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WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 > Weimar Germany > Flashcards

Weimar Germany Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 3 main types of impacts of WWI on Germany

A
  • economical
  • social
  • political
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2
Q

During WWI by how much had prices + wages increased

A
  • prices inc by 100%
  • wages inc by 50%
    (Economical)
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3
Q

Why was Germany close to bankruptcy after WWI

A
  • war had lasted longer than expected
  • German factories were focused on making weapons for war but other industries + businesses had suffered when foreign trade was cut off by Allied naval blockade of Germany
    (Economical)
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4
Q

How many soldiers had died + wounded from WWI

A
  • died = over 2 million
  • wounded = over 6 million
    (Social)
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5
Q

How many civilian deaths were there by 1918 + what caused them

A
  • 293,000 civilian deaths
    > caused by starvation + effects of winter cold
    (Social)
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6
Q

Why was there food shortages after WWI and what did Germans have to resort to eating

A
  • serious food shortages after failure of potato crops
    > left Germans depending on turnips which were usually grown to feed livestock
    (Social)
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7
Q

After WWI when + why did the kaiser abdicate (step down)

A
  • 9 November 1918
    > because outbreak of naval mutiny in part of Kiel led to violent protests in several German countries which persuaded the Kaiser to step down
    (Political)
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8
Q

After the Kaiser gov had collapsed what were Germany left with

A
  • a weakened experimental gov during end of WWI + the peace negotiations which followed
    (Political)
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9
Q

After WWI there was serious political divides between what groups + explain what they wanted for Germany

A
  • socialists + communists
  • socialists wanted to make Germany a more democratic society + fair country
  • communists believed in violent revolution to share wealth of the country among workers + nationalists
    > this division led to violent protests in the new German republic
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10
Q

Why was the new government known as the Weimar Republic

A
  • after the jan 1919 elections for the new constituent assembly there was so much unrest + violence in Berlin
    > it was decided that the new gov should meet outside of Berlin in a town called Weimar
    > the new gov therefore became known as the Weimar Republic
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11
Q

When was the the Weimar Constitution created + what did it contain + any benefits?

A
  • August 1919
  • contained the rules of how the Weimar Republic gov would function
    > made Germany one of the most advanced democratic countries of the world
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12
Q

How long would the president (head of state) stay in power for

A
  • 7 year term
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13
Q

Who were the electorate

A
  • men + women over the age of 20
    > they elected the Reichstag
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14
Q

What was the Reichstag

A
  • the parliament
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15
Q

Who would appoint the chancellor + how would they get a chance to being elected

A
  • the president would appoint the chancellor
    > the chancellor would usually be the leader of the largest party in the Reichstag
    > so they would need the support of the Reichstag
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16
Q

What was proportional representation (pr)

A
  • the % of votes a party would receive would equal to the % of seats/deputies the party would have in the Reichstag
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17
Q

What is coalition

A
  • when parties compromise + work together
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18
Q

What were some problems with proportional representation

A
  • too many parties were formed (dangerous to the Reichstag)
  • small parties could be a danger to the gov
  • coalitions were often seen as unfair + would cause conflicts
    > because often parties would form coalitions, allowing small parties to heard + giving them a chance but parties with higher votes wouldn’t have a chance at being elected
  • most parties in pr are against Weimar Republic so they wanted to be voted to destroy it
    > but the gov would still allow these parties as they wanted democracy
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19
Q

How was the president elected

A
  • by the electorate
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20
Q

Why would the president’s long term have been seen as a flaw of the Weimar constitution

A
  • the president could change over that long period of 7 years + you would be stuck with them
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21
Q

What is article 48 + any problems it may have caused

A
  • Article 48 gave the president the power when the Reichstag were having trouble
    > this might be troublesome as the president is given too much authority + could abuse their power + take control in most of their term
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22
Q

What would a benefit of the Weimar constitution be

A
  • it gave democracy to the German people + for the first time they could vote for their leader
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23
Q

Who was the Treaty of Versailles decided by

A
  • the victorious Allies
    > Britain + France + USA
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24
Q

Why couldn’t Germany resist the Allies when proposed the treaty of Versailles

A
  • Germany’s army had been defeated + their economy weakened
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25
Q

What were each of the Allied members want from the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • USA - Woodrow Wilson wanted moderate peace
  • France - Georges Clemenceau wanted revenge for destruction of France
  • Britain - David Lloyd wanted peace but in winning the election he promised to make Germany pay for the war
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26
Q

What was the Diktat

A
  • the dictated peace which was presented to Germany by The Allies
    > this diktat meant that German gov had to take the terms of the treaty on offer or refuse + face the war starting again
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27
Q

List the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles

A
  • war guilt
  • reparations
  • loss of land
  • military terms
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28
Q

What was the war guilt term in the treaty of Versailles + why was it given

A
  • Article 231
    > made Germany accept responsibility for causing WWI
    > this was so that the Allies could justify Germany paying for the war (reparations)
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29
Q

How much in reparations did Germany have to pay + to who

A
  • £6.6 billion
    > payed to the Allies
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30
Q

How much population + territory was Germany to lose under the treaty

A
  • lose 10% of population
  • lose 13% of territory
    > included valuable regions of coal, iron, steel production
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31
Q

What were some of the land lost by Germany in the treaty

A
  • The Saar Region given to France for 15yrs
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France
  • Belgium gained Eupen and Malmedy
  • Denmark gained Schleswig
  • upper Siberia given to Poland + a portion of German land called polish corridor so Poland could access the Baltic Sea
    > German colonies in Africa were divided between Britain + France + Belgium + Portugal
    > German pacific colonies give to China + Japan + New Zealand + Australia
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32
Q

What was Anschulus

A
  • the union of Germany + Austria
    > there was a ban on this idea (from treaty)
    > Germans saw this as a great betrayal of self determination
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33
Q

Because of the treaty of Versailles how much was the army reduced in size

A
  • down to 100,000 volunteers
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34
Q

How much was the navy reduced to because of treaty

A
  • 6 old battleships
  • 6 light cruises
  • few smaller craft
    + NO SUBMARINES
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35
Q

What happened to Germany’s airforce because of treaty

A
  • not allowed to have an airforce
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36
Q

What was the Rhineland + how was it affected by the treaty

A
  • Rhineland was an important area of Western Germany
    > it was demilitarised + meant no German soldiers were allowed within 50km of the right bank of the River Rhine
    > the Allies occupied the zone for 15yrs
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37
Q

What could the terms in the Treaty of Versailles also be referred to as

A

LAMB
- land
- army
- money
- blame

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38
Q

How could the war guilt cause have had an impact on the German people

A
  • it would injure their pride as they were such a strong + powerful nation
    > it would also be humiliating
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39
Q

How would the military terms in the treaty be a blow to Germany

A
  • it would be a blow to the prestige of a country which previously had a powerful army + navy
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40
Q

Why was Germany economically weak after WWI + signing of the treaty

A
  • they lost many valuable areas / land where iron + coal were mined, which affected Germany’s industrial output
  • they had a currency which was declining in value + also inflation
  • payed reparation of £6.6 billion
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41
Q

What threat was given to Germany regarding reparations + by whom

A
  • new french president, Raymond Poincaré
    > insisted that unless Germany pay reparations, French + Belgian troops would occupy the main German industrial area, the Ruhr, which produced 80% of Germany’s coal, iron, steel
42
Q

When did the invasion of the Ruhr happen

A
  • 11th January 1923
    > French + Belgian troops moved into supervise reparation payments + took resources from the Ruhr
43
Q

How did the new German gov respond to the invasion of the Ruhr

A
  • they ordered German people to carry out a campaign of passive resistance
    > for some this meant going on strike / refusing to go to work
    > for others it meant sabotage - damaging machines so they couldn’t be used
44
Q

How did hyperinflation come about

A
  • due to workers on strike, government still has to pay them which meant printing more and more money
    > this resulted in hyperinflation
45
Q

What happened as wages increased + so did prices

A
  • value of money was decreasing
    > even if more money was printed the money had no value
46
Q

What did hyperinflation lead to

A
  • savings of Germans becoming worthless + wages losing all value
  • starvation + malnutrition were common
  • at one stage conditions had become so bad that people turned to bartering of goods by exchanging anything for food
47
Q

Who were not as badly affected by hyperinflation + why

A
  • landowners benefited, as value of land kept pace with prices + so many could pay off mortgages
  • large industrialists were able to repay loans + farmers benefitted from the rise in food prices
48
Q

Who were most badly affected by hyperinflation

A
  • middle class Germans whose savings were destroyed
  • Germans on fixed incomes such as pensioners were badly affected
  • serious shortages of food + widespread hunger + outbreaks of stealing
49
Q

What was the political effect of hyperinflation

A
  • Germans lost faith in Weimar Republic
    > they turned to more extreme political parties to provide solutions to Germany’s problems
50
Q

Who was Gustav Stresemann

A
  • chancellor in 1923
    > succeeded in creating a coalition of parties to support him + pass laws
  • Foreign Minister in 1924
  • all in all he brought Germany to its golden age
51
Q

How was the economy in 1923 Germany

A
  • extremely bad
    > low production because of invasion of Ruhr (industrial heartland - 80% c + s + i )
    > hyperinflation - people were suffering
52
Q

How was politics in 1923 Germany

A
  • there was political unrest - Nazis tried to seize power - Munich Putch
  • many Germans were critical of the Weimar Republic
    > they hated the treaty of Versailles
  • declining support for Weimar Republic
53
Q

How was foreign relations in 1923 Germany

A
  • hostility because of treaty
    > anger towards the treaty because of war guilt clause
  • humiliation - invasion of Ruhr - rlly tense with France
  • lost of land + colonies
    > felt weak compared to other nations
  • trade damaged by treaty
  • Ruhr invasion
  • Anschluss banned
  • not allowed in League of Nations
54
Q

What is Stresemann’s term of office as chancellor also referred as

A
  • ‘hundred days’
55
Q

How was the Ruhr crisis of 1923 ended by Stresemann

A
  • by calling off passive resistance in the Ruhr
56
Q

How was the hyperinflation crisis of 1923 ended by Stresemann

A
  • abolished the old currency + replaced it with new
    > Rentenmark
    > Rentenmark wasn’t backed by gold (G didn’t have anyway) but by a mortgage on all industrial + agricultural land
  • also refused to print more money when needed + instead cut gov spendings + inc taxes + reduced salaries
  • eventually there was confidence in Germany + abroad + so hyperinflation disappeared
57
Q

What was the new currency established by Stresemann and what was it backed by

A
  • Rentenmark
    > backed by mortgage on all industrial + agricultural land
58
Q

List the things that Stresemann did to solve the problem of reparations

A
  • Dawes plan 1924
  • agreed in future Germany not repay in reparations more than it could afford
  • loans from US
  • reparations spread over long time
  • Young plan
59
Q

What was Dawes plan + what did it help do

A
  • Dawes Plan (1924) - is when USA loaned Germany 800 million marks to help recover from its economic difficulties
    > this established the German currency + balanced Germany’s budget
60
Q

How did loans from US help with problems of reparations

A
  • helped generate economic growth in Germany
    + back up its currency
61
Q

Why were reparation pavements spread over a long period of time under Stresemann

A
  • so that they wouldn’t lead to further inflation
62
Q

When was the young plan introduced + what was it

A
  • in 1929 the Young plan replaced the Dawes plan
    > this reduced reparations by 2/3
    > and allowed reparations to be paid over a long period of time - 59yrs (until 1988)
    > this meant that Germany was very dependant on US loans
63
Q

What was the result of Stresseman’s success

A
  • the Weimar Republic enjoyed a period of political stability
    > in which coalition government lasted longer
    > and more extreme political parties like the Nazis did less well in elections
64
Q

When did Stresemann suddenly die

A
  • October 1929
    > which combined with the start of the ‘Great Depression’ in the same year
65
Q

What did Stresemann’s death lead to

A
  • the ending of the period of prosperity + stability
66
Q

What were left wing parties based on

A
  • freedom
  • equality
  • fraternity
  • rights
  • progress
  • reform
  • internationalism
67
Q

Give an example of a left wing party

A

The German Communist Party (KPD)

68
Q

What were right wing parties based on

A
  • authority
  • hierarchy
  • order
  • duty
  • tradition
  • reaction
  • nationalism
69
Q

Give an example of a right wing party

A

The Nazi Party (NSDAP)

70
Q

Who were the spartacists + what did they believe in

A
  • members of the Spartacus league
    > they were communists who had broken away from social Democratic Party at beginning of WWI
    > they believed in violent revolution to seize power for working class
71
Q

Who were the leaders of the spartacists

A
  • Karl Liebknecht
  • Rosa Luxembourg
72
Q

Who + when was the German Communist Party formed

A
  • formed by Karl Liebknecht + Rosa Luxembourg
  • formed in December 1918
73
Q

What revolts did the KPD lead

A
  • Jan 1919 in Berlin
  • 1920 Berlin
74
Q

How did the President Ebert’s government respond to the spartacists’ revolts

A
  • with the help of army, volunteers were recruited + trained to attack the communists
75
Q

Who were the Freikorps

A
  • (Free Corps)
    > they were recruits, mostly war veterans + junior army officers who were violently anti-communist
    > they help put down the communists
76
Q

What happened to the leaders of the KPD

A
  • in Berlin they were arrested + executed
    > thousands of others were also killed
77
Q

Why did Right winged Germans oppose the Weimar Republic

A
  • they bitterly resented the treaty of Versailles
  • blamed Weimar Republic for humiliation of the treaty
  • strongly opposed socialism + democracy
78
Q

What was the Kapp Putch + who carried it out

A
  • Kapp Putch was an attempt by rebels under Dr Wolfgang Kapp to disobey the government’s order to disband + tried to seize power in Berlin
79
Q

Was the Kapp Putch successful

A
  • although badly organised, they managed to seize power for 4 days
    + Elbert’s gov fled Berlin
  • however, a general strike of workers in Berlin + refusal of civil servants to obey Dr Kapps destroyed the ‘Kapp Putch’
80
Q

Although the Freikorps were broken up after Kapp Putch, some members formed assassination squads to do what

A
  • to murder politicians they disagreed with
    > Matthias Erzberger - prominent social democrat
    > Walther Rathenau - Foreign Minister
    > they were both murdered in 1921 + 1922 for supporting Treaty of Versailes
81
Q

how did serving in WWI change Adolf Hitler’s life

A
  • he won medals for his bravery (such as iron cross) - was selected by the army after war to take part in a propaganda unit to prevent spread of communism in the army
82
Q

did Hitler support the ToV

A
  • NO
83
Q

how did Hitler become involved in right-winged politics

A
  • because of his work in the propaganda unit
84
Q

when + who founded the German Workers’ Party

A
  • 1919
  • Anton Drexler founded it
85
Q

what was the German Workers’ Party

A
  • a nationalist socialist party for working class
    > the party had shortened its name to the Nazi Party
86
Q

when did Hitler take control of the Nazi Party

A
  • 1921 when Drexler was removed
87
Q

what was the Treaty of Rapallo 1922

A
  • a treaty between Germany + Russia which restored relations with the Soviet Union (USSR)
88
Q

what was the foreign policy of Weimar Republic mainly concerned with

A
  • attempting to revise the Treaty of Versailles + restore Germany’s status as a world power
89
Q

what were Stresemann’s aims as a Foreign Minister

A
  • make Germany a great power
  • reduce burdens of ToV, in particular to end occupation of German land by foreign troops + to recover the lost territory + remove war guilt clause
  • to find solution to issue of reparation payment
  • make Germany a member of the League of Nations
90
Q

when + what was the Locarno Agreement

A
  • 1925
  • declared that France + Germany + Belgium would never go to war over Germany’s western borders
91
Q

when did Germany get accepted into the League of nations

A
  • 1926
92
Q

what was the League of Nations

A
  • the international body set up after WWI to peacefully settle international disputes
93
Q

why was Stresemann given a Nobel peace prize

A
  • because of his efforts in restoring Germany as a major power
94
Q

when was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed + by who

A
  • 1928
    > signed by 62 countries
95
Q

what did the Kellogg-Briand Pact agree

A
  • that war was not to be used to settle disputes in the future
96
Q

what were the main aims of the Nazi Party

A
  • to overturn the ToV
  • unite all German speaking people, especially those in lands lost by the treaty in a greater Germany
97
Q

who are the SA (storm troopers ) + what’s their role

A
  • they’re a paramilitary unit
    > they have to protect the Nazi party’s meetings + disrupt those of other parties
    > they attacked all who might oppose Nazi + quickly gained reputation for thuggery and menacing behaviour
98
Q

what were the SA commonly known as + who was their first leader

A
  • brownshirts
  • first leader was a young air force hero, Hermann Goering
99
Q

when was the Munich Putsch

A

8 November 1923

100
Q

what was the Munich Putsch + did it work out accordingly

A
  • 8 Nov 1923
  • Hitler + General Ludendorff + SA interrupted meeting of Bavarian gov in Munich
    > they fired pistol at ceiling + bullied Bavarian leaders to join the ‘national revolution’
  • 9 Nov 1923 they marched into the capitals but H + L were fired on by police + put on trial
    > 16 nazis were killed
101
Q

how did Hitler’s trial for Munich putsch prove to be a superb propaganda platform

A
  • he took this opportunity to make himself very well known throughout Germany
    > made log speeches which appeared in newspapers
102
Q

what is Mein Kampf + what key ideas does it talk about

A
  • (my struggles) a book written by Hitler in prison
  • key ideas include:
    > volksgemeinschaft - people’s community - strongest race would dominate weaker race in Germany
    > overturing ToV
    > Lebensraum - living room - all German people would live here
    > all Jews eliminated from Germany

WJEC Eduqas GCSE History - THE DEVELOPMENT OF GERMANY 1919-1991 (7 decks)

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