Wh Flashcards
How napolean upheld the ideas of revolution
- Napoleanic code - merit based
- Tax to all
- Millitary school
- Seperate church
- Ideas of nationalism
feudalism
1. rise
2. positive
3. negative
4. how fell
Feudalism was the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units.
Rise: large empire- lack of means of transport and comm, diversity, centralized army- payment aand coup
negative- stratification- land owner & tenant (b4 that all king), peasant exploitation, internal strife- sometimes vassal rebel against king, slavery, absentee landlordism
positive- decentraization- better access to lords, agri input, despotic tendancy of king in check, contuity in case of change in dynasty, non royal lineage, developmental administration in their region
what led to the decline of feudalism
- modern war needed professional army-
- gun powder- now king dont need assistance of feudals
- civilian bureaucratic administrartion
- rennaissance- unsuitable
- agri economy to trade and commerce based
- bubonic plague- people scarce, land abundant
so by 15 AD declined. FR an also sefdom abolished in 1851
define rennaisance
14th to 17th . began as a desire to revamp the classical period of roman history which later evolved as intellectual revolution with deep focus on rationalism, scientism and empiricism
features of rennaisance movement
- more focus on humanism, material pleasure and worldly pursuits
ex: For example, the Italian poet Petrarch is considered one of the earliest humanists who championed the study of classical literature and philosophy. - Secularism: challenged old beliefs of the church. ex: example of secular art is Leonardo da Vinci’s “Mona Lisa,” which portrays a worldly figure rather than a religious icon.
- Revival of Classical Knowledge: translate classical texts, particularly those from ancient Greece and Rome.
ex: Italian philosopher Marsilio Ficino, who translated and popularized the works of Plato in the 15th century. - Artistic Innovation: techniques like perspective, shading, and anatomical accuracy
example is Michelangelo’s ceiling frescoes in the Sistine Chapel - Scientific Exploration: Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model of the universe, proposing the heliocentric model instead.
- Patronage of the Arts:: Medici family in Florence, who supported artists like Botticelli and Michelangelo.
- Spread of Ideas and Information: The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century
- eventually led to the growth of capitalism and industrial revolution
why ren began in italy
- fall of constantinolole in 1415- exodus of intellegentia
- medici family
- pope wanted to revive the golden era of roman empire
- ruins of old civilization
how rennaisance and reformation gave impetus to IR
While the Renaissance sparked intellectual and cultural changes, the Reformation challenged religious authority, leading to profound societal transformations.
- Renaissance’s Intellectual and Technological Advances: STEAM engine, cotton gin etc
- new land, man and material of those lands- christopher colombus, vasco da gama, magellan
- pursuit of happiness- wealth accumulation and investing in productive enterprises
- Protestant work ethic: Protestant reformers emphasized the importance of hard work, discipline, and the pursuit of worldly success as a sign of God’s favor
- rationality gave birth to capitalism- big lanlords ivested in industries their agri surplus
define imperialism and colonialism
practice of extending power and influence to control political and economic life of another country
whem an imperialist conutry established direct control over other through conquest, settling there and establishing colonies
differentiale imperialism and colonialism
factors that gave birth to imperialism and colonialism
Economic Factors
1. Search for resources and markets: For example, the Portuguese and Spanish voyages during the Age of Discovery were driven by the pursuit of lucrative trade routes to Asia for spices and luxury goods.
2. Industrial Revolution: The colonization of Africa during the late 19th century was partly driven by the desire to exploit its vast mineral wealth, such as gold, diamonds, and copper.
Political Factors:
1. ultranationalism and jingoism- aquiring more colonies - display of nations power
2. . Geopolitical and strategic interests: Control over strategic locations, such as ports, trade routes, and naval bases, was seen as crucial for military and economic power. british- indian ocean
Technological
1. The development of better navigational tools, such as the astrolabe and compass, along with advancements in shipbuilding,
Social Factors:
1. European powers often claimed that they were spreading their civilization, religion, and values to “inferior” societies.
2. The ideologies of Social Darwinism and racial theories gained prominence during the 19th century, promoting the belief in the superiority of certain races
define industrial revolution
new way of production - man was replaced with machines. needs with aspirations and unit production with mass production
factors which led to industrial revolution
- Technological Advances: steam engine, cotton jennie
- enclosure movt of 18th century led to increased agri productivity- freed up a significant portion of the workforce for industrial employment., allowed for surplus food production to support growing populations.
- birth of capitalist society
- Social and Cultural Changes:
a. Urbanization and population growth created a surplus labor force in cities,
b. protestant work ethics - Transportation and Infrastructure
The development of canals, roads, and later, railways, facilitated the transportation of raw materials, goods, and people - birth of token currency
why IR started in britain
- enclosure movt
- political - stable monarchy. island nation- insulated from political upheaval of europe
- resources- coal and iron
- transport- marine, road, rail
- robust financial system- credit lines
- vast colonial network
factors that led to IR in germany
- its political unification in 1871 - led to economies of scale, increased trade, and enhanced coordination, fostering industrialization
- state led-
a. more humane approach than britain- welfare schemes for employees- more motivation
b. state led infrastructure building. ex: railways - Abundant reserves of coal and iron ore in regions like the Ruhr Valley
- Technological Innovations: Carl Benz, who developed the first gasoline-powered automobile in the late 19th century,
- Educational System: , the establishment of the University of Göttingen in the 18th century, with its renowned faculty in natural sciences and mathematics,
IR revolution in russia
2 major impetus- abolition of serfdon im 1851 and russian revolution of 1917
- Natural Resources: the rich coal deposits in the Donets Basin
- Expansion of Railways: the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway,
- Emphasis on Heavy Industry: such as iron and steel, machinery, and armaments, to catch up with industrialized Western countries
- emphasis on technical edn - ex: St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute,
- Industrial cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg experienced rapid urbanization, leading to the concentration of industrial workers and the growth of factories.
it’s important to note that the Russian industrial revolution faced several unique obstacles, such as political constraints, agrarian structure, and the impact of two world wars
ir in japan
- meiji restoration - political unity. progressive reforms
- fear of european imperialism- motivated IR in japan
- Embracing Western Knowledge and Technology:
the government-sponsored Iwakura Mission sent a delegation of scholars and officials to Europe and the United States to study various aspects of Western industrialization - Infrastructure Development:: first railway line between Tokyo and Yokohama
- Educational Reforms: provision of univeral edn, Tokyo Imperial University
- Industrial Policy and Protectionism: Tariffs were imposed on imported goods to foster the development of domestic industries and create a favorable market for Japanese products.
- Japan imported raw materials such as cotton, iron, and coal from resource-rich countries like the United States and Australia to meet its industrial needs.
- Notable entrepreneurs like Eiichi Shibusawa, who is often referred to as the “Father of Japanese Capitalism,
- Social and Cultural Factors:
The emphasis on discipline, hard work, and collective effort deeply ingrained in Japanese society
quality of life of people in england during industrialization
positives - progressive ideas, meritocracy, women empowerment- access to non farm jobs
negatives
1. living in overcrowded and unsanitary urban areas. This led to a widening gap between the working class and the bourgeoisie.
2. , women often faced low wages and poor working conditions.
3. Child Labor: The demand for cheap labor led to the exploitation of children in factories and mines,
4. Pollution and Environmental Degradation- the pollution of rivers such as the Thames in England
impacts of ir
SOCIAL
1. uranization- good like intermingling but majorly overcrowding, unsanitary, unsafe for women, urban slums
2. rural migration- breaking of family ties
3. class division
women and children-
1. good- economic independence, feminist ideas, women right movements
2. bad-
POLITICAL IMPACT
1. CRONY capitalism and lassiez faire
2. labor right movements - Chartism in Britain, fought for labor rights, suffrage, and social reforms.
impact of IR on india
- ruralization
- traditional handicrafts
- commercialization of agri- indigo, rubber
- lopsided ind growth- british promoted jute and cotton, completely ignored capital goods
- rise of indian capitalist class
- railways for the sake of british
define mercantalism
Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.
american revolution was a economic revolt against mercantalism
The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1783.
economic revolt also
reasons
1. The Townshend Acts imposed duties on various imported goods, including tea, glass, and paper.
2. stamp act- stamp duties on all business transactions in american colonies
3. navigation act- only british ships allowed for import and export in america
4. molasses act- american colonies could buy sugar only from west indies which was costlier
5. currency act- american colonies disempowered to issue their own currencies
6. tea act- granted the British East India Company a monopoly on the importation and sale of tea in the American colonies.
all this led to BOSTON TEA PARTY in which people from american colonies threw tea bags from EIC ship into the sea
post american revolution free market economy which promoted capitalism with least state interference was promoted
how AR led to a modern world
- Political Transformation- concept of popular sovereignty and the idea that governments should derive their power from the consent of the governed.
- spread of democratic ideals globally: The American Revolution’s emphasis on representative government and individual rights influenced subsequent revolutions, such as the French Revolution, and contributed to the rise of democratic ideals globally.
- Human Rights and Equality: The Declaration of Independence, with its assertion that “all men are created equal” and endowed with “unalienable rights,” served as a powerful statement against oppression and inequality
- Impact on Global Independence Movements: in places like Latin America, Haiti, and various European colonies.
- Influence on Constitutionalism: , established a system of government based on separation of powers, checks and balances, and the protection of individual rights
- Economic Impact and the Spread of Capitalism: free trade, entrepreneurship, and economic liberty helped lay the foundation for the development of capitalism
- social impacts- feminism, individualism, anti-racisim
american and french revolution was backed by intellectual revolution
- John Locke: social contract, where government derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed, greatly influenced the colonists’ belief in self-government and their right to rebel against unjust rule.
- Thomas Paine: His most famous work, “Common Sense,” presented arguments for American independence from Britain
- Montesquieu: seperation of power
- popular sovereignty and the general will
- Voltaire: king of satire. secularism and relegious tolerance
political impacts of FR
- END OF BOURBORN dynasty
- rise of political factions, the Reign of Terror, directory and ultimately the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, who declared himself Emperor
- It marked a shift from an absolute monarchy to a more democratic system, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaiming principles of equality, freedom, and popular sovereignty.
- l, e ,f
- end of feudalism
- napoleanic wars eroded the power of colonial nation s especially spain and portugal whuch eventually paved way for decolonisation of south and central america
napoleans rule can be called as a rule of paradoxes
- Revolutionary Ideals vs. Autocratic Rule: he established an authoritarian regime with himself as Emperor, contradicting the very principles upon which the revolution was founded.
- Military Conqueror and Peacemaker: He signed treaties and pursued diplomatic negotiations, such as the Treaty of Amiens, with the intention of bringing a sense of order to the continent.
- rule of law vs RESTRICTION of liberties: He introduced the Napoleonic Code, which codified laws based on principles of equality and individual rights. However, simultaneously, Napoleon curtailed political freedoms, restricted the freedom of the press, and limited opposition to his rule.
4.
differentiate capitalism and socialism
. What is the difference between Marxist and Democratic socialism?
. What is the similarity and difference between Marxist and Gandhian model of socialism?
cavour vs bismarck
crticism against the measures taken to solve great depression
compare nazcism and fascism
