Making systematic observations and asking questions Flashcards
Behavioural Measure
recording actual behaviour of subjects
- frequency
- latency (time taken to respond)
- number of errors
Physiological measure
a participants bodily functions
self-report measures
common form: rating scale
–> likert scale
(ordinal measure)
Implicit measures
measure unconcious responses
Reliability of a measure
the abiity to produce similar results when repeated
–> more variability - less reliability
margin of error
the likely variation from samle to samle
interrater-reliability
the degree of agreement between multiple observers
test-retest reliability
administering the same test twice, separated by a long interval of time
Parallel-forms reliability
form of test used on first administration, replaced on second administration by parallel form
Split-half reliability
two paralell forms in a single test
–> they are separated and scored individually
Accuracy of a measure
measure that produces results that agree with a known standard
Validity of a measure
the extend to which a measure measures what you intend to measure
Face validity
how well a measurment instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure
Content validity
how adequately an instrumet/test measures a theoretical construct
Criterion-related validity
how adequately a test score can be used to predict an individual´s value on some criterion measure
- concurrent validity - if scores on a test are collected at the same time
- predictive validity - comparing scores on a test with the value of criterion measure observed at a later time
construct validity
e.g. is a test constructed in a way that it successfully tests what it is supposed to measure
range effects
occur when values of a variable have a upper or lower limit
- ceiling effect, a lot of cases have a very high score
- floor effect, a lot of cases have a very low score
role attitude cues
signal to a participant that a change in attitude is needed to conform to his/her new role as research participants
- cooperative attitude - strong desire to please experimenter
- apprehensive attitude - worrying what will happen
- negative attitude - participant tries to ruinn experiment
experimenter bias
the behaviour of the experimenter influences the results of the experiment
Single-blind technique
the experimenter doesn´t know which experimental condition a subject has been assigned to
- to reduce experimenter bias
double-blind technique
neither experimenter nor participants know which treatments the participants are receiving
- to reduce experimenter bias
Correlational (non-experimental) research
observing variables in nature, without manipulation
experimental research
manipulating variables
quantitative data
data yeilded by conting and quantifying behaviour; numerical