WHAP Quarter 3 Flashcards
Parliament gets its powers from this document written in 1215. The document also states that the king and his government were not exempt from the law.
Magna Carta
The king can call this group for a session. He usually does this to gain permission from the _____________ to raise taxes or change taxes in some way. It is (traditionally) required for the king to ask permission from them to change taxes; this leads into problems later on. In the Middle Ages it is split into the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
Parliament
A War in English fought in the 1640s between the Royalists (those who favored the king, Charles I at the time) and the Parliamentarians (those in support of the parliament getting more power). Parliamentarians would win but the struggle of power would continue on for many decades.
English Civil War
Also called the revolution of 1688. A revolution where King James II of England was overthrown by the Parliament due to political and religious conflicts; James had close ties with France, dislike of Parliament, and loyalty to Catholicism eventually resulted him being kicked from the throne.
Glorious Revolution
The concept that the government’s authority and control is determined by a written constitution. This is a way to limit the government’s powers.
Constitutionalism
Britain interacted and supervised the colonies to an extremely limited degree during the 18th century (it was going through revolutions and drastic change). During this time, the colonies develop their own forms of government and taxation systems. Trade regulations were minimal.
Salutary Neglect
Political system where a state is organized as a republic; people can vote for the leaders they want.
Republicanism
A war between France and Britain in North America. The conflict was primarily near the territories French and English colonies with aid from Native Americans on either side of battlefield. Although Britain does end up winning, the war put Britain in massive debt (because they stationed soldier in the colonies, turns out that’s pretty expensive) and they imposed taxes on the colonies to recover economically. The colonies were not massive fans of this and may or may not have started a revolution.
French and Indian/Seven Years War
Boston, the antitax protest hub of the colonies, was naturally subject to conflict as a result. English soldiers were placed in the city to keep the city in check. On March 5th 1770, American colonists agitated the soldiers (possibly) and they shot at them, killing 5 of them. One of the first violent sparks of the American Revolution.
Boston Massacre
Background: The East India Company (despite being richest company in the world at time) constantly asks the English government to place taxes on the colonies for tea (the company is in debt because of leveraging money). This is a monopoly for them.
On 16th December 1773, Americans throw tea out into the ocean in Boston as a type of revolt against the governments heavy taxing. The English government is furious because the tea is extremely valuable, so parliament responds by closing the Boston port. This makes the Americans angrier. A spark to the American Revolution.
Boston Tea Party
By around 1775, there were full fledged battles against the Americans and British. While these battles were going on, this organization was formed (May 1774) with intent to find out what needs to be done and what independence would look like. The organization also creates a coherent war plan; George Washington is elected as the military general. For a year, they Americans don’t fully know what exactly what they are fighting for. It is not until the second time this organization gets together that they make the Declaration of Independence do they know at they are fighting for.
Continental Congress (1st/2nd)
The Second Continental Congress made this document to announce their separation from Britain (July 4th 1776). This allowed the Americans to recognize what they were fighting for and establish national identity.
American Declaration of Independence
A compound system of government where the same territory can be controlled by 2 levels of government: a regional one and a general one (ex. state governments and the national government)
Federalism
This document guarantees 10 initial freedoms to Americans (out of a proposed 12). Shared many aspects with the English Bill of Rights.
American Bill of Rights
The term used to describe American mothers educating their sons about being good citizens and voting so that they grow up to be good American adults. Men thought why were being inclusive by allowing for women to do this because it was an important job.
Republican Motherhood
To solve the debate surrounding the representation of slaves in the House of Representatives (because slave states thought it was unfair for slaves to not count as citizens because they would get less representation), a settlement was made. Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person to make both slave and non-slave states happy.
Three-fifths compromise
The revolutionary urban poor of the French Revolution that fight to lower bread prices and take over the government. During the aftermath of the terror, these people still have the intent to take over the government since bread prices are high and they are generally unhappy. A standoff happens between them and the government leaders in which they lose and their leaders are executed (following this is the establishment of the directory).
sans-culottes
Accounted for about 26 million people in pre-revolution France. This section of population was made up two subsections:
- The Bourgeoise (2 mil): Rich business owners, doctors, landlords, etc. Often were part of guilds. They were unhappy that they were in the same section as the urban poor (see below) and therefore bought noble titles from the Second Estate. This was an economical oversight because this is a way to buy yourself out of taxes.
- The Urban Poor (24 mil): Barely scraping by and need to constantly find sources of income; doing some form of wage labor in urban cities. Spend 65% of their income just on food (because food costed a lot and because they were poor)
Third Estate
This city housed the place of King Louis XVI and the French Monarchy. This made the city the main hub of the French Revolution.
Versailles
After King Louis XVI was thrown out of authority, radical powers (Robespierre) took over. To ensure that the revolution went smoothly, people suspected of being against the revolution were executed. It was brutal that rivers were contaminated and there was a constant odor of blood. There was an excess amount of killing.; most of the people who die are in the Third Estate. Dechristianization is also occurring during this period of the revolution, but Robespierre is against it because it would mean the loss of control. In the end this government crumbles because it can’t keep executing people.
The Terror
People who are against the revolution and want to back to a status quo that once existed. For example, after the events of the French Revolutions, Royalists wanted to have a king rule again instead of the new system that had been adopted.
Reactionary
The Directory gives power to this man and they like him so much that they make him Emperor of France. A talented military mind and incredibly ambitious. He takes over a good potion of Europe (and other places with less success such as Egypt) and it extremely powerful because he has much of France supporting him. He still abides by the constitution because he is a French revolutionary and builds up a sense of nationalism for the people.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Revolutions created the sense of _______ which makes a region/country more coherent and connected. It is not so much connected to the government of a state as it is the absorption of language and culture.
An example of this is Napoleon Bonaparte naming himself the “Emperor of the French” and taking control of Europe alongside the state. The French feel a lot more unified because they have something in common. Even those who getting taken over develop a sense of French ______ because they are absorbing the language and culture.
Nation/Nationalism/Nationality
There are 28,000 of these people according to the 1789 Census. These are people of color or mixed race who are not enslaved. The mixed race people were generally pretty wealthy and often owned plantations and slaves of their own.
This is very much abnormal and unique to Haitian culture. When slave owner and their slaves have children, they usually become slaves or are not wealthy at all. In Haiti however, they are cared for and given property of their own.
Haiti still has many laws that heavily restrict their freedoms and are purposefully made to anger and embarrass them.
Gens de Couleur
Incredibly wealthy whites that owned plantations and thousands of slaves. They contrasted the the other part of the 31,000 whites, the Petit Blancs, who were barely afloat economically. This is really similar to how the Third Estate in France was split up.
Grand Blanc
The phrase that was initially used for the French Revolution that then had carried over to the people of Haiti. The French Revolution’s influence would inevitably reach its colonies.
The slaves used this phrase for the uprising and revolt to achieve liberty.
Gens De Couleur saw the opportunity to be racially accepted and eradicate the oppressive laws Haiti had.
Grand Blancs wanted interpreted this phrase as gaining independence (like the rich people in the United States had) and breaking the ties of mercantilism that suppressed them.
The phrase was being interpreted completely differently by all the people in Haiti and shows how they all had different goals in mind.
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
An ambitious (but not radical) military general that kicks out Spain and England who were trying to take over Haiti at the time. Makes no room for political competition. He abolishes slavery writes the Constitution in 1801. He wants to retain strong ties with France and not become independent nation. His vision is to retain the diversity and the status quo with the exception of slavery. He gets captured by Napoleon and dies in prison in France.
Toussaint Louverture
War from 1808 to 1814 that was fought on the Iberian Peninsula. Napoleon takes over Portugal and makes his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, the king of Spain. British forces make Napoleon withdraw his army from Spain after the British victory at the Battle of Victoria. The Spanish king, Ferdinand VII, is reinstalled (source: Britannica).
Peninsular War
Often considered the father of Mexican Independence. A priest who is well versed in Enlightenment ideas and connected with other Creoles. After the members of the Querétaro Conspiracy are caught and he isn’t, he starts the Mexican War of Independence. Since he has no military experience, the revolutionaries are swiftly stopped and he is arrested and executed.
Fr. Miguel Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang his church bell and gave the call to arms that triggered the Mexican War of Independence - Wikipedia
Start of the Mexican Revolution.
Grito de Dolores
Another Roman Catholic priest who led copycat revolutions after Fr. Miguel Hidalgo was executed, some of which were successful.
Fr. Jose Maria Morelos
Spain creates its own constitution (rip, it’s in the first 5 words) that make it a constitution monarchy. Since this is after Napoleon withdraws the French from Spain, the country gets their act together and can much easily stop revolutionaries in their colonies. They manage to kill Maria Morelos and slow down the revolution in Mexico because of this.
The constitution is also supposed to give more freedom to the colonies (to make revolutions less likely), but it’s not applied very well and there is still tensions between Spanish authority and colonial authority.
Spanish Constitution of 1812
Is in control of the Mexican revolutionaries when Iturbide and his army arrive in Mexico. He is interested in retaining the racial and social diversity of Mexico.
Vicente Guerrero
A political proposal leading to the establishment of a federal republic in Mexico - Encyclopedia.com
Instead of having Mexico be under the monarchy of Agustín de Iturbide, a republic would be formed.
Plan of Casa Mata
A slave revolt broke out in the city of Coro in Venezuela in May 10, 1795. Resulted in the destruction of many plantations. José Leonardo Chirino was the leader of this slave uprising. The revolt ended up failing.
Coro revolt
A Creoles that liked enlightenment ideas and is well educated and well-versed as a military leader. It is thought that he travelled to Europe and met Napoleon, which he was both inspired and repulsed from (could just be a myth).Comes from Venezuela but is involved in revolutions all across North and South America and is called “the Liberator”.
Simon Bolivar
Initially, South America tried to all combine into one nation built from many colonies much like the United States had. ____ _______ was formed with the intention to unify and expand as one state. Bolivar is the first president of this state. The state ended up breaking up; a common belief is that this was caused by regionalism.
Gran Colombia
Fundamental document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners. The rights given are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. Creates a government that is more responsive to the people, led to the the French Constitution which created a constitutional monarchy.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
The Carta de Jamaica was a document written by Simón Bolívar in Jamaica in 1815 for Henry Cullen (an Englishman who was interested with the Latin American revolutions that Bolivar led). In it he describes the dedication he has for the revolution and the success the Americas had in gaining liberty. He describes in the book that he wants Spanish South America to be one unified country.
Carta de Jamaica
