Wheelock Ch 02 Grammar Flashcards
First Declension Nouns and Adjectives; Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections.
What do the inflections of noun endings do?
They help one identify if the noun functions as the subject or object of a verb, whether it indicates possession, etc.
What are the inflected forms of nouns called?
Cases.
For what purpose is the Nominative Case used?
It indicates the subject of a finite verb.
When might one see/use a Predicate Nominative?
It is used with forms of to be (sum, ease) and other linking verbs. (ie, Puella est poēta, the girl is a poet).
For what purpose is the Genitive Case used?
It is used for nouns that modify (or limits/specifies/clarifies) another noun.
What is a common idea expressed by the genitive case?
It often indicates possession (ie, the genitive-x “of” so-and-so) or ( so-and-so’s “genitive-x”).
Where in a sentence might the genitive case noun fall?
Usually it follows the noun it modifies/limits/specifies/clarifies.
For what purpose is the Dative Case used?
It is used to mark the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb. It is the case of the Indirect Object.
What is usually provided in translating the Dative case into English?
Usually “To” or “for” are supplied in translating into English.
For what purpose is the Accusative Case used?
It is used to indicated the Direct Object of the verb, the person or thing directly affected by the verb’s action.
For what other purpose can the Accusative Case be used?
It can also be used for nouns that are the object of a preposition, with certain (not all) prepositions. (Ex. AD, toward/at; IN, into; POST, after, behind).
What is a Preposition?
A word placed before a noun or pronoun (it’s object) forming with that object a prepositional phrase.
What does a prepositional phrase do?
It modifies either a noun or a verb. If a noun, it is considered “adjectival”; if a verb, “adverbial”.
With what two cases are most prepositions used?
They are used with the Ablative case or the Accusative case; a few can take both cases but with different shades of meaning.
For what purpose is the Ablative Case used?
It is used to modify, or limit, the verb by such ideas as “means” (“by/with what”), “agent” (“by whom”), “accompaniment” (“with whom”), “manner” (“how”), “place” (“where/from which”), “time” (“when/within which”).
List again six ideas that the Ablative Case is used to modify verbs.
- Means, 2. Agent, 3. Accompaniment, 4. Manner, 5. Place, 6. Time.
What is the Ablative Case often employed as?
It is often employed as the object of a preposition. Therefore, when a preposition is NOT used (but the ablative is), it may be necessary to supply the “by,” “with,” or “from” that sets up the prepositional phrase.
For what purpose is the Vocative Case used?
It is used to address or call on a person or thing directly.
Name a common Interjection used with the Vocative Case.
“Ō”
What are Interjections?
They are exclamatory words “thrown into” a sentence and expressing some emotion.
What common modern punctuation accompanies the Vocative case?
Typically this case is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.
What is a modern term for the Vocative Case?
It is the noun/pronoun of Direct Address.
What is a Declension?
It is the listing of all the cases of a noun or adjective. It comes from dēclīnāre, to change the direction or form of something.
How are nouns and adjectives Declined?
They are declined by adding endings to a base.
