WHAP Quarter 1 Flashcards
Belief that ethics is about fulfilling the obligations for those above and below you in the in the social hierarchy (ex. filial piety). It values education, ethnocentrism, conservatism, and patriarchy
Confucianism
Respect and obedience for those who are older than you in your family
Filial Piety
The belief to act naturally and value nature. “Wu wei”, a central belief of this religion, means “action through inaction”.
Taoism
Metaphysical idea of the natural order in the universe; literally translates to “the way”
Tao
Enlightened Buddhists who do not go to paradise in order to help others achieve nirvana
Bodhisattva
A massive chuck of land admitted to a high position of authority
Empire
The ruler of the Caliphate. Controls both political and religious power. Thought to be the descendant of Mohammed.
Caliph
The empire that dominated the Middle East during the 1000’s. Incredibly influential: instated the Jizya tax and contained the House of Wisdom. However, it started to dwindle in size by the 1200’s because it simply had too much land to look after.
Abbasids
Muslim dominated areas
Dar al-Islam
Located in Baghdad. The biggest university in the world at the time. Sparked the Translation Movement.
House of Wisdom
An effort in the House of Wisdom to translate Greek texts into Arabic to gain their knowledge.
Translation Movement
Lased from 960 to 1279. During its time created many innovations such as the compass, paper, and gunpowder. It was largely Confucianism, but also coexisted with Taoism and Buddhism.
Song Dyansty
explosive power. goes boom. used by the Song Dynasty to create fireworks, but also some weapons for combat
Gunpowder
Artificial waterways to connect cities and people. Very important in Song Dynasty for trade. The Grand Canal was the most prominent; connected many major cities.
Canals
A new strain of rice that caused massive population increase in Song Dynasty (it did not come from there, however). A great export too.
Champa Rice
The _________________ established the idea that a ruler must be just to keep the approval of the gods. It was believed that natural disasters, famines, and astrological signs were signals that the emperor and the dynasty were losing the ____________. Credit: PBS.
Mandate of Heaven
An exam administrated by the Song Dynasty to find the top (Confucian) geniuses.
Imperial Examination System
Exemplars of the exam takers of the Imperial Examination. They now work in a position of authority.
Shi
A part of the royal court; meant to be a fully loyal companion to the king
Courtier
A bureaucratic advisor to the king
Vizier
Web of interactions between the Arab World, North Africa, Sub-Saharan, and Persian Gulf. A big part of these trade routes was gold and salt. Islam could be spread via Muslim merchants and camels were used to travel across the large and scarce desert.
Trans-Saharan/Gold Salt Trade Routes
A strong empire in Western Africa; it had many Mosques and universities. It was a huge contributor for gold and salt. Since those resources were valued, the empire flourished. Timbuktu, the capital, was known as the intellectual center of the world after the fall of the House of Wisdom.
Mali Empire
The king of the Mali Empire. He was incredibly rich because of the empire’s wealth in gold. Fun fact: when he made is pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), the places he stopped by would have so much gold dropped of that their whole economy would shift because of inflation.
Mansa Musa
Located in the Eastern coast of Africa. Attracted many Muslim merchants. Each city-state was governed by a king who would supervised trade. They spoke a Bantu-derived language.
Swahili city-states
A cultural phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa. The Bantu people moved out of their central African homeland to look for more farmland. As they migrated South, their culture and language spread. It would mix with Arabic in the Eastern coast to create the Swahili language.
Bantu migrations
This state engaged trade with the Swahili people and boasted a stone enclosure protecting large stone buildings and structure. Although not much is known about them, they were most likely farmers. They raised cattle and mined gold and copper. The people also hunted for ivory. They would then trade these goods to the city-state Kilwa. Received goods from China, South Asia, and the Middle East.
Great Zimbabwe
Any class of musician-entertainers of Western Africa whose performances include tribal history and genealogies. They essentially were storytellers that passed down history orally.
Griot
The story of creation through Mayan storytelling. Reflected Mayan culture with agriculture.
Popol Vuh
a claim that is historical
Historical Claim
When an aspect in society is constant throughout time.
Continuity
Political and historical processes of creation, stabilization, and sustainability
State-building
Actively looking for converts; trying to convert another to your own belief
Proselytize
Also known as the Angkor Kingdom, it was situated near the Mekong river (did not have to compete for its power). The empire had complex drainage and agricultural irrigation systems, which made it’s economy one of the best in SE Asia. Its temples had Hindu influence, but there was a clear transition to Buddhism, as depicted from its artwork.
Khmer Empire
When Islam forces captured Delhi and the Northern part of SE, the ______ was created. It reigned for 300 years, and some Hindus became Muslim, there was still a retaliation from them to their conquerors. Hindus hated it because of the Jizya tax, and since the empire had trouble enforcing policies, they eventually lost power to the Mughals.
Delhi Sultanate
Revolution started by Hindu Saints to bring religious reforms by adopting the idea of devotion leading to salvation.
Bhakti Movement
An Islamic belief and practice in which Muslims seek to find the truth of divine knowledge through an experience with god.
Sufi
A religious way of life; devote oneself to spiritual work (ex. Monks and Nuns)
Monasticism
A network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Credit: HISTORY.
Silk Road
Consists of a group of merchants that travel for safety in numbers. Provides protection against the environment and bandits/thieves.
Caravan
These were placed along the Silk Road so merchants in caravans could rest and trade. They were approx. 100 miles away from each other.
Caravanserai
Traveled along and between the silk roads. They traveled because they depended on their cattles. Stole from merchants who were traveling.
Nomadic Pastoralist
The territory ruled by a Khan (king, Mongolian). Examples include the Il-Khanate and the Golden Horde
Khanate
First khan of the Mongol empire B)
Genghis Khan
A strong siege weapon used by the Mongols to break down the walls of cities.
Trebuchet
Describes a time of peace and stability during the Eurasian Mongol rule. The Silk Road, a previously harsh route, became safer and better because it all fell under the singular rule. A passport system was instated to create regulation and made trading optimal.
Pax Mongolica
Military and administrative foundations for the Mongols to use to create stability; meant to create peace when expanding the empire. Determines the power of the rulers and allows for religious tolerance.
Yassa
A postal system used by the Mongols along the silk road. It was created to speed up the process of sending messages/packages across the empire.
Yam System
the epic ruler of the yuan dynasty
Kublai Khan
The Dynasty after the Song and preceding the Ming. It was controlled by the Mongols and became a lot more diverse as an effect (while the Dynasty lasted).
Yuan Dynasty
The empire where the Mongols conquered the Turkish. Timur-lane was the ruler of this empire, and his rule was renowned for the revival of artistic and intellectual life in the reigion.
Timurid Empire
No political or economic consistency in a region; broken up. Usually backed up by local authority like in Europe.
Decentralization
A system where peasants (agricultural workers) in medieval Europe were dependent on the land they were in, along with the owner of the land; local authority.
Manorialism
A social system where the king grants land and protection in exchange for military service via vassals. These vassals would gain titles and own land, which would come with serfs.
Feudalism
Focused on law, logic, and central authority of the Pope. The Pope would influence not only religion but also politics. Basically, the branch of Christianity that had massive trust and respect for the Pope.
Roman Catholic Church
This branch of Christianity was found more in the Eastern regions of Europe. It did not have as much trust in the pope and believed that there should be mystery in faith and governance through consensus.
Eastern Orthodox Church
The military campaigns by the Roman Catholics to seize Jeuralism… which all failed. They only saw temporary success and decided to steal from Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire in one of these campaigns. However, it jumpstarted the connection between Europe and Asia.
Crusades
Central Mexico to upper parts of Central America. Populated by the Mayans, Aztecs, and more.
Mesoamerica
Cities that shared the Mayan culture but were independent of each other. Located near or on trade routes and good farmland.
Mayan City-States
Proof that the Mayans were incredibly advanced in math and science. This calendar system was incredibly accurate, more so than the ones found in Afroeurasia during the same time period.
Mayan Calander
Another word for the Aztecs. These were hunter-gatherers who migrated to Mexico.
Mexica
The capital of the Aztecs that was founded in 1325. In the middle of the swampy lake, it had great defense and agriculture. Grew up to 200,000 people, making it one of the most populous cities at the time.
Tenochtitlan
The Mexica built these gloating gardens to increase the amount of space for food production.
Chinampa
A state subordinate to a more powerful neighboring state that sends taxes or regular gifts to show submission to the superior states. The Incas and Aztecs used these for their distinct purposes.
Tributary States
Founded by Pachacuti, the “shaker”. His military victories allowed his cities to combine into one state. Called the “People of the Sun”.
Inca
Mandatory service the Inca had to do. For men, this could be building up infrastructure or agricultural work, for women it mainly meant making baskets.
Mit’a
Agriculture on the sides of mountains for farming. Required a lot of labor but also supported the population well.
Andenes
Incas made roads for traveling along the Andes. Used for trade and messaging, surprisingly well made.
Royal Roads
