What is science Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A

A set of methods used to collect information about phenomena in a particular area of interest
–> science is a diverse activity involving a diverse group of people doing a wide rande of things

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2
Q

Psychology as a science

A

the science of behaviour and mental processes

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3
Q

Basic research

A

Goal is to acquire general information about a phenomenon with little emphasis on application to real-world examples

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4
Q

Applied research

A

Goal to generate information that can be applied directly to a real-world problem

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5
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The human tendency to seek out information that confirms what is already believed

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6
Q

Analogy of Caldini (1994)

A

Science is like a hunting trip

  1. scouting the reasearch field
  2. trapping - finding factors to study and doing so
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7
Q

Protoscience

A

Science on the edge of current scientific understanding

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8
Q

Non science

A

Applies systematic techniques to the acquisition of information, but lacks empirical tests

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9
Q

Pseudoscience

A

A set of ideas based on theories put forth as scientific when they are not scientific

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10
Q

Scientific explanations need to be

A
  1. Empirical
  2. Rational
  3. Testable
  4. Parsimonious
  5. General
  6. Tentative/Falsifiable
  7. Rigorously evaluated
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11
Q

Common-sense Explanations

A

Explanations based on our own sens of what is true about thhe world around us

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12
Q

Belief based explanations

A

Explanations based on beliefs from individuals or groups (trough indoctrination, upbringing or personal need)

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13
Q

Method of Authority

A

using expert sources (books or people) you consider authoritative –> useful in the early stages of acquiring knowledge

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14
Q

The rational method

A

depends on logical reasoning

–> Logically deduced conclusions from self-evident truths

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15
Q

The scientific Method

A

Four cyclical steps to the solution of a scientific problem:

  1. observing a phenomenon
  2. formulating tentative explanations (hypothesis)
  3. further observing and experimenting
  4. refining and retesting explanations
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16
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Moves from generalized premise that is known to be true, to a true specific conclusion
–> top down reasoning

17
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Moves from specific instances to a generalized conclusion

–> bottom up reasoning

18
Q

Steps of the research process

A
  1. developing a research idea and hypothesis
  2. choosing a research design
  3. choosing subjects
  4. deciding on what to observe and appropriate measures
  5. conducting your study
  6. analyzing your results
  7. reporting the results
  8. starting the whole process over again
19
Q

Theory

A

a plausible or scientifically acceptable, well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world; an organized system of accepted knowledge that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a specific set of phenomena and predict the characteristics of as yet unobserved phenomena

20
Q

Hypothesis

A

tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. Must be posed in a form that allows to be rejected

21
Q

roles of theories in science

A

-understanding
prediction
-organizing and interpreting research results
-generating research

22
Q

why use Deception in research

A

used because in some cases full disclosure of the study would invalidate the findings

23
Q

Different types of deception

A
  1. active deception
  2. passive deception
    - -> intentional deception
  3. nonintentional deception - not fully disclosing all information
24
Q

When is it allowed to use deception

A

○ Study´s scientific, educational, or applied value
○ No harm comes to the participant
○ No other available options
○ Participants are provided with an explanation for deception asap

25
Q

reputational spillover effect

A

effect caused by deception in research, when the participant develops a negative attitude towards research and psychology as a whole

26
Q

Debriefing

A

Technique used to inform participants of the deception asap

–> Goal: to restore the participants trust and self-esteem and to make them less suspicious of other research

27
Q

examples of non ethical research

A
  1. John Watson & little Albert
    - -> Study to determine if emotional responses could be learned
  2. Fear or Anger by Albert Ax
    - -> Each emotion unique physiological response or common physiological response
28
Q

APA ethical guidelines

A

American psychological association

–> specifies ethical responsibilities of psychologists and code of conduct

29
Q

What constitutes Research Misconduct

A
  1. Data fabrication - making up data or results and reporting on them
  2. Falsification - manipulating research materials, equipment or processes or changing/omitting data
  3. Plagiarism - appropriation of another person´s ideas, processes, results or words without giving apporpriate credit
30
Q

How to make science ethical

A
  • grant review process
  • peer review
  • Replication of your results