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History > Westward Movement > Flashcards

Westward Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

John Jacob Astor

A

Raced a boat and a trail party, water was faster, but Robert Stuart accidentally discovered Oregon Trail on the way to notify Astor of the sea win.

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2
Q

Donner Party

A

George Donner led the party
Took Lansford Hastings Cutoff (200 miles longer and through salt marsh desert)
Got to Truckee Lake (Sierra Nevada Mountains) when worst snowstorm in California history hit ( less than 100 miles away from safety at Sutter’s Fort)
Sent Forlorn Hope (15 people) to get help while rest of party waited at the lake. Got lost and resorted to cannibalism
Lake- a camp for winter and had to eat the dead to survive
46 of 87 survived. 2/3 of women and children survived, 2/3 of men
Caused decline in the Westward Movement
Now known as Donner Lake

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3
Q

Brigham Young

A

In Missouri, Joseph Smith was killed and Brigham Young becomes the new leader

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4
Q

Sam Houston

A

Led victory at San Jacinto on April 21, 1836

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5
Q

Joseph Smith

A

Founded Christian religion called the Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)

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6
Q

Mexican War

A

Addition of Texas had America looking to CA

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7
Q

California Trail

A

Same as Oregon Trail until South Pass, goes towards California
John Sutter had fort near Sacramento, gold discovered at fort
1849 gold rush, 49ers

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8
Q

Samuel Slater

A

Brought blueprints from Britain and sparked Industrial Revolution

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9
Q

Native American Pacification

A

Colonial to 1830

Suppress or eliminate Indians with military force

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10
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

1830
Forced Indians west on Mississippi River
Trail of Tears

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11
Q

Trail of Tears

A 
Ordered at gunpoint
800 miles
Poor boats, spoiled food, cold, disease
100,000 moved and over 4000 killed
By 1845, Indians not a problem (driven away) until Westward Movement
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12
Q

Indian Reservations

A

Indian Territory lands opened up to whites and Indians forced on to reservations
By 1880, nearly all either exterminated or on reservation

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13
Q

Allotment/Dawes Act of 1887

A

Reservations divided among Indian families
Didn’t understand- sold
By 1935, Indians lost 2/3 of land from 1887

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14
Q

Indian Reorganization Act

A 
1934
Ended allotment
Surplus land was given to tribes
Government jobs
Time
Time not right for reform
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15
Q

Assimilate

A

The 1950s
Termination of reservations
Allotment in a different form

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16
Q

Fort Laramie

A

Largest trading post on the Oregon Trail

Extremely expensive

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17
Q

Independence Rock

A

People were there around Independence Day

Pioneers carved their names

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18
Q

Texas Independence Day

A

March 2, 1836

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19
Q

Mormons

A

Christian religion founded by Joseph Smith
Ran out of New York
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Go to Ohio, ran out
Go to Missouri, Smith assassinated, Brigham Young becomes new leader.

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20
Q

Mormon Trail

A

Mormon Trail went to the Great Salt Lake

In Utah area, Mormons wanted to become the state of Deseret, by 1896, enough non Mormons to become Utah

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21
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

From farming to manufacturing (ONLY IN NORTH)
Home before now machines too big and often water powered by a river- factories
Boom- War of 1812 cut off foreign goods so the US produced its own

22
Q

Francis Cabot Lowell

A

(MA)- textile factory and community

23
Q

Lowell Girls

A

10,000 “Lowell girls”, young women worked until married (sent money home to family), had church and rules

24
Q

Factory Conditions

A

Pay 1/2 for women and kids (squeezed into areas) 12 hours per day/ 6 days a week

25
Q

Interchangeable Parts

A

Interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney, gun parts made by hand before, so all different, now machine made so all same, grew to clocks, etc.

26
Q

Cities

A

Moved off farm to near factory. 1800- 6% live in cities, 1850- 15% live in cities, 1920- more than 50% live in cities

27
Q

Transportation

A

Turnpikes- charged for roads (gravel and stone) (National Road)
Steamboats- steam engine powered- faster and more comfy
Canals- (rivers and lakes)- Erie, Connected Great Lakes with Hudson River and connected western farmers. Could ship goods to port of New York
Railroad

28
Q

Cholera

A

1st Part of Trail: Leading cause of death (over 20,000)

29
Q

Great Plains

A

1st Part of Trail: Independence, MO to Rocky Mountains

30
Q

Fuel

A

1st Part of Trail: Few trees- needed fuel for cooking- buffalo dung, used furniture also

31
Q

Front and Back of Wagon Train

A

1st Part of Trail: Hot and dusty- Front OK, back- breathed dust-filled air

32
Q

Streams

A

1st Part of Trail: Sometimes dry
Sometimes flooded
Sometimes neither- still had quicksand and sudden drop-offs

33
Q

Food Supply

A

1st Part of Trail: Couldn’t be sure of finding enough grass for animals
Result- Pioneers had to move farther from the trail to find grass.

34
Q

Inclines and Declines

A

Uphill and downhill

35
Q

Swift Moving Streams

A

Carried away wagons and animals

36
Q

Uneven trail

A

Trail not continuous

Ended next to the rock, picked up 5 feet higher

37
Q

Blizzards

A

Death if caught (Donner Party)

38
Q

Texas

A

In the 1820s, America looked with eager eyes toward Texas, now owned by Mexico.

39
Q

Moses and Stephen F. Austin

A

Mexican government large tracts of land to develop

In return 4 catches…

40
Q

1830

A

New dictator General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna “closed door” to Texas
Texans consider themselves Americans
Wanted Constitution of 1824 to be honored

41
Q

October 2, 1835

A

Gonzales: “Come and Take It”

42
Q

February 23, 1836

A

Alamo
150 Texans vs 3000 Mexicans for 12 days
13th day, Mexicans storm and killed all (including Davy Crockett)
Rally cry- “Remember…” and government
Followed by other defeats (Goliad massacre)

43
Q

March 2, 1836

A

TX independence

TX looked to America for help, none came

44
Q

April 21, 1836

A

Sam Houston led victory at San Jacinto

Had only a single star on flag (Lone Star Republic) to signify fighting alone

45
Q

1846

A

TX annexed as a state

46
Q

Mexican War

A

Addition of Texas, had America looking to CA

47
Q

War was sparked by…

A

Pres. James K. Polk sent troops to Rio Grande to guard Texas border

48
Q

May 9, 1846

A

Mexicans attacked

Polk asked for declaration of war

49
Q

1848

A

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- Mexicans forced to give up CA, NV, UT, NM, AZ, and parts of CO and WY
Called Mexican Cession, US agreed to pay $15 million
Grant- “most unjust war in American history”

50
Q

Star Spangled Banner

A

Used to be a poem called “The Defense of Fort McHenry”
Wrote it on a British ship, tried to free captive, watched battle
Wasn’t national anthem until 1931
Used to be a drinking song
Meant he wondered whether the American flag was still there, if we had won the battle
Congreve bombs- bad aim, “rockets’ red glare, the bombs bursting in air”
Can see flag still there

51
Q

Westward Movement General Timeline

A

1840s-1850s
1818- England let US occupy Oregon
Oregon Trail to get to Oregon
Took 6-10 months to get to Oregon, 15 miles per day
Went for land, better life, propaganda, fertile soil, no sickness, no slavery, no politics, better weather, adventure, Manifest Destiny, gold (CA), new start, preachers, romance, entrepreneurs,
Before 1848 =20,000 1849-1843=6 over 200,000
1804-1806- Lewis and Clark
1810- John Jacob Astor
Robert Stuart- Oregon Trail discoverer
1836- Marcus Whitman (1st down Trail in wagon)
South Pass- 12 mile gap in Rockies
1843- 1st 1000 wagons from Independence, MI
1846- England gave US OR

52
Q

4 Catches to settling Mexican owned Texas

A

Become Catholic, learn Spanish, follow Mexican law, and (insert other one here)

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