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1
Q

Literature of gupta

A
  1. Pillar - Harisena , samudra gupta, allahabad pillar
  2. Poems and dramas - mostly comedy Kalidasa , sudhrakha - mrichakatika
  3. History - devischangraguptam by mudrarakshasa
  4. Grammar - Amarasimha - amarakosa
  5. Astronomy- Varamihira - pacha siddhantika
  6. Medicine - Vaghabata - ashtangasamgraha, palkapyas treatise hastayurveda ( animal disease )
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2
Q

Arabic literature or persia

A
  1. Alberni ,mohd gazni, kitab i hind
  2. Minhas ul siraj- cheif historian of mamluk dynasty- tabaqat i nisari
  3. amir khusrao - khazain ul futuh- aks construction
  4. Ibn batuta - tuqlaq- rihla
  5. Barani - tariq i firozshahi ( firoz shah tula) - covers the entire history of Delhi sultans until firoz
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3
Q

Literature during vijaynagara

A
  1. Amuktamalyada - telegu- kdr
  2. Alasani peddana - manucharitham, harikathasaram
  3. Ibn batutta - wrote about harihara in rihla
  4. Gangadevi - madhuravijayam
    5 tenali ramakrishna - panduranga mahatmyam,
  5. Pingali surana also wrote poems
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4
Q

Foreigners to vijaynagara

A
  1. Ibn batutta wrote about harihara i rihla
  2. Nicolo de conti, deva rayaa, slavery
  3. Abdu razak persia deva ray
    4 domingo paes and duarte barbosa - wrote about KDR
    5 nuniz - sati- achuta deva raya
  4. Marco polo
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5
Q

Trace the growth of mathematics

A
  1. Baudhyana- pythogoras theorm
  2. 1st bc - zero
  3. Pingala- morse code
  4. Abhasthamba sulvasutra - acute, obtuse, right angle
  5. Bhramgupta- brahmasapta siddhantika - 7th AD - Mentions zero as a number
  6. Mahaviracharya - first book on arithmetic
  7. Bhaskaracharya - sidhhantha shiromani - (lilavati, Bijaganita, grahanaganita, goldhaya) time taken for earth around ☀️
  8. Madhava- position of moon evey 36 min
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6
Q

Gupta period , pala buddist architecture

A
  1. Bronze - sultanganj
  2. Nalanda
  3. Sarnath buddha
  4. Vikarmashila
  5. Mahabodhi
  6. Miniature
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7
Q

Degenration of societal norms during gupta

A
  1. Untouchable
  2. First example of sati
  3. Land grnt to clergy - pvt property - forced labor
  4. Tribes under caste hierarchy
  5. caste endogamy - more prevalent
  6. Slavery institutionalized
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8
Q

List down the features of odisha Or kalinga style architecture

A
  1. Nagara
  2. Straight then curve
  3. 3 deuls
  4. Square ground plan
  5. Outer part - highly adorned, inner - not
  6. Sanctum ,vestibule, assembly Hall - all are seperate

Ex: lingaraja temple , puri temple

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9
Q

4 points on raja raja cholas BRIHADEESHWARA temple

A
  1. Largest and tallest gopuram
  2. Complete granite
    3 . Nandi bull 2 nd largest , also Nataraja
  3. Pillared hall- bharatas natyashastra
  4. Mailnly shaivism, but also vaishnavism and shakthism
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10
Q

List down some features of hoyasala temples

A

VESARA STYLE ARCHITECTURE

  1. Stellate plan
  2. Profusely decorated vimana
  3. Raised platform
  4. Soft soapstone
  5. Shrines arranged in zig zag style
  6. Artisans signed
  7. Kalasha - water pot
  8. Dwarf when compares to d and n
  9. Shalabanjika common

Bellur, halbied, Somantgapuran

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11
Q

Example of vijaynagara temple

A
  1. Lepakshi temple - andhra

Hazara Ramaswamy, vittalaswamy

2. Virupaksha, virabhadra - hampi

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12
Q

Religious building features - vijaynagara

A
  1. Provida style - yali
  2. Nandi- Nandi at lepakshi is the largest in india
  3. kalyana mandapam
  4. Multiple mandap
  5. Size of gopurams increased- Rajagopuram’s
  6. Rajagopurams on all 4 sides
  7. Musical pillar
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13
Q

Secular architecture - vijaynagara

A
  1. Queen bath, lotus mahal - octogonal water Pavillion
  2. public audience hall, horse stables
  3. Lepakshi mural paintings
  4. Domes, vaults and arches - muslim architects
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14
Q

List some assimilated features in indo islamic architecture

A
  1. Kalash on top of dome
  2. Lotus mottif
  3. Bell and chain carvings
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15
Q

5 points of different between mughal and rajput paintings

A
  1. Secular
  2. Hunting - RK
  3. Muted colors - bold
  4. Persian influence vs local
  5. Royal art vs local folks
  6. Perspective vs flat
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16
Q

Why both buddhism and jainism failed to take deep roots in South Asia

A
  1. Revival of brahmanical hinduism during gupta + shankaraacharya adviatha
  2. Mahayana, tantric buddhism - hinduism creeped
  3. Several sects
  4. Strict jaina
  5. Huns and Islam - killed
  6. Corruption of sanghas
  7. Rise of bhakti saints in South - sanghas lost patronage
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17
Q

Impact of central Asian contact on indias political structure

A
  1. Strategos
  2. Millitary governoship
  3. 2 kings one kingdom
  4. King - divine origin
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18
Q

Rod puppetry names

A
  1. Kathi kundehi
  2. Putul nach
  3. Yamapuri bihar
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19
Q

Glove puppetry names

A

Pavakoothu

Sakhikundehi

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20
Q

What can modern day urban planners learn from ivc

A
  1. Meticulous plannining - perpendicular roads
  2. Hygiene
  3. Maintanence- great bath still not leaking
  4. Assembly hall- citizen participation
  5. Equal distribution of wealth
  6. Disaster management- accumulation of grains
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21
Q

What does rock cut architecture teach us

A

Facilitated by large number of rocks and hills in india

  1. Religious tolerance
  2. Political scenario
  3. Extent of a relegion
  4. Connection between trade and relegion
  5. Best practices
  6. Artistic ingenuity
  7. Sociocultural life of the time
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22
Q

Proof that IVC was involved in trade

A
  1. Dockyard of lothal
  2. Trade center- shortugai
  3. Industrial specialised centre’s - bangles and beads of chanhudharo
  4. Seals of Mesopotamia
  5. Beasts of burden
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23
Q

IVC people skilled

A
  1. Urban planning
  2. Metallurgy
  3. Art
  4. Dentistry
  5. Maths
  6. Water conservation
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24
Q

Nagara vs Dravida temple

A
  1. Regional vs dynastic
  2. Curvilinear shikara vs pyramidcal Vimala
  3. Garbhagriha below tallest shikahara
  4. Gopuram
  5. River goddess, yakshi vs fierce dwarpalas
  6. Division based on rooof
  7. Religious vs social and religious
  8. Water tank
  9. Compound wall
25
Key word of Mauryan architecture
1. Pillars 2. Stupas 3. Rock cut caves 4. Sculptures didarganj yakshi 5. Terracotta images- Hindu gods in dhameka stupa - Sarnath 6. Pottery - nbpw 7. Megasthnes palace wood
26
Achamanean vs Mauryan pillars
1. In pieces vs monolithic 2. Smooth 3. Abacus with animal 4. Religious 5. Independent structure
27
8 point difference between mathura and Gandhara
1. B,j,h 2. Indeginous vs greeco roman 3. Red sandstone vs grey sandstone 4. Rich halo vs plain 5. Padmapani and vajrapani vs Hercules 6. Spiritual vs anatomical accuracies 7. Prominent drapery 8. Shaven vs bearded
28
8 points about Sarnath Buddha
1. Plain drapery around both shoulders 2. Sitting and standing 3. Eyeball absent 4. Decorated halo 5. Bodhisatva 6. Highly polished - wet Buddha 7. Cream coloured sandstone 8. No efforts in expressing emotions
29
Broad headings of Gupta golden age
1. Literature 2. Free standing temple 3. Sculptures 4. Painting 5. Science and tech 6. Law
30
Pallavas sowed seeds of South Indian architecture
1. Rock cut caves - mahishasura Mardini cave by mahendravarman 2. Monolithic Rathas - which later influenced rashtrakutas for Ellora 3. Intricate sculptures - Arjun as penance , Buddhist carvings at bhojjanakonda 4. Sowed the foundations of Dravidian architecture - later exemplified by cholas, Pandyas Ex: Kailasantha and , shore temple 5. Architectural innovation and experimentation- multi storied Vimanas
31
Features of Khajuraho
1. Gg, assembly hall, pillared verandas 2. Multiple shikara, one main 3. Amalaka 4. Sculptures inside and outside 5. Erotic 6. Full relief 7. Panchayathana 8. H+ j
32
12 keywords for indo Islamic architecture
1. Arches vs lintels 2. Domes 3. Minarets 4. Charbhag- 4 gardens of paradise in quoran 5. Ponds and fountains 6. No human structure 6. Arabesque 7. jalli 8. Pierre Dera 9. Cities 10 . Tombs 11. Slopping roofs
33
Broad headings for cave paintings
1. Window to the past - bhimbetka, jogimara 2. Social life at various periods- bagh 3. Artistic getaways- Ajanta 4. Relegion- Ajanta, sittanavasal 5. Rulers- Badami cave paintings 6. Integrating past with presents Ex: Rudragiri paintings of andhra , ramayana paintings of Kakatiya rulers amongst Mesolithic paintings
34
6 Hellenistic features of gandhara art
1. Wavy hair 2. Ushnisha 3. Anatomical accuracy - slender body 4. Body hugging , heavy pleated 5. Hercules 6. Vine scroll decoration from roman
35
India’s art and architecture- clues about socioeconomic status of women. Broad headings
1. Dancing girl of ivc 2. Yakshi of mauryas 2. Ellora - shiva Parvati 3. Ardhanareeswarar of Elephanta 4. Women with purse in Khajuraho 5. Khamakhaya temple
36
Multiple points for folk art
1. Special occasions- Saura paintings of Odisha 2. Worship - boodharadhana of Karnataka, thanka painting 3. Day to day - warli 4. Env - warli 5. Sociopolitical satire - Kalighat paintings , Tamasha paintings 6. Story telling - phad 7. Textiles - kalamkari 8. Puppetry 9. Community - kalbelia dance 10. Agrarian - kambara dance Wayanad 11. Social messaging - bidesia of Bihar
37
Why b>j 8 points
1. Royal patronage 2. Lay people, but J not very missionary - primary aim ones own salvation 3. Taboo to cross water 4. Strict food restrictions 5. Farmers 6. Kaivalya vs end of Dukka 7. intelligentsia 8. Aesthetic
38
7 point similarities between B and J
1. Royal patronage 2. Kshatriyas 2. Core principles 3. Sanghas 4. Local language 5. Merchants 6. Image worship at later stage
39
6 point diff between b and j
1. Soul 2. God 3. Extreme vs middle 4. Nirvana 5. Women 6. Hinduism
40
Features of Sufism
1. Union with God, like lover 2. Self dev + humanity 3. Pir Murud 4. Sama 5. Extremes celibacy- Qalandhar, madari, malang
41
Contribution of Sufi
1. Unity of relegion. Along with bhakthin 2. Local language - baba Farid - punjabi 3. Music - Qadri of Dara Sikorsky 4. Poor - firdausi, nizamuddin 5. ulemas
42
Keywords for Bharatanatyam vs kuchipudi
1. Ancient 2. Shiva 3. Women 4. Panchatatva 5. Aramandi 6. Speech 7. Precise vs rounded
43
Hindustani vs Carnatic
1. North Indian style 2. Sangeeta ratnakara of shankaradeva vs trinity ( Tyagaraja, Muthuswamy and Syama sashtri)+ Piran Dara Dara 3. Instrmuntental support vs vocal 4. 6 vs 72 Melakarta raga system 5. Gharana 6. Khayal vs such unstructured rendering 7. More flexible vs composition bound
44
Key difference between Shruthi and smriti
1. Authorless 2. Words of god vs human intellect 2. Time and space 3. Authoratative text of sanathana dharma vs only till they conform to the bed rock of Shruthi
45
8 points- Indian nationalism and literature
1. Inspiration to people 2. Caste - annihilation , go get educated 3. Hardships 4. Rights 5. Pride of past - Orion or antiquities of vedas, Sathyarth Prakash 6. Memoirs 7. Extremists / revolutionaries 8. Translation
46
Temple architecture determined by geographical conditions
1. Terrain- rock cut in hills vs structural in plains 2. Raw materials - soft sandstone of Hoya salad 3. Climate - dalan roof of Raghunatha temple in wb, pagoda of hidamaba temple in Himachal, stepwells of raj 4. Geographical proximity with contemporary civilisation
47
How travelogues help us in understanding about past
1. Social life Ex. Megasthanes Indica - 7 castes in Mauryan empire Ex. Nuniz - sati in vijaynagara empire 2. Political life Ex. Hying tsang- RECORDS OF THE WESTERN WORLD - Harshavarshana Ex. Francoise Bernier - TRAVELS OF MUGHAL EMPIRE - aurangazeb , Dara Sikh oh 3. Cultural life : Al beruni kitab ul hind 4. Geographical position Rihla- ibn Batuta- rich Gangetic plains 5. Economic life Ex: the book of sir Marco Polo Periplus of erythrean sea
48
What do we learn about past from inscriptions
1. Put together a picture of prevailing political condition: inscriptions in hathigumba, yr by yr achievement of ruler. Srirangam copper plate - geneology and achievement of vijaynagara rulers 2. Campaign/ wars - Allahabad pillar about Samudragupta 3 campaign 3. Religious beliefs / ethics Ashokan pillar- Dhamma, banning animal sacrifice 4. Governance system - uttimerur inscriptions- kudavolai system of village governance 5. Historical events or natural disasters - ex: sohugara copper plates- historical droughts and measures taken by authorities to tackle them Budget 2023 - BHARATH SHRI- digital epigraphy museum
49
Socioeconomic implication of temples of ancient India
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS 1. Centre’s of art and architecture- hoyasala architects signing, kalighata paintings evolved around Kali temple of Calcutta 2. Education- Vidya mantapams or Mathas, also inscriptions about how schools and colleges were being set up. Ex. Sundaradeva temple of Kanchipuram 3. Dance, music- music pillars, kalyana mandapams. Devadasi culture 4. Social institutions- priests will decide who will perform ceremonies 5. Physicians or DAI MAA ECONOMIC 1. Agriculture- fertile land as bhramdeya, temple ponds for irrigation 2. bankers 3. Traders- buyers of aromatic products and ornaments to decorate goddess 4. Fairs and centre’s of economic activities - maruvurpakkam town market near cholla temple
50
Globalisation and culture
1. International film festival 2. Darbar festival of London 3. TV Santhosh , jithesh Kallat 4. Yoga 5. Handicrafts exports 1. Commercilaization only yardstick- rogan art of Kutch region 2. Adapting to modern day fast pace 3. Monolithic culture by adapting to norms of entertainment industry
51
Points about ramanujacharya ( 11th century )
1. Philosophy- vishitadviatha 2. Path to god- devotion 3. Equality - gender , caste, social status 4. Devotional hymns- Gadya trayam 5. Translation of Vishnu Sahasranama into Tamil 6. Temple administration
52
Why sufism and bhakti failed to tackle customs and rituals
1. Targeted buddhism and Jainism 2. North India brahminical 3. Oral traditions - nomadic life 4. Lack of organised system of followers 5. Orthdox- Nashqabandi and suhrawadi 6. No alternative to the customs they attacked
53
Sangam literature intro
Keeladi But most of the work is thought to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 ce
54
Sangam about political, economic and social realities of time
Political 1. Kingdoms- pattirupatu, pattinapala 2. Battle of Veni Economic 1. Land divisions- tolkappiyam 2. Occupations 3. Women part of labor force 4. Trade - Muziris port of cheras in Ettutogai 5. No Regular system of taxation Cultural 1. Caste - 2. Dance and music 3. Women free to choose partners, 4. Society cherished love and war ( aham, Puram poems) 5. Burial urns to cremation
55
Conclusion for sangam
Nilakantha Shastri in history of south India therefore asserts that literature threw first rays of light on reality of Tamil land
56
What can we learn from the literary works of the past
1. Social life Ex: megasthenes, nuniz 2. Relegion and spirituality Ex: huieng xang - records of the western world 3. Rulers and wars Ex: kalhanas rajatharangini 4. Science Vagahabata- ashtanga samgraha 5. Gender - sillapadhikaram 6. Art and aesthatics- Albert I kitab ul hind 6. Daily life and customs - ain I akbari
57
Features of Pallava sculpture which inspired Dravidian iconography
1. Ornate style Ex: kailasanatha temple 2. Emphasis on movement Ex: dancing shiva 3. Local motifs Ex: local hero’s and legends in mandagapattu cave 4. Human form Ex: Arjuna penance 5. Innovative use of space Ex: Ratha temples at mamallapuram
58
Sanskrit
1. Relegious 2. Grammar - panini ashtadhayi 3. Drama 4. Historical - Samudragupta, rajatarangini 5. Philosophy- Kautilya arthashastra 6. Scientific- charaka and shushrutha

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