Wheelock Ch 02 Grammar

Question 1

What do the inflections of noun endings do?

Answer 1

They help one identify if the noun functions as the subject or object of a verb, whether it indicates possession, etc.

Question 2

What are the inflected forms of nouns called?

Answer 2

Cases.

Question 3

For what purpose is the Nominative Case used?

Answer 3

It indicates the subject of a finite verb.

Question 4

When might one see/use a Predicate Nominative?

Answer 4

It is used with forms of to be (sum, ease) and other linking verbs. (ie, Puella est poēta, the girl is a poet).

Question 5

For what purpose is the Genitive Case used?

Answer 5

It is used for nouns that modify (or limits/specifies/clarifies) another noun.

Question 6

What is a common idea expressed by the genitive case?

Answer 6

It often indicates possession (ie, the genitive-x “of” so-and-so) or ( so-and-so’s “genitive-x”).

Question 7

Where in a sentence might the genitive case noun fall?

Answer 7

Usually it follows the noun it modifies/limits/specifies/clarifies.

Question 8

For what purpose is the Dative Case used?

Answer 8

It is used to mark the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb. It is the case of the Indirect Object.

Question 9

What is usually provided in translating the Dative case into English?

Answer 9

Usually “To” or “for” are supplied in translating into English.

Question 10

For what purpose is the Accusative Case used?

Answer 10

It is used to indicated the Direct Object of the verb, the person or thing directly affected by the verb’s action.

Question 11

For what other purpose can the Accusative Case be used?

Answer 11

It can also be used for nouns that are the object of a preposition, with certain (not all) prepositions. (Ex. AD, toward/at; IN, into; POST, after, behind).

Question 12

What is a Preposition?

Answer 12

A word placed before a noun or pronoun (it’s object) forming with that object a prepositional phrase.

Question 13

What does a prepositional phrase do?

Answer 13

It modifies either a noun or a verb. If a noun, it is considered “adjectival”; if a verb, “adverbial”.

Question 14

With what two cases are most prepositions used?

Answer 14

They are used with the Ablative case or the Accusative case; a few can take both cases but with different shades of meaning.

Question 15

For what purpose is the Ablative Case used?

Answer 15

It is used to modify, or limit, the verb by such ideas as “means” (“by/with what”), “agent” (“by whom”), “accompaniment” (“with whom”), “manner” (“how”), “place” (“where/from which”), “time” (“when/within which”).

Question 16

List again six ideas that the Ablative Case is used to modify verbs.

Answer 16

1. Means, 2. Agent, 3. Accompaniment, 4. Manner, 5. Place, 6. Time.

Question 17

What is the Ablative Case often employed as?

Answer 17

It is often employed as the object of a preposition. Therefore, when a preposition is NOT used (but the ablative is), it may be necessary to supply the “by,” “with,” or “from” that sets up the prepositional phrase.

Question 18

For what purpose is the Vocative Case used?

Answer 18

It is used to address or call on a person or thing directly.

Question 19

Name a common Interjection used with the Vocative Case.

Answer 19

“Ō”

Question 20

What are Interjections?

Answer 20

They are exclamatory words “thrown into” a sentence and expressing some emotion.

Question 21

What common modern punctuation accompanies the Vocative case?

Answer 21

Typically this case is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

Question 22

What is a modern term for the Vocative Case?

Answer 22

It is the noun/pronoun of Direct Address.

Question 23

What is a Declension?

Answer 23

It is the listing of all the cases of a noun or adjective. It comes from dēclīnāre, to change the direction or form of something.

Question 24

How are nouns and adjectives Declined?

Answer 24

They are declined by adding endings to a base.

Question 25

How is the base of a noun found?

Answer 25

It is found by dropping the genitive ending of a noun (both nominative and genitive forms of nouns are provided in the dictionary entry).

Question 26

How is the base of an adjective found?

Answer 26

The surest way to find it is to drop the feminine ending (the masculine, feminine, and neuter form of adjectives are provided in the dictionary entry).

Question 27

What are typical English Articles that must be provided in translation?

Answer 27

“a,” “an,” and “the.”

Question 28

What is the gender of most First Declension nouns?

Answer 28

This declension of nouns are typically feminine in gender. (Still need to memorize a nouns gender).

Question 29

What are the singular endings of First Declension nouns and adjectives?

Answer 29

Nom    -a    (the (a) large gate)
Gen.   -ae   (of the large gate)
Dat.    -ae   (to/for the large gate)
Acc.   -am  (the large gate)
Abl.    -ā   (by/with/from, etc. the large gate)
Voc.   -a   (O large gate)

Question 30

What are the plural endings of First Declension nouns and adjectives?

Answer 30

Nom -ae (the large gates or large gates)
Gen. -ārum (of the large gates)
Dat. -īs (to/for the large gates)
Acc. -ās (the large gates)
Abl. -īs (by/with/from, etc. the large gates)
Voc. -ae (O large gates)

Question 31

In what three ways does a declined adjective agree with the noun it modifies?

Answer 31

It agrees with a declined noun in gender, number, and case.

Question 32

To what does number refer to?

Answer 32

Singular or plural.

Question 33

Will the adjective necessarily have the same ending to signify gender?

Answer 33

No. Adjectives have varying forms to agree with a particular noun’s gender. (It must agree in gender, but the form of the ending may look different).

Question 34

What happens when an adjective modifies more than one noun in terms of gender?

Answer 34

It will usually agree in gender with the nearest one, though sometimes the masculine predominates.

Question 35

Where are adjectives usually placed?

Answer 35

Usually, they are next to the noun modified (except sometimes in poetry). Usually, they follow the noun (exceptions, see next card).

Question 36

When might an adjective precede the noun(s) it modifies?

Answer 36

Adjectives denoting size or number, as well as demonstratives (HIC, this; ILLE, that); also adjectives which the speaker or writer wishes to emphasize.

Question 37

To what does Morphology refer?

Answer 37

This refers to the form of words, such as verb conjugations and noun-adjective declensions.

Question 38

To what does Syntax refer?

Answer 38

This refers to the arrangement and interrelation of words to form meaningful phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Question 39

How do you describe the syntax of a given noun or adjective?

Answer 39

You state its form (Form), the word on which it most closely depends (Dependence), and the reason for the form (ie, it’s grammatical Use or Function in the sentence).

Question 40

What is a Conjunction?

Answer 40

It connects two or more elements, such as two nouns or two clauses.

Question 41

What is a Coordinating Conjunction?

Answer 41

It is a conjunction that connects equivalent elements.

Question 42

What is a Subordinating Conjunction?

Answer 42

It is a conjunction that introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause and connects it with a main (independent) clause.