White Blood Cells

Question 1

What suffix would be put after “Neutro-,” “Eosino-,” and “Baso-“ to indicate an INCREASED number?

Answer 1

-philia

Question 2

What suffix would be put after “Neutro-,” “Eosino-,” “Lympho-,” and “Leuko-“ to indicate an DECREASED number?

Answer 2

-penia

Question 3

What suffix would be put after “Mono-,” “Lympho-,” and “Leuko-“ to indicate an INCREASED number?

Answer 3

-cytosis

Question 4

What may cause a short-lived neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and possibly monocytosis in young animals?

Answer 4

Excitement, causing an epinephrine release

Question 5

In addition to cortico-steroid release, what WBC changes are seen in times of stress?

Answer 5

Mild to moderate mature neutrophilia (2x normal range), lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and possibly monocytosis

Question 6

Where do neutrophils in the circulating pool come from?

Answer 6

Storage in the bone marrow or the marginated pool (Waiting to enter tissues)

Question 7

What are the characteristics of inflammatory leukogram?

Answer 7

Mild to marked neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and monocytosis, and left shift or toxic change

Question 8

What is left shift?

Answer 8

When the demand for neutrophils is so high that immature forms are released from the bone marrow

Question 9

What is seen with regenerative left shift?

Answer 9

Neutrophilia, mostly mature neutrophils with some immature neutrophils

Question 10

What is seen with degenerative left shift?

Answer 10

Neutrophil count may be normal or abnormal, more immature neutrophils seen than mature neutrophils

Question 11

What is characteristic of a leukemoid reaction?

Answer 11

Very high neutrophil count with left shift

Question 12

What is toxic change?

Answer 12

Marked inflammation (Possible tissue necrosis), due to effects of progenitor neutrophils in the bone marrow and amount of immature neutrophils released into the blood

Question 13

What characteristics can be seen with toxic change?

Answer 13

Dohle bodies, increased cytoplasmic basophilia, cytoplasmic vacuolation, toxic granulation, cell and nuclear swelling, giant neutrophils, and ring forms (Rare)

Question 14

Which species can show neutropenia before neutrophilia in times of inflammation?

Answer 14

Horses and cattle

Question 15

Under what conditions will dogs and cats show neutropenia?

Answer 15

Severe, peracute, and overwhelming inflammation

Question 16

What conditions can lead to neutrophilia?

Answer 16

Excitement, stress (Corticosteroids), inflammation, sometimes granulocytic leukemia

Question 17

What conditions can lead to neutropenia?

Answer 17

Inflammation in horses and cattle, severe inflammation in dogs and cats, toxic depression of bone marrow (Due to toxins, chemicals, infectious agents, disorders), or immune-mediated disorders

Question 18

What conditions can lead to eosinophilia?

Answer 18

IL-5 release by T cells and histamine release by mast cells, parasitic infection, allergy/hypersensitivity, and paraneoplastic conditions (Neoplasms, mast cell tumors, etc.)

Question 19

What conditions can lead to eosinopenia?

Answer 19

Endogenous or exogenous steroid which prevents mast cells from degranulating and neutralizing histamines

Question 20

What conditions can lead to monocytosis?

Answer 20

Excitement/physiological exertion, stress/exogenous corticosteroids (Dogs), inflammation, monocytic leukemia

Question 21

What conditions can lead to monocytopenia?

Answer 21

Monocytopenia is not recognized as reference ranges are close to zero, and in some cases circulating monocytes are not even observed

Question 22

What conditions can lead to lymphocytosis?

Answer 22

Excitement, chronic disease, during infectious disease recovery, after vaccinations in young animals, or lymphoid neoplasia

Question 23

What conditions can lead to lymphopenia?

Answer 23

Infections (Viral or septicemia) or stress (Endogenous or exogenous corticosteroids, different distribution of lymphocytes between blood and lymphoid tissue)

Question 24

Where does leukemia primary originate?

Answer 24

Bone marrow, can then spread to other areas via the blood

Question 25

How does a patient react when it has acute leukemia versus chronic leukemia?

Answer 25

Acute: Goes downhill quickly, signs are apparent

Chronic: Can go on for years, signs not readily apparent

Question 26

What is subleukemic leukemia?

Answer 26

When neoplastic cells are not being released into the blood

Question 27

What type of leukemia affects B and T cells?

Answer 27

Lymphoid

Question 28

What type of leukemia affects erythroid, granulocytic, monocytic, and megakaryocytic cells?

Answer 28

Myeloid

Question 29

What is myelophthisis?

Answer 29

When bone marrow is replaced by neoplastic cells

Question 30

What is extramedullary hematopoeisis?

Answer 30

When RBCs are produced at other places than the bone marrow (Such as the spleen and liver) which can cause splenomegaly and hepatomegaly (Trying to compensate for bone marrow’s decrease in productivity)

Question 31

Which type of leukemia is seen in young animals, has a rapid and severe onset, is aggressive, and is thrombocytopenic/anemic/pancytopenic?

Answer 31

Acute Leukemia

Question 32

How does acute leukemia present in a clinical setting?

Answer 32

Lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, pyrexia, shifting limb lameness, bleeding from nose/mouth, melena, neurological signs, petechial hemorrhage, enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen/liver

Question 33

What type of leukemia is seen in older animals, can have no apparent signs, has a slow onset and is slow to progress, and shows mature neoplastic cells?

Answer 33

Chronic Leukemia

Question 34

How does chronic leukemia present in a clinical setting?

Answer 34

Could go unnoticed, may be an incidental finding, may have enlarged spleen/liver, gradual weight loss, lethargy

Question 35

What percentage of a population is used to calculate a reference interval?

Answer 35

The middle 95%