What is Developmental Biology - Lecture 17 Flashcards
What is a protostome?
Mouth forms first
What is a deuterostome?
Mouth forms second
What is dictyosteliium discoidum?
○ A single cell organism
○ Can live by itself or in a colony
What are the advantages of using dictyosteliium discoidum as a model organism?
○ Chemotaxis: movement in response to a stimulus e.g. cAMP
○ Good genetics
○ Multicellularity
○ Good imaging
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis: can incorporate DNA into it
○ Social behaviour: cheating and altruism
What is hydra?
○ Type of metazoan (animal)
○ Jelly-fish looking
What are the advantages of using hydra as a model organism?
○ Small, easy to grow
○ Sexual and asexual reproduction
○ High regenerative capacity
○ Radial symmetry
○ Dipoblastic (two types of cells): ectoderm and endoderm
What is planaria?
Flatworms
What are the advantages of using planaria as a model organism?
○ Has adult stem cells (pluripotent)
○ Sexual and asexual reproduction
○ High regenerative capacity
○ RNAi knockdown technology
○ Bilateral symmetry
○ Tripoblastic (three cell types): ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
What is caenorhabditis elgans?
Roundworms
What are the advantages of using caenorhabditis elgans as a model organism?
○ Short generation time
○ Sexual and self-reproduction: males and hermaphrodotes (self-fertilised)
○ Genetics and transgenesis
○ RNAi knockdown technology
○ Sequenced genome
○ Can study ageing
○ Lineage of all cells known
○ Imaging
What is drosophila melanogaster?
Fruit flies
What are the advantages of using drosophila melanogaster as a model organism?
○ Short generation time
○ Genetics
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis
○ Imaging
What is parhyale hawaiensis?
An amphipod crustacean (mini lobster)
What are the advantages of using parhyale hawaiensis as a model organism?
○ Short generation time
○ Genetics
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis
○ Imaging
○ Adult appendage/limb regeneration
What is strongylocentrotus purpuratus?
Sea urchins
What are the advantages of using strongylocentrotus purpuratus as a model organism?
○ Imaging
○ Transparent embryos: similar fertilisation to humans
○ Injection of nucleic acids
○ Basal deuterostome: echinodermata (spiky skin)
What are ciona intestinalis?
Vase tunicate
What are the advantages of using ciona intestinalis as a model organism?
○ Transgenesis
○ Genetics
○ Sequenced genome
○ Imaging
○ Basal chordate: urochordate
○ Have a notochord
What is brachiostoma ianceolatum?
Fish without a head
What are the advantages of using brachiostoma ianceolatum as a model organism?
○ Sequenced genome
○ Basal chordate: cephalochordate (notochord that goes all the way to its head)
What is danio rerio?
Zebrafish
What are the advantages of using denio rerio as a model organism?
○ Genetics
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis
○ Imaging
○ Transparent embryos
○ Regeneration capacity
○ External development
○ Vertebrate
What is a xenopus?
Frog
What are the advantages of using xenopus as a model organism?
○ Experimental embryology
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis
○ Imaging
○ Tetrapod: 2 pairs of limbs
○ Regeneration capacity
○ External development
○ Large number of embryos
What are the advantages of using newts and salamanders as model organisms?
○ Experimental embryology
○ High regeneration capacity in adults
○ External development
○ Sequenced genome
○ Transgenesis
○ Tetrapods
What is gallus gallus?
Chickens
What are the advantages of using gallus gallus as a model organism?
○ Transplatation experiements
○ Sequenced genome
○ Overexpression and knockdown experiments
○ Imaging
What is mus musculus?
Mouse
What are the advantages of using mus musculus as a model organism?
○ Strong genetics
○ Mammal
○ Sequenced genome
○ Pluripotent embryonic stem cells
What are the advantages of using homo sapiens as a model organism?
○ Genetics
○ Mammals
○ Sequenced genome
○ Induced pluripotent embryonic stem cell
