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WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 > West and East Germany between 1949 and 1991 > Flashcards

West and East Germany between 1949 and 1991 Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the Yalta conference held + people involved

A
  • February 1945
  • USA = Franklin Roosevelt
  • USSR = Joseph Stalin
  • Britain = Winston Churchill
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2
Q

what was agreed at the Yalta conference

A
  • Germany would be divided into 4 zones of occupation
    > north = Britain, east = USSR, south = USA, west = France
  • Berlin would be divides into 4 zones with allies
  • new borders created for Poland
  • denazified
  • all countries freed from Nazi control were to have free elections + choose their own gov
  • Eastern Europe would have a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’
  • Germany to join United National Organisations to maintain peace once war ended
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3
Q

what changed in the time between the Yalta + Potsdam conference

A
  • soviet troops liberated countries in E. Europe but didn’t remove their military presence
  • Stalin set up communist gov in Poland, ignoring agreement at Yalta
  • Red Army biggest in world but Stalin refused to cut down his armed force after war
  • April 1945 Roosevelt dies + replaced by Harry Truman
  • July 1945 USA successfully tested atomic bomb, but Stalin angry that he hadn’t been consulted beforehand
  • Churchill defeated in general election so Clement Atlee took over
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4
Q

When was the Potsdam conference held + people involved

A
  • July 1945
  • USA = Harry Truman
  • USSR = Joseph Stalin
  • Britain = Clement Atlee
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5
Q

what was agreed at the Potsdam conference

A
  • occupation could end when it was clear that Germany could govern themselves
    > then final peace treaty between Allies + Germany
  • Germans living in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary had to transport back to Germany
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6
Q

what was the cold war

A
  • a war waged against an enemy by every means short of actually fighting
  • 2 sides - East vs West
    > USA + supporters vs Soviet Union + supporters
  • 2 rival armed camps
    > NATO vs Warsaw Pact
  • 2 sides competed for influence all over the world
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7
Q

what were the two Germanies called + when were they created

A
  • 1949
  • Federal Republic of Germany (WEST GERMANY)
  • The German Democratic Republic (EAST GERMANY)
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8
Q

what was the capital cities of both west + east Germany

A
  • west = Bonn
  • east = east berlin
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9
Q

what were the main political parties in West Germany

A
  • Christian democratic
  • Social democratic
    DEMOCRACY
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10
Q

what were the main parties in East Germany

A
  • Socialist Unity Party (SED)
    COMMUNIST
    ONE PARTY STATE
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11
Q

describe the government of the Federal Republic of Germany

A
  • federal structure to prevent dangers dictatorship
    > country divided into 11 provinces ‘Lander’ which would each be represented in new federal parliament in Bonn
  • 2 sections of parliament:
    > lower house = Bundestag = directly elected by people
    > upper house = Bundesrat = representatives of 11 Lander
  • main political leader = Chancellor = elected by Bundestag
    > chancellor given more right than Weimar republic such as choosing ministers
  • President elected for 5 years + only allowed to stand one for the position
    > not allowed to control armed forces
    > has no power to declare state of emergency or appoint / dismiss chancellors
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12
Q

describe the government of The German Democratic Republic

A
  • Parliament called Volkskammer
    > regular elections but everytime Socialist Unity Party (SED) candidates won 99% of votes
  • all gov decisions made by Sed’s central committee - Politburo
    > local gov was brought under direct control of central government
    > got rid of 5 Lander + replaced with 14 districts known as Bezirke
  • leader of SED = Walter Ulbricht- any opponents arrested + imprisoned
  • old Nazi con camps brought back to use for political prisoners
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13
Q

what is the territory Bizonia + when was it fromed

A
  • January 1947
  • Britain + USA merged their sectors to form Bizonia
    > this meant they could support the German economy more effectively by working together
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13
Q

what was the Marshall Plan

A
  • US Secretary of State, George Marshall, announced that wealthy USA would make funds available for all European states to rebuild their economies
  • between 1948-52, $13 billion was spent on this aid in W. Europe
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14
Q

how much Marshall Aid was given to W Germany

A
  • $1.4 billion given to West Germany
    > massively boosted Germany’s economy
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14
Q

when was the German currency replaced with the Deutschmark + why + by whom

A
  • June 1948
  • Western Allies suspended German currency + replaced it with Deutschmark to bring an end to inflation
    > the revival of the German economy in western zones began
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15
Q

who was the first Chancellor of West Germany + from when to when

A
  • Konrad Adenauer
    > chancellor from 1949 - 1963
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16
Q

what did Adenauer intend to do:

A
  • restore the W German economy + repair damage done by war
  • work for increased independence for W Germany + end occupation by Allied military forces
  • restore democracy + denazify W Germany
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16
Q

when had Allied occupation ended

A
  • 1955
    > although British, American and French forces remained on German soil
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16
Q

when was Germany part of NATO

A
  • 1955
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17
Q

what was the new German army formed

A
  • Bundeswehr
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17
Q

how did a parliamentary democracy work well in W Germany

A
  • provided stable governments throughout 1950s + 1960s
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18
Q

when was Law 131 passed + what was it about

A
  • 1951
  • effectively ended denazification in W Germany by:
    > allowing former Nazis to be employed in army + intelligence services
    > even some posts in civil service + judiciary
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18
Q

why was Soviet Union critical of Law 131

A
  • they were still angry about what Hitler + Nazis had done to USSR during war
    > however, the success of W German economy + its democratic system overshadowed those criticisms
19
Q

why was the industrial expansion of W Germany in 1950s described as an economic miracle

A
  • because the country experienced:
    > highest annual growth rate in W Europe
    > full employment
    > high productivity
    > very low inflation
20
Q

how did the Economic Minister, Dr Ludwig Erhard help W Germany’s economy

A
  • pursued policies that encouraged:
    > investment
    > research and development
    > strong central bank and currency stability
21
Q

how did the Korean War (1950-53) boost W Germany’s economy

A
  • there was a demand for industrial equipment + weapons
22
Q

what was the Trade Union Movement + how did it help W Germany’s economy

A
  • British authorities insisted on co-determination
    > union officials representing workers should be included in board of directors who run companies
    > meant that workers + bosses could work together more productively to solve problems without resorting to damaging strikes
23
Q

why were migrant workers a reason for W Germany’s economic recovery

A
  • these guest workers didn’t have right to permanent residence + were only employed on short-term contracts
    > they were cheap to employ + worked hard to be able to keep their contracts
24
Q

when was there recession in W Germany + how did growth resume

A
  • 1967 recession
  • 1968 growth resumed
    > with help of gov loans + agreement with unions to keep wages under control
25
Q

when did the W German economy began to actually struggle

A
  • 1980s
  • became necessary to reduce amount of welfare payments the gov made ad it could no longer afford them
26
Q

who was Adenauer’s Economic Minister who was much of credit for success of W Germany’s economic recovery

A

Dr Ludwig Erhard

27
Q

why was the W German economy a mixed economy

A
  • because private capital + state capital were used to create wealth + aid recovery
28
Q

why were there relatively high rates of taxation in W Germany

A
  • to ensure there was enough gov income to afford social reforms + welfare provision of a high standard
    > benefits for unemployed, sick and young people, pensions for old
29
Q

when did W Germany become one of the leading economies of the world

A
  • by 1960s
30
Q

W Germany’s car production was

A
  • the worlds second to largest
    > produced Volkswagen cars
    > luxury Mercedes-Benz
31
Q

W Germans enjoying unprecedented rate of economic growth + very high standard of living + welfare provision resulted in:

A
  • huge increase in consumer spending on items like
    > cars
    > radios + TVs
    > luxury foreign foods + drinks e.g. French wines and cheeses
32
Q

why was The Ministry of Housing set up

A
  • to rebuild W Germany’s ruined towns + cities
32
Q

how were the houses funded that needed to be built by Ministry of Housing

A
  • gov paid to build some of the houses
  • private companies were given tax cuts to build as well
    > meant workers had nice places to live
    + the building programmes also provided work
33
Q

how many East Germans moved to West + when + why

A
  • between 1949 - 1961
  • 3.5 million moved
    > to seek a better lifestyle
34
Q

why was the migration of East Germans to W Germany a serious political problem

A
  • it was a serious political problem for the East German government and its Soviet allies
35
Q

what was the Truman Doctrine

A
  • proposed by P Harry Truman
    > will resist all attempts to create a communist state
    > communism will be contained to the USSR
    > USA will defend democracy against communism
36
Q

how much was the population of E Germany compared to W G

A

1/3 that of W Germany

37
Q

how much was industrial output of E Germany compared to W G

A
  • barely 20% of W Germany
38
Q

what was Republikflucht

A
  • escaping the Republic
    > poor living conditions encouraged thousands of E G to move to W G
39
Q

how many houses built in W Germany after war

A
  • 2 million new houses
40
Q

by 1960, what was the rate of unemployment in W Germany

A

0.4%

41
Q

why did the migration of E Germans to W G affect the economy

A
  • shortage of skilled workers
  • USSR still demanded to pay reparations but economy failed to prosper
42
Q

although the E German border was closed in 1952, how did people still escape to W + how many

A
  • through the free city of berlin
    > 182,390 escaped this way
43
Q

what happened at the 1953 uprising

A
  • uprising in Berlin
    > thousands of workers went on strike
    > attacked communist party buildings
    > demanded free elections
    > wanted better standards of living
    > chanted ‘ we don’t want a national army, we want butter’
  • after gov failed to put down the uprising, Soviet army (red army) was called to restore order
    > arrived with 600 tanks + 20,000 soldiers
    > 6,000 ppl arrested + 20 executed + 500 prisoned for life
44
Q

who were the stasi

A
  • E German secret police
45
Q

who was Walter Ulbricht

A
  • first E German leader, communist
46
Q

what was COMECON

A
  • the communist countries of E Europe
47
Q

what happened after 1953 uprising

A
  • gov doubled size of Stasi to ensure similar protest wouldn’t occur
48
Q

who were IMs + why were they employed by Stasi

A
  • unofficial collaborators who would spy on E German people
    > people became IMs because it gave them access to consumer goods e.g. TVs
49
Q

by late 1960s how many Stasi + IMs were there

A
  • 50,000 Stasi
  • 100,000 IMs
50
Q

by 1980s what percentage of people living in E Germany were informants for Stasi

A

25%

51
Q

describe life for ordinary people in E Germany 1949 - 61

A
  • positive:
    > cheap affordable housing (concrete) providing warmth + water + electricity all for 20-40 marks when avg salary was 400-600 marks
    > one car - Trabant - uncomfortable but tolerable
    > access to free health care + education
    > 1978 - religious tolerance declared by law
  • negative:
    > less consumer goods as economy payed reparations, failing to prosper
    >farmers unhappy due to rapid industrialisation - 15,000 moved to W G
    > Secret police Stasi + informants
    > one party state which controlled media + gave lack of democracy unlike W G
52
Q

what were conditions like on W + E Berlin

A
  • West Berlin:
    > centre of communism
    > modern, well sticked shops, thriving cafes + restaurants, packed theatres + nightclubs
  • East Berlin:
    > consumer goods e.g. washing machines + cars weren’t readily available
    > G gov prioritised heavy machinery over consumer goods
    > many of those who migrated form E Germany were young + highly skilled
    > war damage remained unrepaired

WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 (7 decks)

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