Quick Culture Flashcards
Literature of gupta
- Pillar - Harisena , samudra gupta, allahabad pillar
- Poems and dramas - mostly comedy Kalidasa , sudhrakha - mrichakatika
- History - devischangraguptam by mudrarakshasa
- Grammar - Amarasimha - amarakosa
- Astronomy- Varamihira - pacha siddhantika
- Medicine - Vaghabata - ashtangasamgraha, palkapyas treatise hastayurveda ( animal disease )
Arabic literature or persia
- Alberni ,mohd gazni, kitab i hind
- Minhas ul siraj- cheif historian of mamluk dynasty- tabaqat i nisari
- amir khusrao - khazain ul futuh- aks construction
- Ibn batuta - tuqlaq- rihla
- Barani - tariq i firozshahi ( firoz shah tula) - covers the entire history of Delhi sultans until firoz
Literature during vijaynagara
- Amuktamalyada - telegu- kdr
- Alasani peddana - manucharitham, harikathasaram
- Ibn batutta - wrote about harihara in rihla
- Gangadevi - madhuravijayam
5 tenali ramakrishna - panduranga mahatmyam, - Pingali surana also wrote poems
Foreigners to vijaynagara
- Ibn batutta wrote about harihara i rihla
- Nicolo de conti, deva rayaa, slavery
- Abdu razak persia deva ray
4 domingo paes and duarte barbosa - wrote about KDR
5 nuniz - sati- achuta deva raya - Marco polo
Trace the growth of mathematics
- Baudhyana- pythogoras theorm
- 1st bc - zero
- Pingala- morse code
- Abhasthamba sulvasutra - acute, obtuse, right angle
- Bhramgupta- brahmasapta siddhantika - 7th AD - Mentions zero as a number
- Mahaviracharya - first book on arithmetic
- Bhaskaracharya - sidhhantha shiromani - (lilavati, Bijaganita, grahanaganita, goldhaya) time taken for earth around ☀️
- Madhava- position of moon evey 36 min
Gupta period , pala buddist architecture
- Bronze - sultanganj
- Nalanda
- Sarnath buddha
- Vikarmashila
- Mahabodhi
- Miniature
Degenration of societal norms during gupta
- Untouchable
- First example of sati
- Land grnt to clergy - pvt property - forced labor
- Tribes under caste hierarchy
- caste endogamy - more prevalent
- Slavery institutionalized
List down the features of odisha Or kalinga style architecture
- Nagara
- Straight then curve
- 3 deuls
- Square ground plan
- Outer part - highly adorned, inner - not
- Sanctum ,vestibule, assembly Hall - all are seperate
Ex: lingaraja temple , puri temple
4 points on raja raja cholas BRIHADEESHWARA temple
- Largest and tallest gopuram
- Complete granite
3 . Nandi bull 2 nd largest , also Nataraja - Pillared hall- bharatas natyashastra
- Mailnly shaivism, but also vaishnavism and shakthism
List down some features of hoyasala temples
VESARA STYLE ARCHITECTURE
- Stellate plan
- Profusely decorated vimana
- Raised platform
- Soft soapstone
- Shrines arranged in zig zag style
- Artisans signed
- Kalasha - water pot
- Dwarf when compares to d and n
- Shalabanjika common
Bellur, halbied, Somantgapuran
Example of vijaynagara temple
- Lepakshi temple - andhra
Hazara Ramaswamy, vittalaswamy
2. Virupaksha, virabhadra - hampi
Religious building features - vijaynagara
- Provida style - yali
- Nandi- Nandi at lepakshi is the largest in india
- kalyana mandapam
- Multiple mandap
- Size of gopurams increased- Rajagopuram’s
- Rajagopurams on all 4 sides
- Musical pillar
Secular architecture - vijaynagara
- Queen bath, lotus mahal - octogonal water Pavillion
- public audience hall, horse stables
- Lepakshi mural paintings
- Domes, vaults and arches - muslim architects
List some assimilated features in indo islamic architecture
- Kalash on top of dome
- Lotus mottif
- Bell and chain carvings
5 points of different between mughal and rajput paintings
- Secular
- Hunting - RK
- Muted colors - bold
- Persian influence vs local
- Royal art vs local folks
- Perspective vs flat
Why both buddhism and jainism failed to take deep roots in South Asia
- Revival of brahmanical hinduism during gupta + shankaraacharya adviatha
- Mahayana, tantric buddhism - hinduism creeped
- Several sects
- Strict jaina
- Huns and Islam - killed
- Corruption of sanghas
- Rise of bhakti saints in South - sanghas lost patronage
Impact of central Asian contact on indias political structure
- Strategos
- Millitary governoship
- 2 kings one kingdom
- King - divine origin
Rod puppetry names
- Kathi kundehi
- Putul nach
- Yamapuri bihar
Glove puppetry names
Pavakoothu
Sakhikundehi
What can modern day urban planners learn from ivc
- Meticulous plannining - perpendicular roads
- Hygiene
- Maintanence- great bath still not leaking
- Assembly hall- citizen participation
- Equal distribution of wealth
- Disaster management- accumulation of grains
What does rock cut architecture teach us
Facilitated by large number of rocks and hills in india
- Religious tolerance
- Political scenario
- Extent of a relegion
- Connection between trade and relegion
- Best practices
- Artistic ingenuity
- Sociocultural life of the time
Proof that IVC was involved in trade
- Dockyard of lothal
- Trade center- shortugai
- Industrial specialised centre’s - bangles and beads of chanhudharo
- Seals of Mesopotamia
- Beasts of burden
IVC people skilled
- Urban planning
- Metallurgy
- Art
- Dentistry
- Maths
- Water conservation
Nagara vs Dravida temple
- Regional vs dynastic
- Curvilinear shikara vs pyramidcal Vimala
- Garbhagriha below tallest shikahara
- Gopuram
- River goddess, yakshi vs fierce dwarpalas
- Division based on rooof
- Religious vs social and religious
- Water tank
- Compound wall
Key word of Mauryan architecture
- Pillars
- Stupas
- Rock cut caves
- Sculptures didarganj yakshi
- Terracotta images- Hindu gods in dhameka stupa - Sarnath
- Pottery - nbpw
- Megasthnes palace wood
Achamanean vs Mauryan pillars
- In pieces vs monolithic
- Smooth
- Abacus with animal
- Religious
- Independent structure
8 point difference between mathura and Gandhara
- B,j,h
- Indeginous vs greeco roman
- Red sandstone vs grey sandstone
- Rich halo vs plain
- Padmapani and vajrapani vs Hercules
- Spiritual vs anatomical accuracies
- Prominent drapery
- Shaven vs bearded
8 points about Sarnath Buddha
- Plain drapery around both shoulders
- Sitting and standing
- Eyeball absent
- Decorated halo
- Bodhisatva
- Highly polished - wet Buddha
- Cream coloured sandstone
- No efforts in expressing emotions
Broad headings of Gupta golden age
- Literature
- Free standing temple
- Sculptures
- Painting
- Science and tech
- Law
Pallavas sowed seeds of South Indian architecture
- Rock cut caves - mahishasura Mardini cave by mahendravarman
- Monolithic Rathas - which later influenced rashtrakutas for Ellora
- Intricate sculptures - Arjun as penance , Buddhist carvings at bhojjanakonda
- Sowed the foundations of Dravidian architecture - later exemplified by cholas, Pandyas
Ex: Kailasantha and , shore temple - Architectural innovation and experimentation- multi storied Vimanas
Features of Khajuraho
- Gg, assembly hall, pillared verandas
- Multiple shikara, one main
- Amalaka
- Sculptures inside and outside
- Erotic
- Full relief
- Panchayathana
- H+ j
12 keywords for indo Islamic architecture
- Arches vs lintels
- Domes
- Minarets
- Charbhag- 4 gardens of paradise in quoran
- Ponds and fountains
- No human structure
- Arabesque
- jalli
- Pierre Dera
- Cities
10 . Tombs - Slopping roofs
Broad headings for cave paintings
- Window to the past - bhimbetka, jogimara
- Social life at various periods- bagh
- Artistic getaways- Ajanta
- Relegion- Ajanta, sittanavasal
- Rulers- Badami cave paintings
- Integrating past with presents
Ex: Rudragiri paintings of andhra , ramayana paintings of Kakatiya rulers amongst Mesolithic paintings
6 Hellenistic features of gandhara art
- Wavy hair
- Ushnisha
- Anatomical accuracy - slender body
- Body hugging , heavy pleated
- Hercules
- Vine scroll decoration from roman
India’s art and architecture- clues about socioeconomic status of women. Broad headings
- Dancing girl of ivc
- Yakshi of mauryas
- Ellora - shiva Parvati
- Ardhanareeswarar of Elephanta
- Women with purse in Khajuraho
- Khamakhaya temple
Multiple points for folk art
- Special occasions- Saura paintings of Odisha
- Worship - boodharadhana of Karnataka, thanka painting
- Day to day - warli
- Env - warli
- Sociopolitical satire - Kalighat paintings , Tamasha paintings
- Story telling - phad
- Textiles - kalamkari
- Puppetry
- Community - kalbelia dance
- Agrarian - kambara dance Wayanad
- Social messaging - bidesia of Bihar
Why b>j 8 points
- Royal patronage
- Lay people, but J not very missionary - primary aim ones own salvation
- Taboo to cross water
- Strict food restrictions
- Farmers
- Kaivalya vs end of Dukka
- intelligentsia
- Aesthetic
7 point similarities between B and J
- Royal patronage
- Kshatriyas
- Core principles
- Sanghas
- Local language
- Merchants
- Image worship at later stage
6 point diff between b and j
- Soul
- God
- Extreme vs middle
- Nirvana
- Women
- Hinduism
Features of Sufism
- Union with God, like lover
- Self dev + humanity
- Pir Murud
- Sama
- Extremes celibacy- Qalandhar, madari, malang
Contribution of Sufi
- Unity of relegion. Along with bhakthin
- Local language - baba Farid - punjabi
- Music - Qadri of Dara Sikorsky
- Poor - firdausi, nizamuddin
- ulemas
Keywords for Bharatanatyam vs kuchipudi
- Ancient
- Shiva
- Women
- Panchatatva
- Aramandi
- Speech
- Precise vs rounded
Hindustani vs Carnatic
- North Indian style
- Sangeeta ratnakara of shankaradeva vs trinity ( Tyagaraja, Muthuswamy and Syama sashtri)+ Piran Dara Dara
- Instrmuntental support vs vocal
- 6 vs 72 Melakarta raga system
- Gharana
- Khayal vs such unstructured rendering
- More flexible vs composition bound
Key difference between Shruthi and smriti
- Authorless
- Words of god vs human intellect
- Time and space
- Authoratative text of sanathana dharma vs only till they conform to the bed rock of Shruthi
8 points- Indian nationalism and literature
- Inspiration to people
- Caste - annihilation , go get educated
- Hardships
- Rights
- Pride of past - Orion or antiquities of vedas, Sathyarth Prakash
- Memoirs
- Extremists / revolutionaries
- Translation
Temple architecture determined by geographical conditions
- Terrain- rock cut in hills vs structural in plains
- Raw materials - soft sandstone of Hoya salad
- Climate - dalan roof of Raghunatha temple in wb, pagoda of hidamaba temple in Himachal, stepwells of raj
- Geographical proximity with contemporary civilisation
How travelogues help us in understanding about past
- Social life
Ex. Megasthanes Indica - 7 castes in Mauryan empire
Ex. Nuniz - sati in vijaynagara empire - Political life
Ex. Hying tsang- RECORDS OF THE WESTERN WORLD - Harshavarshana
Ex. Francoise Bernier - TRAVELS OF MUGHAL EMPIRE - aurangazeb , Dara Sikh oh - Cultural life :
Al beruni kitab ul hind - Geographical position
Rihla- ibn Batuta- rich Gangetic plains - Economic life
Ex: the book of sir Marco Polo
Periplus of erythrean sea
What do we learn about past from inscriptions
- Put together a picture of prevailing political condition: inscriptions in hathigumba, yr by yr achievement of ruler.
Srirangam copper plate - geneology and achievement of vijaynagara rulers - Campaign/ wars - Allahabad pillar about Samudragupta 3 campaign
- Religious beliefs / ethics
Ashokan pillar- Dhamma, banning animal sacrifice - Governance system - uttimerur inscriptions- kudavolai system of village governance
- Historical events or natural disasters - ex: sohugara copper plates- historical droughts and measures taken by authorities to tackle them
Budget 2023 - BHARATH SHRI- digital epigraphy museum
Socioeconomic implication of temples of ancient India
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
- Centre’s of art and architecture- hoyasala architects signing, kalighata paintings evolved around Kali temple of Calcutta
- Education- Vidya mantapams or Mathas, also inscriptions about how schools and colleges were being set up. Ex. Sundaradeva temple of Kanchipuram
- Dance, music- music pillars, kalyana mandapams.
Devadasi culture - Social institutions- priests will decide who will perform ceremonies
- Physicians or DAI MAA
ECONOMIC
- Agriculture- fertile land as bhramdeya, temple ponds for irrigation
- bankers
- Traders- buyers of aromatic products and ornaments to decorate goddess
- Fairs and centre’s of economic activities - maruvurpakkam town market near cholla temple
Globalisation and culture
- International film festival
- Darbar festival of London
- TV Santhosh , jithesh Kallat
- Yoga
- Handicrafts exports
- Commercilaization only yardstick- rogan art of Kutch region
- Adapting to modern day fast pace
- Monolithic culture by adapting to norms of entertainment industry
Points about ramanujacharya ( 11th century )
- Philosophy- vishitadviatha
- Path to god- devotion
- Equality - gender , caste, social status
- Devotional hymns- Gadya trayam
- Translation of Vishnu Sahasranama into Tamil
- Temple administration
Why sufism and bhakti failed to tackle customs and rituals
- Targeted buddhism and Jainism
- North India brahminical
- Oral traditions - nomadic life
- Lack of organised system of followers
- Orthdox- Nashqabandi and suhrawadi
- No alternative to the customs they attacked
Sangam literature intro
Keeladi
But most of the work is thought to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 ce
Sangam about political, economic and social realities of time
Political
1. Kingdoms- pattirupatu, pattinapala
2. Battle of Veni
Economic
1. Land divisions- tolkappiyam
2. Occupations
3. Women part of labor force
4. Trade - Muziris port of cheras in Ettutogai
5. No Regular system of taxation
Cultural
1. Caste -
2. Dance and music
3. Women free to choose partners,
4. Society cherished love and war ( aham, Puram poems)
5. Burial urns to cremation
Conclusion for sangam
Nilakantha Shastri in history of south India therefore asserts that literature threw first rays of light on reality of Tamil land
What can we learn from the literary works of the past
- Social life
Ex: megasthenes, nuniz - Relegion and spirituality
Ex: huieng xang - records of the western world - Rulers and wars
Ex: kalhanas rajatharangini - Science
Vagahabata- ashtanga samgraha - Gender - sillapadhikaram
- Art and aesthatics- Albert I kitab ul hind
- Daily life and customs - ain I akbari
Features of Pallava sculpture which inspired Dravidian iconography
- Ornate style
Ex: kailasanatha temple - Emphasis on movement
Ex: dancing shiva - Local motifs
Ex: local hero’s and legends in mandagapattu cave - Human form
Ex: Arjuna penance - Innovative use of space
Ex: Ratha temples at mamallapuram
Sanskrit
- Relegious
- Grammar - panini ashtadhayi
- Drama
- Historical - Samudragupta, rajatarangini
- Philosophy- Kautilya arthashastra
- Scientific- charaka and shushrutha
