Making systematic observations and asking questions

Question 1

Behavioural Measure

Answer 1

recording actual behaviour of subjects

1. frequency
2. latency (time taken to respond)
3. number of errors

Question 2

Physiological measure

Answer 2

a participants bodily functions

Question 3

self-report measures

Answer 3

common form: rating scale
–> likert scale
(ordinal measure)

Question 4

Implicit measures

Answer 4

measure unconcious responses

Question 5

Reliability of a measure

Answer 5

the abiity to produce similar results when repeated

–> more variability - less reliability

Question 6

margin of error

Answer 6

the likely variation from samle to samle

Question 7

interrater-reliability

Answer 7

the degree of agreement between multiple observers

Question 8

test-retest reliability

Answer 8

administering the same test twice, separated by a long interval of time

Question 9

Parallel-forms reliability

Answer 9

form of test used on first administration, replaced on second administration by parallel form

Question 10

Split-half reliability

Answer 10

two paralell forms in a single test

–> they are separated and scored individually

Question 11

Accuracy of a measure

Answer 11

measure that produces results that agree with a known standard

Question 12

Validity of a measure

Answer 12

the extend to which a measure measures what you intend to measure

Question 13

Face validity

Answer 13

how well a measurment instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure

Question 14

Content validity

Answer 14

how adequately an instrumet/test measures a theoretical construct

Question 15

Criterion-related validity

Answer 15

how adequately a test score can be used to predict an individual´s value on some criterion measure

1. concurrent validity - if scores on a test are collected at the same time
2. predictive validity - comparing scores on a test with the value of criterion measure observed at a later time

Question 16

construct validity

Answer 16

e.g. is a test constructed in a way that it successfully tests what it is supposed to measure

Question 17

range effects

Answer 17

occur when values of a variable have a upper or lower limit

• ceiling effect, a lot of cases have a very high score
• floor effect, a lot of cases have a very low score

Question 18

role attitude cues

Answer 18

signal to a participant that a change in attitude is needed to conform to his/her new role as research participants

1. cooperative attitude - strong desire to please experimenter
2. apprehensive attitude - worrying what will happen
3. negative attitude - participant tries to ruinn experiment

Question 19

experimenter bias

Answer 19

the behaviour of the experimenter influences the results of the experiment

Question 20

Single-blind technique

Answer 20

the experimenter doesn´t know which experimental condition a subject has been assigned to
- to reduce experimenter bias

Question 21

double-blind technique

Answer 21

neither experimenter nor participants know which treatments the participants are receiving
- to reduce experimenter bias

Question 22

Correlational (non-experimental) research

Answer 22

observing variables in nature, without manipulation

Question 23

experimental research

Answer 23

manipulating variables

Question 24

quantitative data

Answer 24

data yeilded by conting and quantifying behaviour; numerical

Question 25

qualitative data

Answer 25

written records of observed behaviour; analyze qualitatively

Question 26

frequency method

Answer 26

record the number of times a particular behaviour occurs

Question 27

duration method

Answer 27

how long a particular behaviour lasts

Question 28

intervals method

Answer 28

divide observation period into discrete time intervals, record whether behavior occurs within each interval

Question 29

Ethnography

Answer 29

researcher becomes immersed in behavioural or social system being studied

Question 30

participant observation

–> ethnography

Answer 30

acting as functioning member of a group (covertly)

Question 31

nonparticipant observation

–> ethnography

Answer 31

observer as nonmember of the group (ovetly)

Question 32

Sociometry

Answer 32

identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group

Question 33

Case History

Answer 33

descriptive technique
–> observation on a single case
(no experimental design)

Question 34

Archival research

Answer 34

involves studying existing records

–> purely descriptive

Question 35

Content analysis

Answer 35

Use when you want to analyze written or spoken record for occurrence of specific categories or events, items, or behavior
–> only yields qualitative data

Question 36

qustionnaire items: Open-Ended Items

Answer 36

allow participants to respond in their own words

–> restricted items, but provided with an additional “other” category

Question 37

questionnaire items: Restricted Items

Answer 37

provide a limited number of specific response alternatives

–> controls participant’s range of responses

Question 38

questionnaire items: partially open-ended items

Answer 38

restricted items, but provided with an additional “other” category
–> gives opportunity to give an answer not listed

Question 39

questionnaire items: rating scales

Answer 39

like likert scale

–> provides a graded response

Question 40

non-response bias

Answer 40

large proportion of participants fail to complete and return the questionnaire