What is OBHR?

Question 1

What is job performance?

Answer 1

Behaviour associated with fulfilling the formal duties and responsibilities of one’s job; that is, those duties and responsibilities in one’s job description or employment contract. In these documents, duties and responsibilities are phrased as verbs (i.e. as behaviours) and listed from most important to least important.

Question 2

How do we measure job performance to know if a person is carrying out this behaviour well or poorly?

Answer 2

job performance is formally measured during a performance appraisal in which an employee’s achievement of each of his/her duties and responsibilities is rated and a final overall score is calculated.

Question 3

The ratings and score from job performance appraisals are used to make two major types of decisions:

Answer 3

1 - Administrative decisions: For example, deciding to give an employee full-time employment from part-time employment (or vice versa), permanent employment from contract employment (or vice versa), a bonus, a raise, a promotion, a demotion, or a transfer

2- Developmental decisions: For example, deciding to give an employee more training to better perform one or more of his/her duties and responsibilities

Question 4

What are the four types of roles in an organizational chart?

Answer 4

• Supervisor
• Employee
• Coworkers
• Subordinates

Question 5

What’s a traditional performance appraisal?

Answer 5

In a traditional performance appraisal, an employee’s job performance is rated by his/her supervisor.

Question 6

Describe a 360-degree performance appraisal.

Answer 6

An employee’s job performance is rated by

• himself/herself (called self-appraisal)
• the people around him/her (i.e. 360-degrees) such as
  his/her coworkers (called peer appraisal)
• his/her subordinates (called upward appraisal)
• and his/her supervisor (called downward
  appraisal).

The scores from each are combined into one overall score.
Sometimes the scores are evenly weighted and sometimes they are not (e.g. it is common to give the supervisor’s score more weight).

• Can be accurate (diff POVs) or inaccurate (rating yourself/coworkers better)

Question 7

What are the four types of individual-level behaviour?

Answer 7

1. Job performance
2. Deviant behaviour
3. Withdrawal behaviour
4. Organizational citizenship behaviour

Question 8

What is deviant behaviour?

Answer 8

Deviant behaviour is
- voluntary behaviour
- violates significant organizational norms
- threatens the well-being of an organization, its
members, or both

Question 9

What are the two ranges of deviant behaviour?

Answer 9

• From minor to serious

- From interpersonal to organizational

Question 10

What are the four types of deviant behaviour?

Answer 10

1. Political Deviance
2. Personal Aggression
3. Production Deviance
4. Property Deviance

Question 11

Give examples of production deviance.

Answer 11

• leaving early
• taking excessive breaks
• Working slow on purpose
• wasting resources

Question 12

Give examples of personal aggression.

Answer 12

• sexual harassment
• verbal abuse
• stealing from coworkers
• endangering coworkers

Question 13

Give examples of political deviance.

Answer 13

• showing favouritism
• gossiping about coworkers
• blaming coworkers
• competing nonbeneficially

Question 14

Give examples of property deviance.

Answer 14

• sabotaging equipment
• accepting kickbacks
• lying about hours worked
• stealing from the company

Question 15

What are the three ways one can experience deviant behaviour?

Answer 15

1. Direct - Deviant behaviour is done to a person
2. Vicarious - A person witnesses/learns about deviant
   behaviour being done to someone else
3. Ambient - Person’s environment is deviant

Question 16

What are the major types of withdrawal behaviour?

Answer 16

• Absenteeism
• Lateness
• Turnover

Must be voluntary.

Question 17

What does the progressive model of withdrawal state?

Answer 17

States that the types of withdrawal are related to each other and in the following way:
Lateness leads to absenteeism which leads to turnover.

Question 18

What does the independent model of withdrawal state?

Answer 18

States that the types of withdrawal are not related to each other.

Question 19

What are the seven ways employees can exercise turnover?

Answer 19

1. By the book.
2. Perfunctory.
3. Grateful goodbye.
4. In the loop.
5. Impulsive quitting.
6. Bridge burning.
7. Avoidant.

Question 20

What is Organizational citizenship behaviour?

Answer 20

Going above and beyond one’s job performance; that is, going above and beyond one’s formal duties and responsibilities.

• Discretionary (i.e. not required by a job because then
  it would be job performance).
• Not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal
  reward system (i.e. no clear, connected reward e.g. I
  do and therefore I get).
• Promotes the efficient and effective functioning of the
  organization (i.e. benefits the organization).

Question 21

What are the 5 types of organizational citizenship behaviour?

Answer 21

1. Conscientiousness
2. Sportsmanship
3. Civic virtue
4. Courtesy
5. Altruism

Podsakoff et al. (1990) developed scales to measure each type.

Question 22

What is Conscientiousness?

What are some questions asked?

Answer 22

Conscientiousness is discretionary behaviours on the part of the employee that goes well beyond the minimum role requirements of the organization in the areas of attendance, obeying rules and regulations, taking breaks, and so forth.

1. My attendance at work is above the norm.
2. I do not take extra breaks.
3. I obey company rules and regulations even when no one is watching.
4. I am one of the most conscientious employees.
5. I believe in giving an honest day’s work for an honest day’s pay.

Question 23

What is sportsmanship?

What are some questions asked?

Answer 23

Sportsmanship is the willingness of the employee to tolerate less than ideal circumstances without complaining– to “avoid complaining, petty grievances, railing against real or imagined slights, and making federal cases out of small potatoes”.

Question 24

What is civic virtue?

Answer 24

Civic virtue is behaviour on the part of an individual that indicates he/she responsibly participates in, is involved in, or is concerned about the life of the company

Question 25

What is courtesy?

Answer 25

Courtesy is discretionary behaviour on the part of an individual aimed at preventing work‐related problems with others from occurring.

Question 26

What is altruism?

Answer 26

Altruism is discretionary behaviours that have the effect of helping a specific other person with an organizationally relevant task or problem