Micronutrients and Macrominerals

Question 1

Why do we need trace elements?

Answer 1

As part of enzymes, have catalytic function

Question 2

What are the three functions of macrominerals?

Answer 2

Structural, physiological, and regulatory

Question 3

What four factors can affect the mineral concentration within plants?

Answer 3

Genus/species/variety, soil type, climate/season, stage of maturity

Question 4

Which four minerals decrease in concentration as a plant ages?

Answer 4

Zn, Cu, Co, Mn

Question 5

What is the ideal pH of soil for 100% concentration of Zn, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo?

Answer 5

pH 6

Question 6

How does lime affect soil?

Answer 6

Increases pH

Question 7

How do sulfates affect soil?

Answer 7

Decrease pH

Question 8

What three situations lead to depletion of a certain mineral?

Answer 8

Insufficient intake, reduced availability, increased requirements (Can be affected by individual, environment, and element)

Question 9

What do glutathione peroxidases and deiodinases type I and II contain?

Answer 9

Selenium

Question 10

What can vitamin E be replaced with as a lipid-soluble antioxidant in the cellular membrane?

Answer 10

Selenium, up to a point

Question 11

When are selenium requirements increased?

Answer 11

Legume diet, high sulfur intake, diet heavy in metals, low vitamin E

Question 12

What are the clinical syndromes of selenium deficiency?

Answer 12

Muscle degeneration, ill thrift, reproductive failure, mastitis, retained fetal membranes, possible postparturient hemoglobinuria

Question 13

What are the signs of acute selenium toxicity?

Answer 13

Shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, prostration, diarrhea, death

Question 14

What are the signs of chronic selenium toxicity?

Answer 14

Moist lesions of hooves, severe lameness, pain due to loss of horn in hoof

Question 15

What condition was linked with Cu deficiency in 1937?

Answer 15

Swayback (Neurological, demyelination of spinal cord, ataxia)

Question 16

What functions of the body is copper essential to?

Answer 16

Reproduction, erythropoiesis, bone development, growth, connective tissue development, skin pigmentation

Question 17

What clinical signs signal Cu deficiency?

Answer 17

Depigmented coat, anemia, aortic rupture, reduced bone collagen strength, reduced mineralization of cartilage, spinal cord dysfunction, fetal death, diarrhea

Question 18

Are Texels vulnerable to Cu toxicity or deficiency?

Answer 18

Toxicity

Question 19

Are Black Faces vulnerable to Cu toxicity or deficiency?

Answer 19

Deficiency

Question 20

Do molybdenum, iron, and sulfur inhibit or enhance Cu availability?

Answer 20

Inhibit

Question 21

What is the presence of Pine indicative of and how is it caused?

Answer 21

Cobalt deficiency, wasting disease caused by lack of cobalt in diet

Question 22

Which vitamin is deficient when cobalt is deficient, causing the inability to process protein?

Answer 22

Vitamin B12

Question 23

What are the clinical signs of cobalt deficiency?

Answer 23

Loss of appetite, poor growth rate, weight loss, pale mucus membranes, affects most or all lambs in a flock

Question 24

What is needed for deiodination of T4 to T3?

Answer 24

Selenium

Question 25

What is the most common manifestation of hypocalcemia?

Answer 25

Milk fever, couple days before and first week after calving

Question 26

What does calcium loss jump to from the dry period to the first week of lactation?

Answer 26

10-12 g per day to 70 g per day in milk alone

Question 27

What does peracute hypomagnesemia present as?

Answer 27

Sudden death, paw marks on ground, swelling/hemorrhage of eyes/head

Question 28

What are the fat soluble vitamins and what do they contain?

Answer 28

A, D, E, K (K more important in small animal, used in rat poisons), contain only C, H, O

Question 29

What can a vitamin A toxicity cause?

Answer 29

Fusion of vertebrae

Question 30

What can a deficiency in vitamin E cause?

Answer 30

White muscle disease

Question 31

What does a deficiency in vitamin K cause?

Answer 31

Anemia and clotting defects

Question 32

What vitamin is also called cyanocobalamin?

Answer 32

Vitamin B12