosis. To do this, the antibody molecule also combines with the C3 product of the complement cascade, which is an additional part of the immune system discussed in the lesson. The C3 molecules, in turn, attach to receptors on the phagocyte membrane, thus initiating phagocytosis. This process whereby a pathogen is selected for phagocytosis and destruction is called opsonization.

35
Q

Neutrophils entering the tissue are already mature true or false.

A

True

36
Q

A single neutrophil can phagocytosis how many bacteria

A

A single neutrophil can usually phagocytize 3 to 20 bacteria before the neutrophil becomes inactivated and dies.

37
Q

How many bacteria a macrophage can engulf

A

many as 100

38
Q

The oxidizing agents in WBCs

A

Superoxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl ion

39
Q

what does myeloperoxidase catalyzes

A

catalyzes the reaction between H2O2 and chloride ions to form hypochlorite, which is exceedingly bactericidal

40
Q

what is reticuloendothelial system

A

he total combination of monocytes, mobile macrophages, fixed tissue macrophages, and a few specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

41
Q

Reticuloendothelial system is common to what?

A

Monocytes-macrophage system

42
Q

The tissue spaces and the lymphatics in the inflamed area are blocked by what?

A

Fibrinogen clots

43
Q

True or False
The intensity of the inflammatory process is usually proportional to the degree of tissue injury.

A

True

44
Q

The entire process of neutrophil translocation through the capillary into the tissue is called?

A

Exxtravasion

45
Q

what is neutrophilia

A

Increased in number of neutrophil in the blood.

46
Q

factors have been implicated in control of the macrophage response to inflammation.
Name those five

A

1) tumor necrosis factor (TNF); (2) interleukin-1 (IL-1), (3) granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); (4) granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF); and (5) monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF).

47
Q

The factors that activate inflammation are formed by what?

A

These factors are formed by activated macrophage cells in the inflamed tissues and in smaller quantities by other inflamed tissue cells.

48
Q

The cause of increased production of granulocytes and monocytes by the bone marrow is mainly the three colony-stimulating factors. Name those factors respectively.

A

one of these, GM-CSF, stimulates both granulocyte and monocyte production; the other two, G-CSF and M-CSF, stimulate granulocyte and monocyte production.

49
Q

This combination of TNF, IL-1, and colony-stimulating factors provides

A

a powerful feedback mechanism that begins with tissue inflammation and proceeds to formation of large numbers of defensive WBCs that help remove the cause of the inflammation

50
Q

Pus contains what?

A

contains varying portions of necrotic tissue, dead neutrophils, dead macrophages, and tissue fluid

51
Q

What activates a T cell

A

-Binding of antigen on antigen receptor(CD4,MHCII)
-Co-stimulation(CD28)

52
Q

Clonal expasion of T cells

A

Binds to IL-2

53
Q

Th1 cells

A

produce IL-12 to make natural killers moremeffective

54
Q

Th1 cells

A

Produce IL-2 to make NK cells, B cells and CD8 cells proliferate

YBOD200 Physiology (18 decks)

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