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WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 > Cold War Relations > Flashcards

Cold War Relations Flashcards

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1
Q

when + why did Stalin create comecon

A
  • 1949
  • to give financial aid to communist countries
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2
Q

what was the iron curtain

A
  • the division between the communist countries of E Europe and capitalist countries of W Europe
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3
Q

why did Stalin want E Europe countries to have communist gov + how did W Europe allies conceive this as

A
  • to prevent USSR from being invaded as it had been by Nazi Germany 1941
    > to W.E allies it looked like USSR had taken over the whole of E Europe
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4
Q

President Harry Truman took a tough anti-communist line called the Truman Doctrine which was based on:

A
  • containing the USSR within its current areas of influence + not allowing it to spread
  • promising to support any nations that wished to resist communist (what Truman called totalitarian) governments being forced upon them
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5
Q

when was Cominform created + what was it

A
  • 1947
  • co-ordinate economic policies between communist countries of E Europe
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6
Q

what was the Marshall plan

A
  • $13 billion given to capitalist countries to rebuild after the war
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7
Q

why did Stalin introduce the Berlin Blockade

A
  • his fears about the Marshall Plan + Allied decision to introduce new currency in W Zones led to his decision to blockade Berlin
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7
Q

when did Stalin begin the Berlin Blockade

A
  • June 1948
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7
Q

what did the Berlin blockade result in the allies doing

A
  • allies decided to airlift supplies for the 2.4 million W Berliners with food, fuel and other essential supplies
    > known as Berlin airlift
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8
Q

what did Stalin do in the Berlin Blockade

A
  • began cutting of road + rail links between Berlin and west
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9
Q

how long did the Berlin Airlift last

A

11 months

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9
Q

how many flights happened in the Berlin Airlift + extra details abt them

A
  • 278,000 flights
    > every 30 seconds a flight left from Germany to Berlin
  • 2.4 million tons carried at a cost of more than $200 million
  • new airport built at Tegel to reduce congestion at other Berlin airports
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10
Q

when was the Berlin Blockade lifted + why

A
  • May 1949
  • because Stalin realised that the blockade was not working + didn’t want to risk a full-scale war and so called it off
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11
Q

what were the results of the Berlin Blockade + airlift

A
  • 2 separate German countries created
  • Berlin became symbol of opposition to the spread of communism
  • USA (1949) set up NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) as a military alliance to protect from Soviet Russia
    > Soviets retaliated with Warsaw Pact 1955
  • Cold war continues for another 40 years
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11
Q

how long did the Berlin Blockade happen

A
  • June 1948 - May 1949
    > 11 months
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11
Q

when did stalin die

A

5 Match 1953

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12
Q

what was created in 1950s by E German gov to stop citizens fleeing to west + did it work

A
  • ‘inner German border’
    > guards ordered to shoot anyone who wasn’t supposed to be there
    > however many E German citizens easily walked into W Berlin to escape into W Germany
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12
Q

what factors led to the building of the Berlin Wall

A
  • many E Germans fleeing to W G
    > 2.5 million fled by August 1961
  • concerned about W Berlin’s challenge to E German communism + W Berlin being a base for capitalist spies
  • Berlin becoming issue in wider Cold War
    > 1961, soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev publicly declared that all of Berlin was part of E Germany + threatened military action against W Berlin
13
Q

Describe the Berlin Wall

A
  • 155km perimeter around W Berlin
  • massive stone wall + barbed wire on top + gunned positions
  • second barrier between the walls - nicknamed ‘Death Strip’
  • specially constructed checkpoints for entry into E Berlin
    > special permits required which could only be bough in E Germany with W German currency
    > most famous checkpoint called ‘Checkpoint Charlie’ which only non-Germans could cross into the East
14
Q

when was the Berlin Wall built + by whom

A
  • 13 August 1961
  • E German gov, under instructions from USSR began to construct the wall which divided E + W Berlin
  • ‘anti-fascist protective wall’
14
Q

who was Peter Fetcher

A
  • he attempted to escape E Germany via the Berlin wall on 17 August 1962 to see his sister
  • as he climbed the barbed wire he was shot + fell into the Death Strip to slowly bleed to death
14
Q

why was the USA powerless in removing the wall

A
  • they were powerless in removing the wall without risking a nuclear war
14
Q

How was the Berlin Wall efficient for East Germany

A
  • slowed exodus of people from east to west
  • wages rose
  • consumer items became more readily available
  • more likeable careers in technical professions began to appear as industrial + agricultural production increased
15
Q

how many ppl were estimated to have been shot by trying to escape across the Berlin wall

A
  • between 1961 - 1989 nearly 100 people shot
16
Q

how long did the Berlin wall survive for + what was it a symbol of

A
  • 28 yrs
  • symbol of cold war + a divided Germany
16
Q

who was W Germany’s new army ‘Bundeswehr’ supervised by

A
  • Hitler’s leading general who had been imprisoned for war crimes + was let out of jail
    > he advised + supervised the army
16
Q

how many soldiers were in the Bundeswehr in 1961 + 1970s

A
  • 1961 = 350,000
  • 1970s = 500,000
    > second largest army in NATO
16
Q

when was the Hallstein Doctrine introduced + by whom

A
  • 1955
  • Chancellor Adenauer
17
Q

what was the Hallstein Doctrine

A
  • if any country, besides the USSR, formally recognised East Germany’s existence, then W Germany would consider this to be an unfriendly act + cut of all diplomatic relations with that country
17
Q

what was E Germany’s new army + when was it created

A
  • National People’s Army
    > created 1956
17
Q

in the 1980s, USA + USSR were doing what

A
  • USA stationed their nuclear missiles in W Germany
  • USSR stationed their nuclear missiles in E Germany
18
Q

what was the Brezhnev Doctrine

A
  • new leader of USSR, Brezhnev
    > declared that USSR wouldn’t allow countries of E Europe to reject communism
    > ‘even if it meant a third world war’
19
Q

who was Willy Brandt

A

West German:
- foreign minister from 1966
- chancellor from 1969
- also been mayor of W Berlin during building of Berlin Wall

20
Q

why was Willy Brandt so important

A
  • he was the most important politician to improve relations between E + W
21
Q

what was Willy Brandt’s policy called

A
  • Ostpolitik (Eastern policy)
22
Q

what did Ostpolitik invove

A
  • 1970 Moscow Treaty
  • 1970 Warsaw Treaty
  • Brandt leaning in homage at memorial of Polish jews killed by Nazis
  • 1971 Four Powers Treaty
  • 1972 Basic Treaty
23
Q

what was the 1970 Moscow Treaty

A
  • non-aggression agreement between W Germany + USSR
24
Q

what was the 1970 Warsaw Treaty

A
  • agreement with Poland which recognised Poland’s acquisition of territory that had once belonged to Germany
  • allowed Germans remaining in Poland to return to W Germany
25
Q

Why was Brandt kneeling in homage at the memorial to Polish Jews killed by Nazis in Warsaw ghetto criticised

A
  • it was criticised by the Germans who had lost their homes in Poland at the end of war
26
Q

What was the 1971 Four Powers Treaty

A
  • with USSR
  • both sides accepted the division of Berlin as permanent
27
Q

What was the 1972 Basic Treaty

A
  • between E + W Germany
  • agreed to exchange diplomatic missions, increase cross-border contacts and trades and respect each other’s independence
    > although W Germany’s constitution still committed to reunify both Germanies + was still possible for E German citizens to claim citizenship in W Germany
28
Q

When did Brandt receive a Nobel Peace Price for recognition of his efforts

A
  • 1971
29
Q

What were some immediate effects of Ostpolitik

A
  • both countries joined United Nations in 1973
  • travel + communications were easier
    > trade increased throughout 1970s
  • allowed E Germans to participate more fully in international sporting events
30
Q

What was one of the most successful policies in terms of improving relations between capitalist + communist worlds in 1960s and 1970s

A
  • Ostpolitik
    > Howe the Berlin Wall remained as a physical reminder of their political division

WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 (7 decks)

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