Life under the Nazis Flashcards
1
Q
how was the economy of Germany 1933
A
- unemployment = 6 million
- productivity = production down by 42%, exports down by 55%
- farming = price of produce down by 22%
- banks = 5 banks collapsed - ppl lost life savings
2
Q
what were Hitler’s Economic Policy Demands
A
- reduce unemployment
- expand + rearm Germany’s army, navy and air force
- make Germany self sufficient + not dependent on foreign trade
> because Hitler was horrified by allied blockade of Germany in WWI which left many Germans starving
3
Q
who was Hjalmar Schacht + his role
A
- President of the Reichsbank
> he was given the task of controlling the economy from 1934
4
Q
in Schacht’s New Plan 1934-36 how did he lower unemployment
A
- created public work projects - building motorways, public buildings like schools, planting trees
- provided generous marriage bonuses to keep women at home + not work which freed jobs for men
- employed thousands of people in Nazi Party + gov
5
Q
in Schacht’s New Plan 1934-36 how did he strengthen the economy
A
- issued mefo bills - credit notes which delayed paying for goods + promising to pay back with interest within 5yrs
- encouraged foreign nations to buy goods in German currency
- created trade agreements with countries in south + eastern Europe
> areas not under influence of USSR, USA, GB, France
6
Q
what was Herman Goering put in charge of + why
A
- he was put in charge of the economy with a clear focus on making Germany self sufficient - Autarky
> Hitler felt Schacht’s caution approach was too slow + secretly told Goering to be ready for war in 4yrs
7
Q
what did Goering’s Four Year Plan 1936-39 achieve / not
A
- expanded the rearmament industries + those needed to support such industries
- iron + steel use trebled and coal + chemicals doubled
> led to huge increase in gov spending from 3.5 billion marks in 1933 to 26 billion marks by 1939 - breaking terms of ToV, he introduced conscription 1935 - young men had to serve in armed forces
> army inc from 100,00 men in 1933 to 1.4 million in 1939 - however G was still importing 1/3 of its raw materials in 1939
8
Q
what did the German labour front (DAF) replace
A
- trade unions which negotiated with bosses for better pay + conditions
> as they were banned in 1933
9
Q
who was the DAF headed by + how many members did it have
A
- headed by Dr Ley
- had 22 million members by 1939
10
Q
what did the German Labour Front have control over
A
- total control over industrial workers
> setting levels of pays + regulating working hours
> resulted in working hours increased + wages low
11
Q
What was Beauty of Labour
A
- tried improving working conditions
> e.g. ventilation, hot meals provided, cleanliness, lighting + health and safety standards
> however the workers had to do all the improvements of painting, cleaning, and building after normal work hours with no additional reward
> those who didn’t help faced risk of dismissal or being sent to the concentration camp
11
Q
what 2 benefits did the German Labour Front set up
A
- Beauty of Labour
- Strength through joy
12
Q
what was strength through joy
A
- organised leisure activities for workforce e.g. cheap holidays, entertainment; theatre + opera trips, subsidised cheap sport
> the idea was to make longer working hours more acceptable through improved working conditions
12
Q
what was the Volkswagen scheme
A
- organised by DAF
- workers paid small amounts of money of their wage as a subscription every week to pay off their own car
> by end of 1938, 150,000 ppl had paid into the scheme
> they were promised to receive their cars
by 1940 but they were never
> because factories shifted to build military
vehicles + their money was never
refunded
12
Q
what did Hitler say in a speech to women in 1934
A
- that the woman’s world was ‘her husband, her family, her children and her home’
> German slogan for ‘Kinder, Kuche, Kirche’
(children, kitchen, church)
13
Q
what was the duty of women
A
- to stay at home and look after the family
14
Q
as part for the Law for the Reduction of Unemployment of 1933, what was given to married couples
A
- interest free loan of up to 1,000 marks
> this provided the woman to give up her job + promised not to re-enter the labour market
> repayment of the loan was reduced by a quarter for each child born
14
Q
what was the Motherhood Cross + who would get each of them
A
- (Mutterkreuz) a medal was awarded to mothers of large families
> bronze = 4/5 children
> silver = 6/7 children
> gold = 8/+ children
14
Q
why did Hitler want more children to be born
A
- fall in German birth rate
> half the number of babies born in 1933 compared to 1900 - Nazi + Hitler believed that to make Germany a strong country again, they need more Germans, which meant more children
14
Q
what was the slogan ‘ I have ___________ to the Fuhrer’
A
’ I have donated a child to the Fuhrer’
15
Q
when + why did the rate of working women increase again
A
- 1938
- as conscription + rearmament increased, there was increasing number of jobs in factories + not enough men to do
> also the war in 1939 created a new demand for women workers, so much that their wages increased
15
Q
what were unmarried women encouraged to do
A
- have children for Germnay
16
Q
when + by whom was Lebensborn set up by
A
- 1935
- Himmler
16
Q
what was Lebensborn
A
- ‘fountain of life’
- an organisation set up for unmarried mothers providing them with homes + maternity care
> eventually the SS were involved + they would have sex with women who wanted children but not get married, in order to increase the Aryan race
16
how many babies were born as a result of SS in Lebensborn
11,000 babies
17
what things were frowned upon for women as Hitler took great care to publicise their image of women as mothers of the new Reich
- makeup + lipstick + smoking
> traditional plaited hairstyles were encouraged
> however despite this the cosmetics industry still boomed in 1930s
17
in the years 1933, 1936, 1939 how many births + marriages per 1,000 people were there
- 1933: M = 29.7 B = 14.7
- 1936: M = 32.6 B = 19.0
- 1939: M = 38.3 B = 20.3
18
what was the people's community called in German
Volksgemeinschaft
18
who were 'the people's community'
- Hitler + Nazis had a vision of the German people as one unified community, all working together for the good of Germany
> he called this the people's community
19
what was the Nazi Race Beliefs
- that the Aryan is the master race
> blonde hair blue eyed GERMAN
19
according to the people's community what were men + women expected to do
- men expected to work hard in factories + in filed or to train to be a good soldier to make Germany strong again
- women expected to work hard at home, cooking + cleaning for husbands + children
> also expected to have lots of children to be future citizens of Germany
20
why did Nazis seek to control education
- to emphasize Nazi beliefs + values
- to give the Nazi interpretation of key events such as WWI
- to prepare boys for war
> and make girls fit in preparation for their future roles as healthy mothers
21
Give some examples of how Nazis changed the curriculum + why
- changed history + biology lessons and textbooks to give the Nazi interpretations on injustices of ToV + evils of communism + Jewish people & betrayal + Nazi views on racial superiority
- amount of time given to physical education was dramatically expanded to prepare boys to fight in war + prepare girls for future roles as healthy mothers
21
how did the Nazis ensure that teachers followed their rules + order to teach the new Nazi approved curriculum
- teachers had to take Nazi ideology courses
- by 1937, 97% of teachers had been on month long courses on Nazi ideology
- Jewish + left-winged teachers sacked
22
school noticeboards were filled with what
- Nazi propaganda posters
23
What was included in boys education under Nazis
- more science + history
> chem = learn abt explosions
> history
> geo = read maps
> German
> PE
> RACE
24
what was included in girls education under Nazis
- domestic science
> cooking, sewing etc
- history
- singing
- PE
- RACE
- German
- geo
25
when was the Hitler Youth movement set up + main objectives of it
- 1925
- under leadership of Von Schirach, the main objective was to indoctrinate young people with Nazi ideas + make them loyal Nazis
25
when was the Hitler youth group split into 2 + what were they + who was it aimed for
- 1933
- Deutsches Jungvolk - the German Young People = 10 -14yrs boys
- Hitler Jugend - Hitler youth = 14 - 18yrs boys
25
what youth movements were set up for girls
- Jungmadel - the League of Young Girls = 10 - 14yrs
- Bund Deutscher Madel - the League of German Girls = 14 - 18yrs
26
when was it made compulsory for all children aged ______ to join youth movement
- 1939
> aged 10 - 18
26
were the Nazis completely successful in their youth movement
- no, as many distanced themselves from it
> e.g. 'Swing Youth' who preferred jazz music + black culture of America to the values of Nazi Party
27
how did Nazis ensure that young people joined their youth movements
- made compulsory 1939
- peer pressure + made it seem like luxuries
> 'holiday, camping, unpaid'
27
what was the percentage of young people who were Hitler Youth members in 1932 + 1938
- 1932 = 1.5% = 200,000 ppl
- 1938 = 77.2% = 7,100,000
28
what was the reason for anti-semitism
- common in Europe for many centuries
- Jews associated with revolution + communism
- suspicion over their wealth + power
> Jews made 1% of German population but 17% of bankers were Jews
- religious intolerance
28
what event took place on 1 April 1933
- one day boycott of Jewish shops, lawyers + doctors all over Germany
28
what did Hitler believe about Aryan Germans
- 'master race'
> they were held back from world domination 'sub-human' groups including Jews
- typically: blond hair, blue eyes, tall, strong
- pure genetic race - not result of racial inbreeding
- brought up to believe in traditional family values
29
what happened on 7 April 1933
- Jewish people banned from having jobs in civil service, university teachings profession, and Judiciary
30
When were the Nuremberg Law introduced
September 1935
31
what were the Nuremberg Laws
- Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honour:
> banning marriages between Jews + Aryans and forbade them to have sexual relations outside of marriage
> Reich Citizenship laws
> Jews lost their German citizenship (right to
vote, healthcare, welfare etc)
31
when + why was there a pause to anti-Jewish campaigns
- 1936
> because Olympic Games were taking place in Berlin
> all anti-Jewish signs were taken down
31
when did Hitler make an outspoken attack on Jews + 'Aryanisation' of German business increased
September 1937
31
when + why did Jews have to register their property
- April 1938
> so it would be easier to confiscate
32
When were Jewish doctors + dentists forbidden to treat Aryans
June - July 1938
33
when did the Reich Office for Jewish Emigration aid emigration of Jews from Germany + how many jews left
- August 1938
- more than 115,000 Jews left Germany
33
when did Jews have to get the letter 'J' stamped on passports
- October 1938
33
when did Kristallnacht take place
9-10 November 1938
34
what was Kristallnacht a response to
- a Jewish student, Herschel Grynszpan marched into German embassy in Paris + shot dead the first diplomat he saw
> he did this because he was angry that the Gestapo had deported his Polish parents back to Poland
35
what happened on Kristallnacht
- Nazis destroyed + attacked synagogues, Jewish homes, shops, schools
35
how many Jewish shops destroyed on Kristallnacht
7,500
35
how many synagogues were burned on Kristallnacht
191
36
in January 1939 what speech did Hitler give to Reichstag
- that if war ever broke out it would lead to the annihilation of Jewish race in Europe
36
how many Jewish men were arrested in Kristallnacht + what was the death toll
- death toll ran into hundred
- 30,000 Jewish men arrested + sent to concentration camps
