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FCP Week 4 > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Leukon

A

White blood cells and their precursors

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2
Q

What is Leucocytosis

A

High levels of white blood cells

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3
Q

What is leucopenia

A

Low levels of white blood cells

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4
Q

3 steps in cells leaving blood vessels

A

Marginalisation
Adhesion
Migration

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5
Q

Roughly what proportion of white blood cells are in the circulating pool

A

dogs- 50%
cat- 25-50%

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6
Q

What factor produce a shift of white blood cells from marginal to circulating pool (4)

A

Epinephrine!
Glucocorticoids!
Infection
Stress

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7
Q

How to white blood cells bind to blood vessels walls

A

binding selectin receptors on blood vessels binds to ligands on cell walls

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8
Q

What happens when delivery of neutrophils from marrow exceeds inflammatory site consumption

A

Blood neutrophilia develops

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9
Q

What happens when tissue consumption fo neutrophils exceeds delivery from bone marrow

A

neutropenia with left shift develops

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10
Q

Causes of neutrophilia (6)

A

High neutrophils
Inflammation- infections, immune mediated anaemia, necrosis
Steroids- Stress, Steroid therapy, hyperadrenocorticism
Physiological- Epinephrine, fight or flight (excitement, fear, pain exercise)
Chronic neutrophil leukaemia
Paraneoplastic- lymphoma, MCT, haemangiosarcoma, adenocarcinoma

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11
Q

White blood cell shift seen in regenerative anaemia

A

Left shift
Segmented>immature
Neutrophils INCREASE

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12
Q

White blood cell shift seen in degenerative anaemia

A

Right shift
immature -> segmented
Neutrophils stay the same or decrease

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13
Q

Why does right shift occur

A

Decreased extravasion -Cells are held in circulation for longer than they should be
Due to Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

How to glucocorticoids lead to right shift

A

down-regulate adhesion molecules,
less neutrophils leave the circulation
aged cells remain in circulation

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15
Q

What is neutrophil toxic change

A

Rapid neutropoesis- release of neutrophils that have not fully matured
Poor prognostic indicator

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16
Q

Cause of neutrophil toxic change

A

usually severe bacterial infection
or injection of G-CSF (type of growth factor that makes the bone marrow produce more white blood cells)
Can be associated with parvo, IMHA, ARF, DIC, neoplasmia

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17
Q

What is seen in neutrophil toxic change

A

Foamy cytoplasm
Diffuse cytoplasmic basophillia
Dohle bodies
Asynchonous nuclear maturation

18
Q

What is a dohle body

A

grey/white inclusion in nucleus

19
Q

What are heterophils

A

Present in rabbits, reptiles etc.
Functionally equivalent to neutrophils but granules stain red

20
Q

Causes of neutropenia

A

Inflammation- Pre-acute/overwhelming bacterial infections
Canine and feline parvo-virus

Decreased production (less common)
Rare- immune mediated, Chediak-Higashi, ayclic haematopoiesis in grey collies, canine hereditary neutropenia

21
Q

Causes of decreased production on neutrophils (4)

A

Infections: parvovirus, FeLV, toxoplasma
Toxicity: chemotherapy, oestrogen, chloramphenicol (cats)
Neoplasia: leukaemia, myelodysplastic, metastatic
Marrow necrosis
Myelofibrosis

22
Q

Interpretation of neutropenia in acute inflammation (dog or cat, horse, cow)

A

Dog/cat- very severe lesion
Horse- Probable severe lesion
Cow- Neutropenia typical in inflammation regardless of severity

23
Q

When there is a bone marrow disruption, what order do blood cells decrease in -> pan cytopenia

A

Neutrophils (hours)
Platelets (days)
RBCs (months)

24
Q

What are reactive lymphocytes

A

Immune stimulated T or B cells
Present in inflammation (esp. chronic)
Can be seen in young animals

25
Q

What is lymphocytosis

A

High lymphocytes

26
Q

Causes of lymphocytosis (5)

A

Physiological- catecholamine mediated via. splenic contraction (esp. cats)
Chronic Inflammation
Young animals and recent vaccination
Lymphoproliferative disorder (FeLV, BLV)
Hypoadrenocorticism - loss of normal level of lymphocyte inhibition by glucocorticoids

27
Q

How does chronic inflammation lead to lymphocytosis

A

Chronic antigenic stimulation of lymphocytes
May include reactive lymphocytes
usually seen with neutrophilia and/or monocytosis

28
Q

What is lymphopenia

A

Low lymphocytes

29
Q

Causes of lymphopenia (6)

A

Stress/Steroids- glucocorticoids, shifts lymphocytes out of circulation and lymphocytolysis
Acute Inflammation- lymphocytes move to site of inflammation
Loss of lymph-Chylothorax (drainage) or lymphangiectasia
Cytotoxic drugs, radiation
Immunodeficiency syndrome
Lymphoma

30
Q

What do monocytes differentiate to and when

A

Macrophages
Occurs when they enter tissues-> they take on a more spindle like appearance

31
Q

what are monocytes/macrophages responsible for and what does this process releasr

A

Phagocytosis
Immune mediators e.g. cytokines

32
Q

What is monocytosis

A

high monocytes

33
Q

Causes of monocytosis (3)

A

Inflammation- may imply chronic
Steroid/stress
Monocytic/myelomonocytic leukaemia

34
Q

What is eosinophillia

A

High eosinophils

35
Q

Causes of eosinophilia (6)

A

Hypersensitivity
Parasitism
Hypoadrenocorticism
Paraneoplastic
Idiopathic eosinophilic syndromes
Eosinophilic leukaemia (v rare)

36
Q

Why and how do epinephrine and glucocorticoids affect white blood cell concentrations in blood

A

They produce a shift of cells from marginal (bound to cell walls) pool to circulating pool (free in blood)
They increase number of blood cells in blood/ circulating to be used by inflamed tissues

37
Q

Causes of eosinopenia (3)

A

Glucocorticoids
Stress
Inflammation

38
Q

Effect of stress on lymphocytes

A

Stress can have a significant impact on the levels and function of lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell involved in the body’s immune response.

In the short term, stress can cause a temporary increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes, as part of the body’s initial response to a perceived threat. This is mediated by the release of catecholamines, which stimulate the release of lymphocytes from the spleen and other lymphoid tissues into the bloodstream. This effect is part of the body’s “fight or flight” response, which prepares the body to respond to a physical threat.

However, chronic or prolonged stress can have the opposite effect, leading to a decrease in the number and function of lymphocytes. This is due to the release of glucocorticoids, which suppress the immune system and can inhibit the production and function of lymphocytes. Chronic stress can also lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can further impair the immune system and lead to immune dysfunction.

In summary, acute stress can temporarily increase lymphocyte levels, while chronic stress can lead to a decrease in lymphocyte levels and function, and increase the risk of immune dysfunction and disease.

39
Q

Lymphangiectasia

A

ilation or enlargement of lymphatic vessels
They leak lymphatic fluid into surrounding tissues, leading to swelling, inflammation,

40
Q

monocytes

A

differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells- dendritic cells act as APCs and memory cells and produce cytokines
Produced in the bone marrow
Circulate in the bloodstream
Help fight infections and other foreign invaders
Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
Produce cytokines to coordinate the immune response and recruit other immune cells
Involved in tissue repair and wound healing

FCP Week 4 (18 decks)

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