Making systematic observations and asking questions Flashcards

1
Q

Behavioural Measure

A

recording actual behaviour of subjects

  1. frequency
  2. latency (time taken to respond)
  3. number of errors
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2
Q

Physiological measure

A

a participants bodily functions

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3
Q

self-report measures

A

common form: rating scale
–> likert scale
(ordinal measure)

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4
Q

Implicit measures

A

measure unconcious responses

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5
Q

Reliability of a measure

A

the abiity to produce similar results when repeated

–> more variability - less reliability

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6
Q

margin of error

A

the likely variation from samle to samle

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7
Q

interrater-reliability

A

the degree of agreement between multiple observers

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8
Q

test-retest reliability

A

administering the same test twice, separated by a long interval of time

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9
Q

Parallel-forms reliability

A

form of test used on first administration, replaced on second administration by parallel form

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10
Q

Split-half reliability

A

two paralell forms in a single test

–> they are separated and scored individually

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11
Q

Accuracy of a measure

A

measure that produces results that agree with a known standard

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12
Q

Validity of a measure

A

the extend to which a measure measures what you intend to measure

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13
Q

Face validity

A

how well a measurment instrument appears to measure what it is designed to measure

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14
Q

Content validity

A

how adequately an instrumet/test measures a theoretical construct

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15
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

how adequately a test score can be used to predict an individual´s value on some criterion measure

  1. concurrent validity - if scores on a test are collected at the same time
  2. predictive validity - comparing scores on a test with the value of criterion measure observed at a later time
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16
Q

construct validity

A

e.g. is a test constructed in a way that it successfully tests what it is supposed to measure

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17
Q

range effects

A

occur when values of a variable have a upper or lower limit

  • ceiling effect, a lot of cases have a very high score
  • floor effect, a lot of cases have a very low score
18
Q

role attitude cues

A

signal to a participant that a change in attitude is needed to conform to his/her new role as research participants

  1. cooperative attitude - strong desire to please experimenter
  2. apprehensive attitude - worrying what will happen
  3. negative attitude - participant tries to ruinn experiment
19
Q

experimenter bias

A

the behaviour of the experimenter influences the results of the experiment

20
Q

Single-blind technique

A

the experimenter doesn´t know which experimental condition a subject has been assigned to
- to reduce experimenter bias

21
Q

double-blind technique

A

neither experimenter nor participants know which treatments the participants are receiving
- to reduce experimenter bias

22
Q

Correlational (non-experimental) research

A

observing variables in nature, without manipulation

23
Q

experimental research

A

manipulating variables

24
Q

quantitative data

A

data yeilded by conting and quantifying behaviour; numerical

25
qualitative data
written records of observed behaviour; analyze qualitatively
26
frequency method
record the number of times a particular behaviour occurs
27
duration method
how long a particular behaviour lasts
28
intervals method
divide observation period into discrete time intervals, record whether behavior occurs within each interval
29
Ethnography
researcher becomes immersed in behavioural or social system being studied
30
participant observation | --> ethnography
acting as functioning member of a group (covertly)
31
nonparticipant observation | --> ethnography
observer as nonmember of the group (ovetly)
32
Sociometry
identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group
33
Case History
descriptive technique --> observation on a single case (no experimental design)
34
Archival research
involves studying existing records | --> purely descriptive
35
Content analysis
Use when you want to analyze written or spoken record for occurrence of specific categories or events, items, or behavior --> only yields qualitative data
36
qustionnaire items: Open-Ended Items
allow participants to respond in their own words | --> restricted items, but provided with an additional “other” category
37
questionnaire items: Restricted Items
provide a limited number of specific response alternatives | --> controls participant’s range of responses
38
questionnaire items: partially open-ended items
restricted items, but provided with an additional “other” category --> gives opportunity to give an answer not listed
39
questionnaire items: rating scales
like likert scale | --> provides a graded response
40
non-response bias
large proportion of participants fail to complete and return the questionnaire