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Behavioral Neuroscience > What are parts of the nervous system? > Flashcards

What are parts of the nervous system? Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the Vascular System - Blood Supply

A

-Carotid arteries
-Circle of Willis
-The Blood Brain Barrier

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2
Q

Cartoid arteries

A

the major arteries to the brain

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3
Q

Circle of Willis

A

a structure formed by the major cerebral srteries

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4
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

the result of higher resistance in brain capillaries that restricts the passage of large molecules - the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are tightly bound

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5
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain

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6
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

clots or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain, causing it to die

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7
Q

Meninges

A

-Dura Mater (top layer)
-Arachnoid Mater (middle layer)
-Pia Mater (Inner layer)

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8
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

-filled with CSF
-the fluid-filled sac surrounding the brain helps to prevent the brain from

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9
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

-Line the meninges (wrappers surrounding
the nervous system)

-Form lining of ventricles
(fluid-filled spaces of the nervous system) – ependymal cells

-Secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

-a membrane lining the ventricles that produces cerebrospinal fluid

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11
Q

Nervous System Anatomy

A

-the nervous system is highly organized

-this is true at all levels - gross anatomy (that which you can see by eye) to the microscopic level

-the “parts” are important to us because structure = function in the nervous system
-concept of modularity

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12
Q

Directional and Planar Labels

A

-Horizontal plane: rostral (anterier) to caudal (posterior) cut

-Sagital plane: dorsal to ventral cut Cut the middle of the brain (seperate right and left)

-Coronal plane: dorsal to ventral cut (crown) (face vs back of head)

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13
Q

Direction & Flexure

A

-Anterior –> posterior: head vs feet

-Dorsal –> Ventral: back vs front of the body

-Rostral –> Caudal: front of the brain to the back of the brain

-Medial –> Lateral: middle of the body to the outside of the body

-Ipsilateral –> Contralateral: same side of the body vs opposite side of the body

-Distal –> Proximal: far vs close

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14
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and the spinal column

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15
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Autonomic nervous System

A

-Part of the PNS

-Involuntary

-Consists of many ganglia (bundles of neurons) distributed all over the body that somewhat independently influence visceral organs
–Sympathetic (fight or flight) (Norepinephrine)
–Parasympathetic (relax) (Acetylcholine)
–Enteric (gut/digestive control)

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17
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-Part of the PNS

-Voluntary

-Nerves from your sense organs
back to the CNS to feed your brain
information about what is going on
around your body

-Consists of nerves from the CNS to
the skeletal muscles allowing you to
move your body willingly

-nerves include axons traveling to the CNS from the ears, eyes, skin, tongue, nose, muscles, tendons, etc.

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18
Q

Central Nervous System (details)

A

-Spinal cord (tail/caudal) to brain (nose/rostral)

-Responsible for:
–Senses: sight (vision), hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), touch, taste
–Initiating movement of your muscles
–Attention, cognition, perception, thought, affect, mood

-Also responsible for other automatic life-essential function
–Breathing, hunger regulation, thermoregulation, pain regulation, circadian rhythm

-As you move from tail (caudal) to nose (rostral) of the CNS, functions carried out generally become less automatic and more complex

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19
Q

Parts of the Brain CNS

A

-Cerebral cortex
-Basal Ganglia
-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus
-Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla)
-Cerebellum

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20
Q

Parts of the Spinal Cord CNS

A

-Cervical (Neck)
-Thoracic (trunk)
-Lumbar (lower back)
-Sacral (pelvic)
-Coccygeal (bottom/tail bone)

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21
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

take informationmfrom the skin to the spinal cord; sensory

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22
Q

Ventral Root Ganglion

A

cell bodies are in the ventral horn and send axons to the effector muscles; make the muscle move; motor

23
Q

Sulcus

A

a groove in the cerebral cortex

24
Q

Gyrus

A

matter between two grooves/wrinkles

25
Q

Evolutionary trends

A

-the most complex behaviors an organism can do, the larger the brain is

26
Q

Gray Matter in the brain

A

contains cell bodies and dendrites, which lack myelin

27
Q

White matter in the brain

A

consists of axons with white myelin sheath

28
Q

Axon Tracts

A

-When lots of myelinated axons travel together, they appear white

-Multiple axons traveling together form a tract

-Cortical and subcortical regions communicate
with one another via these tracts

-Corpus collosum

29
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

axon tract that joins the two hemispheres

30
Q

The lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

31
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

divided into sensory, motor, and associative processing areas

32
Q

Sensory Processing Areas

A

-involved in processing sensory input. Receive strong input from sensory organs
–Primary sensory cortex
–Visual cortex
–Auditory cortex

33
Q

Motor Processing Areas

A

-involved in driving movements or generating motor responses. Makes strong connection to the spinal cord
–Primary motor cortex

34
Q

Associative Processing Areas

A

-involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing
stimuli and acting upon them
–Parietal lobe
–Temporal lobe
–Prefrontal cortex

35
Q

Associative Processing Areas

A

-involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing
stimuli and acting upon them
–Parietal lobe
–Temporal lobe
–Prefrontal cortex

36
Q

Homunculus

A

-Primary Motor Cortex: in front of the central sulcus
-Primary Sensory Cortex: behind the central sulcus

37
Q

Functional Neuroanatomy

A

-The cerebral cortex is made up of many
different sub-regions that have distinct
functions but have surprisingly similar
structure (cytoarchitecture)

-Cortical regions are largely defined by
what they are connected with and their
sub-regional cellular architecture

38
Q

Six Layers of the Cortex

A

-Cortical regions generally have six layers

-Layers 5 and 6 consist of pyramidal cells
= cells bodies of pyramidal neurons reside
here –> major output layers

-Apical (top) and basal (bottom) dendrites
receive information from layer 4  major
input layer

-Pyramidal neurons are projection cells
– project information to other cortical
and subcortical areas

39
Q

Internal Systems and Subcortical Regions

A

-Thalamus
-Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
-Cingulate Gyrus
-Amygdala
-Hippocampus
-Stria Terminalis
-Caudate
-Substantia Nigra

40
Q

Thalamus

A

major relay station for sensory information coming into cerebral cortex

41
Q

Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland

A

neurohormone center, biological rhythms, hunger/thirst, body temperature, sexual drive

42
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

attention

43
Q

Amygdala

A

fear processing, appetitive behavior, emotion “center”

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

learning and memory formtion

45
Q

Stria Terminalis

A

sex and threat responses; integration of hormonal signals; basal part of the stria terminalis is involved in appetitive behavior and emotion regulation

46
Q

Caudate

A

habit formation

47
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

consists of cell bodies of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine. Involved in
movement continuation

48
Q

Brainstem

A

-Midbrain, pons medulla

-Axons coming and going between spinal
cord and brain

-Controls head, eyes, gaze

-Autonomic / automatic functions

-Superior Colliculus

-Inferior Colliculus

49
Q

Superior Colliculius

A

visual information processing – particularly, processes gaze information

50
Q

Inferior Colliculus

A

auditory information processing

51
Q

Pons

A

attached to the cerebellum and contains motor control and sensory nuclei; gives rise to the cranial nerves

52
Q

Medulla

A

-contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord
–Involved in breathing and heartrate
regulation

53
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

-Bundles of axons

-Within a nerve, different
axons control sensory
and motor processing

54
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Fine motor control

-Gait, balance

-Muscle coordination

Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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