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Edexcel History: Britain Transformed > Welfare State > Flashcards

Welfare State Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the NHS founded

A

1948

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2
Q

What is welfare?

A

Aid given to those who need it

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3
Q

What is a welfare state?

A

Universal support from the cradle to the grave.

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4
Q

Who were considered the deserving poor?

A

Can’t work, disabled, young, too old, unemployed, circumstances that are not your fault.

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5
Q

Who were considered the undeserving poor?

A

Choose not to work, working age, able bodied, lazy, scrounger - fear that they will become dependent on the state for help.

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6
Q

What was the preferred method of paying for welfare?

A

National insurance - contributions from working people - pay in to get something out.

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7
Q

What is a social service state?

A

Minimum of support offered to those without independent means of survival. Onset economic problems meant that hopes of a welfare state was undermined.

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8
Q

What was peak unemployment?

A

3 million in the 1930s

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9
Q

What was set up to establish the welfare state?

A

Ministry of Reconstruction

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10
Q

Why was the 1911 National Insurance Act Set up?

A

Unemployment benefits

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11
Q

How many soldiers were there after WWI?

A

3.5 million

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12
Q

Why could many soldiers not claim benefits?

A

A) not worked in one of the specified industries or B) had not made sufficient contributions.

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13
Q

What was the Dole?

A

Paid out of general taxation with no link to individual contributions

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14
Q

What were the fears with the dole?

A

It would upset the budget

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15
Q

Where were funds diverted from?

A

More productive use

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16
Q

What was issued to returning troops and civilian unemployed?

A

“Out of work donation”

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17
Q

What precedent did the out of work donation set?

A

Government accepted a duty to adequately support the unemployed and it provided more money for family dependants.

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18
Q

What was passed in 1920?

A

Unemployment Insurance Act

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19
Q

What did the Unemployment Insurance Act do?

A

Developed as a longer term solution - increasing the number of workers covered would make the scheme self funding.

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20
Q

What was the issue with the Unemployment Insurance Act?

A

Timing of its passage - war slump began to bite - huge number of eligible claimants drained the fund

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21
Q

How many workers claimed?

A

2/3

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22
Q

What happened in 1921?

A

Government had to make extended payments - which were basically dole payments.

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23
Q

How many workers took part in strikes in 1919?

A

2.4 million

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24
Q

How did the government limit the expense?

A

1921 - seeking working test

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25
Q

How many claims had been rejected by March 1930?

A

3 million

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26
Q

When was the Local Government Act passed?

A

1929

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27
Q

What was set up?

A

County and borough councils had to set up Public Assistance Committees

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28
Q

What power did PACS have?

A

Means-test claimants

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29
Q

How many people faced reduced or rejected claims?

A

400,000

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30
Q

What was passed in 1934?

A

Unemployment Act

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31
Q

What did the Unemployment Act do?

A

Separated the treatment of insurable and long term unemployment

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32
Q

How many people received 26 weeks of benefit payments?

A

14.5 million

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33
Q

What was set up to help those with no entitlement?

A

National Unemployment Assistance Board

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34
Q

How many people were assisted in 1937?

A

1 million

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35
Q

What was passed in 1908?

A

The Pension Act

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36
Q

What were the criticisms of the Pensions Act?

A

Poor men and women who had worked through their lives - criticism that they were means tested and did not support widows or children of the deceased.

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37
Q

What was passed in 1925?

A

Widows and Orphans act

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38
Q

Who introduced the Widows and Orphans Act?

A

Neville Chamberlain

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39
Q

What did it do?

A

Provided a pension of ten shillings a week for those aged 65 to 70, and provided for widows, their children and orphans

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40
Q

How was the Widows and Orphans Act funded?

A

Funded by a compulsory contribution rather than by taxation.

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41
Q

How was the act criticised?

A

Unfairly penalised the poor

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42
Q

When could self employed workers join the scheme?

A

1938

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43
Q

What act was passed in 1919?

A

Housing and Town Planning Act

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44
Q

What did the Housing and Town Planning Act do?

A

Aimed to empower local authorities to use central government funds to meet housing needs

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45
Q

How many houses were estimated to have to be built?

A

600,000

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46
Q

How many houses were built before the recession?

A

213,000

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47
Q

What was the house shortfall in 1923?

A

822,000

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48
Q

What acts were passed by Labour?

A

Labour Housing Acts 1923/1924 and 1930

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49
Q

What did the Housing Acts do?

A

Sought to use subsidies to encourage the construction of private and state-owned housing. Promoted a great deal of housebuilding.

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50
Q

How many houses were built between 1919 and 1940?

A

4 million homes - one million in the public sector

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51
Q

How many of all houses had been built since 1918?

A

1/3

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52
Q

What did the 1930 act use?

A

State funds to rehouse people living in overcrowded areas.

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53
Q

How many houses were in the Becontree estate?

A

258000

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54
Q

When was the new ford factory built?

A

1931

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55
Q

When was the Beveridge report?

A

1942

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56
Q

What were the five giants?

A

Ignorance, Idleness, Disease, Want and Squalor

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57
Q

Why did Churchill lose the 1945 election?

A

Disregarded the Beveridge report

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58
Q

Which aspect of the Beveridge report did Labour reject?

A

Idea that it should be through contribution - they adopted pay as you go.

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59
Q

What act was passed in 1945?

A

Family Allowance Act

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60
Q

What did the Family allowance Act do?

A

Non-means-tested - 5 shillings a week - each child other than first. Successfully challenged original plan to give the money to fathers.

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61
Q

When was National Assisstance Act passed?

A

1948

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62
Q

When was the National Insurance Act?

A

1946

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63
Q

How many households received the Family Guide to National Insurance leaflet?

A

14 million

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64
Q

How many leaflets had been distributed by 1949?

A

50 million

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65
Q

What act was passed in 1948?

A

Industrial Accidents Act

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66
Q

Who were against welfare?

A

Right wing politicians

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67
Q

What was the fear?

A

People would become dependent and lazy

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68
Q

What did Thatcher say?

A

Encourage those who can make money to make money and everyone else will be fine.

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69
Q

What did Keith Joseph say?

A

State was the enemy of individual freedom

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70
Q

What was another fear?

A

Welfare perpetuated poverty - poverty trap

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71
Q

How much did welfare cost in 1939?

A

0.6% of GNP

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72
Q

How much did it cost by 1970?

A

8.8%

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73
Q

What was the deficit in 1964?

A

8 million

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74
Q

What was inflation in 1970?

A

13.4%

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75
Q

What was welfare cost in 1966?

A

5% of GDP

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76
Q

How was welfare inefficient?

A

Government would always spend money less efficiently than private business

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77
Q

When was the Selsdon Meeting?

A

1970

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78
Q

What was the Selsdon meeting?

A

“Quiet revolution” - reform the welfare state - union reform, ending subsidies for national industries and ending state control of wages and prices were proposed.

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79
Q

What had the Tories inherited?

A

Poor economy not only from Labour but also from the previous tories.

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80
Q

What was passed in 1970?

A

National Insurance Act

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81
Q

What did the 1970 Act do?

A

Gave pension rights to 100,000 people who had not been covered by the 1948 NAA.
Attendance allowance for people who needed long-term care at home.
Invalidity benefit - increased child allowance. Made rent subsidies available for low income families.

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82
Q

How much did Labour raise pension rates?

A

25%

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83
Q

What acts were passed in 1975?

A

Invalid Care Allowance
Universal Child Benefit

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84
Q

What did the Universal Child Benefit do?

A

All children including firstborn - number of children under remit is doubled.

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85
Q

What act was passed in 1976?

A

Supplementary Benefits Act

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86
Q

When were the IMF cuts?

A

1976

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87
Q

What did the IMF cuts do?

A

Cut spending in return for a $4 billion loan

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88
Q

How much money was made in cuts?

A

£2.5 billion

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89
Q

What happened in the 1974 election?

A

The Conservatives attacked Wilson’s Labour welfare policies - showing there is no longer a consensus between the two major parties on what policies should and shouldn’t be continued with

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90
Q

What was the impact of growing affluence?

A

Affluent working-class and middle-class people saw welfare as a problem, not as a solution - opposition from them meant that not even those who could benefit agreed with the concept of a welfare state

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91
Q

What was the impact of the generational shift?

A

Less inclined to endorse collectivism - working class = aspirational - grow rich rather than defend the rights of their class. Less sympathy for policies that meant higher tax.

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92
Q

What was health care pre-WWI?

A

Hybrid of state and private provisions - provided by different agencies.

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93
Q

What agencies provided healthcare pre-WWI?

A

Local Friendly Societies

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94
Q

Who called for an NHS pre-WWI?

A

Labour

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95
Q

What proportion of men were unfit for combat in WWI?

A

41%

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96
Q

How many men were deemed unusable in any military capacity?

A

10%

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97
Q

What was the state of the Ministry of Health in 1919?

A

Lacked statutory authority and political will required to radically change the system

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98
Q

Which authorities had remit over medical services?

A

School Medical Service and the Factory Health Inspectorate.

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99
Q

What happened in 1926?

A

Tories failed to act on Royal Commission recommendation to either scrap or reform the health insurance system

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100
Q

Why did Chamberlain advise against this?

A

Insurance companies were too powerful to take on.

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101
Q

What percentage of health insurance was provided by large companies?

A

75%

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102
Q

What did the 1911 National Insurance Act do?

A

The government relied on “Approved Societies” to collect subscriptions and pay medical costs.

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103
Q

How many workers were covered by state health insurance in 1937?

A

18 million

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104
Q

What was the issue with Friendly Societies?

A

Too small - couldn’t pay for members hospital treatment.

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105
Q

What happened to Friendly Societies?

A

Went bankrupt and left people with no insurance at all.

106
Q

What was the first option for most medical care?

A

GPs

107
Q

Who else provided a range of care services?

A

Local services

108
Q

What was there a cost for?

A

Consultation and treatment.

109
Q

What happened to people in poor areas?

A

People would only go to the doctors as a last resort and sometimes couldn’t pay for treatment.

110
Q

Who was sometimes hired to get money for GPS?

A

Debt collectors

111
Q

What were common issues following the NHS being founded?

A

Hernias, skin diseases, toothache and rotting teeth

112
Q

What were the best hospitals?

A

Teaching hospitals

113
Q

How many voluntary hospitals were in London?

A

12

114
Q

How many voluntary hospitals were in the provinces?

A

10

115
Q

What hospitals had a long history and trained specialists?

A

Guys and the London hospitals - got more donations

116
Q

How many smaller voluntary hospitals were there?

A

1,100

117
Q

What happened if charities and local authorities couldn’t fund hospitals?

A

Hospitals would file for bankruptcy

118
Q

What was enough to encourage local donations and avoid closure?

A

Shroud Waving

119
Q

What meant that it was harder for smaller hospitals to stay opperational?

A

Rising costs of more advanced medical treatments

120
Q

Who were unlikely to be admitted to get a fast turnouver?

A

Elderly or those who were chronically ill.

121
Q

What were state provided hospitals called?

A

Workhouse infirmaries

122
Q

What was the issue with state provided hospitals?

A

Overcrowded with elderly and chronically ill patients

123
Q

What act was passed in 1929?

A

Local Government Act

124
Q

What did the Local Government Act do?

A

PACs were empowered to take over and develop state hospitals into proper hospitals

125
Q

What was the issue with this development?

A

No timetable or compulsion for action and uptake was slow outside of London.

126
Q

What was the state of healthcare in 1939?

A

Half of public hospitals were still Poor Law infirmaries

127
Q

What were there shortages of?

A

Beds, buildings, equipment, trained consultants and poor patient accessibility due to the poor distribution of good hospitals.

128
Q

What was established in 1946?

A

National Blood Transfusion Service.

129
Q

What was established in 1939?

A

Emergency Medical Service set up to treat military personnel

130
Q

What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1950?

A

4.1%

131
Q

What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1970?

A

4.8%

132
Q

What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1990?

A

14%

133
Q

What was cause of the increased cost?

A

Developments in science with more available treatments.

134
Q

How many antibiotics were available in 1948?

A

1

135
Q

How many antibiotics were available in 1968?

A

33

136
Q

What was the issue with the backlog of cases?

A

Difficult to dedicate necessary time and funds to planning.

137
Q

What made it hard to make cost-effective decisions?

A

Regional divisions

138
Q

What was the number of staff employed in 1948?

A

500,000

139
Q

What was the number of staff employed in 1979?

A

1 million

140
Q

What happened in 1951?

A

Charges introduced for glasses and dentures - Bevan felt this undermined the principle that care should be free - penalised poor more than the rich.

141
Q

What caused Bevan to resign?

A

Soaring costs

142
Q

What did each health authority do?

A

Provide uniform treatment - less regional disparity.

143
Q

What is a tripartite system?

A

Three layers of health care

144
Q

What happened in the first 10 years of the NHS?

A

Antibiotic from USA caused the number of tuberculosis deaths to fall from 25,000 to 5,000 per year.

145
Q

What did mass immunisation do?

A

Huge drop in polio and diphtheria cases in the mid 1950s.

146
Q

What was the impact of people living longer?

A

Heart disease and cancer increased throughout the 1950s and 1960s - dropped in 70s due to better diets, more exercise and fewer smokers.

147
Q

What % drop was there in whooping cough by 1970?

A

90%

148
Q

What was almost completely eradicated by 1990?

A

Syphilis

149
Q

What did men’s life expectancy increase from and to?

A

66 in 1950 to 70 in 1979

150
Q

What did women’s life expectancy increase from and to?

A

71 to 75

151
Q

What did improved midwifery do?

A

Led maternal death in childbirth to fall from one per 1,000 births in 1949 to 0.18 in 1970

152
Q

How many inadequate cottage hospitals were closed in the 1960s?

A

300

153
Q

What was the biggest health problem and how many people did it affect?

A

Arthritis - 200,000 men and 700,000 women in 1970s

154
Q

What percentage of women gave birth in hospital in the 1950s?

A

60%

155
Q

What percentage of women gave birth in hospital in the 1978?

A

97%

156
Q

What percentage of women got an episiotomy?

A

70% - 90%

157
Q

What percentage of GPs in working class areas were built before 1900s?

A

80%

158
Q

What percentage of GPs in middle class areas were built before 1900s?

A

50%

159
Q

How much more likely was a working class woman to die in child birth?

A

Twice

160
Q

How much more likely were working class men to die before 60?

A

Twice

161
Q

How many doctors had to sign off on an abortion?

A

2

162
Q

How many deaths occurred in legal abortions between 1968 and 1978?

A

86

163
Q

What was the concern in 1957?

A

Mental health wasn’t being treated properly

164
Q

What was the 1957 Royal Commission on Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency?

A

Patients had rights and were being disrespected and hospitals were more like asylums

165
Q

What act was passed in 1959?

A

Mental Health Act

166
Q

What did the Mental Health Act do?

A

New terminology - mentally ill rather than insane. Judges removed from the process - mental health tribunals not judges - protect liberty of patients. Open door policy - voluntary treatment options in day-care centres rather than having to go to hospital.

167
Q

What was put into place in 1962?

A

Hospital Plann

168
Q

What did the Hospital plan propose?

A

50% drop in hospital beds for people with mental illness by 1975.

169
Q

What was the state of mental health care in 1974?

A

Only 15% of the day care places needed were available. Only 33% of hospitals needed were available.

170
Q

How many enquiries into misconduct occurred in 1967 and 1981?

A

25

171
Q

When were the white papers proposed?

A

1971 and 1975 - recognise ongoing problems but no reform happened until the early 1980s.

172
Q

When was the first Education Act passed?

A

1902

173
Q

What did the 1902 act do?

A

Increased chances of grammar school education for able working class children

174
Q

How many children gained places in 1914?

A

56/1000

175
Q

How many places were meant to be given to non-fee paying students?

A

1/4

176
Q

What was the quality of education so dependent on?

A

Wealth and class

177
Q

What did the Board of Education decide in 1904?

A

All pupils would study three strands: humanistic and scientific skills along with domestic skills for girls and manual skills for boys.

178
Q

What caused the rise of gender divides?

A

Industrial revolution - prior to this - skilled work happened in the home - “cottage industries”

179
Q

When was Oxford founded?

A

11th century

180
Q

When was Cambridge Founded?

A

1209

181
Q

What were some of the 6 original unis?

A

Sheffield, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester

182
Q

What was the original aim of university?

A

Provide meant with skills they could use in the workplace - engineering especially

183
Q

Who mainly reaped the benefits of university in 1918?

A

Privileged people - lack of bursaries and scholarships because it was not a priority for governments

184
Q

What was government investment in 1919?

A

£1 million

185
Q

What was government investment in 1962?

A

£80 million

186
Q

What happened to the proportion of uni costs met by students between 1920-1950?

A

Fell from a third to under an eighth due to more bursaries

187
Q

What happened in 1962?

A

Local authorities compelled to give an allowance/ grant to enable students to concentrate on studying rather than working.

188
Q

What was the number of students in 1900?

A

20,000

189
Q

What was the number of students in 1938?

A

38,000

190
Q

What was the number of students in 1962?

A

113,000

191
Q

How many students did Oxbridge educate in 1939?

A

22% of all students

192
Q

What was the emphasis at Oxford?

A

Classics and history

193
Q

What was the emphasis at Cambridge?

A

Sciences

194
Q

How many students went to the University of London in 1939?

A

13,000

195
Q

How many students went to the University of London in 1963?

A

23,000

196
Q

What was London specialised in?

A

Science, Engineering and Medicine

197
Q

When was Reading Built?

A

1926

198
Q

What unis were built between 1948-57?

A

Nottingham, Southampton and Exeter

199
Q

What percentage of Oxbridge students were women?

A

13%

200
Q

What proportion of 18-21 year olds went to uni in 1900?

A

0.8%

201
Q

What proportion of 18-21 year olds went to uni in 1962?

A

4%

202
Q

What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1921?

A

65.8

203
Q

What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1938?

A

74.5

204
Q

What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1961?

A

99.1

205
Q

What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1976?

A

100

206
Q

What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1931?

A

91.7

207
Q

What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1961?

A

99.9

208
Q

What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1976?

A

100

209
Q

What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1921?

A

3.2

210
Q

What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1938?

A

6.6

211
Q

What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1951?

A

12.5

212
Q

What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1976?

A

36%

213
Q

When was the Fisher Act passed?

A

1918

214
Q

What did the Fisher Act do?

A

School leaving age 14
Nurseries
No elementary fees
No child labour
Health checks for secondary school pupils

215
Q

Why were only a few nursery and continuation schools built?

A

Geddes Act 1922

216
Q

Who commissioned the Hadow Report?

A

Trevelyan

217
Q

When was the Hadow Report?

A

1926

218
Q

What did it recommend?

A

Primary schools 5-11
Tripartite system

219
Q

What were the three schools in the Tripartite system?

A

Technical schools for trade, modern schools for the rest and grammar schools for academics.

220
Q

Why wasn’t much done with the Hadow Report?

A

Unemployment a bigger issue for the government

221
Q

When did Trevelyan try to increase school leaving age?

A

15

222
Q

Why was this idea rejected?

A

Unpopular with Catholic MPs - resented paying tax for education as well as Catholic school fees for their children.

223
Q

How long did working class children in secondary education stay static?

A

1918-1943

224
Q

When was the School Leaving age raised?

A

1944

225
Q

hen was the Plowden report?

A

1967

226
Q

What did Plowden believe?

A

Progressive curriculum - education should transmit values and attitudes

227
Q

What did the Plowden Report recommend?

A

More project based work was carried out at primary schools - rather than teacher-led activities.
Learning through play in early years teaching - acceptance that all children learn at a different pace.

228
Q

What did Plowden think of grammar?

A

A hindrance to creativity and threat to progress.

229
Q

Which school let children choose between class and watching tv?

A

William Tyndale Junior School

230
Q

What did parents think?

A

Trendy teachers - there was a lack of discipline and learning in schools

231
Q

What increased fears?

A

Grange Hill

232
Q

What % of students took O-Levels?

A

20%

233
Q

When was a CSE introduced?

A

1965

234
Q

When was RAB Butler on the scene?

A

1944

235
Q

What did RAB want to do?

A

Tackle ignorance
Raise leaving age to 15
Introduce the 11+
Free secondary education

236
Q

What was the tripartite system seen as?

A

Giving a child a pass or fail from an early age

237
Q

What was the parity of esteem?

A

Schools meant to be viewed the same - unsuccessful concept - extra funding to grammar schools - attracted better quality teachers.

238
Q

When was the Education Act?

A

1944 - girls encouraged in humanities and art, boys science and maths in modern schools - boys technology, girls mother work - gender divide.

239
Q

What was introduced in 1965?

A

Crosland Circular - comp schools

240
Q

Who was in favour of Crosland’s system?

A

Teachers’ unions and the middle class

241
Q

How many pupils went to comps in 1964?

A

10%

242
Q

How many pupils went to comps in 1979?

A

90%

243
Q

How many grammar schools remain in 1979?

A

150

244
Q

Who lead the Commission on Higher Education?

A

Lord Robbins

245
Q

What did he identify as areas of concern?

A

Funding and number of places available

246
Q

When was his report?

A

1963

247
Q

What did the report recomment?

A

Universal grant be provided to all students with a uni place and there should be state funding increase to enable growth of university places.

248
Q

How many unis in 1962?

A

22

249
Q

How many unis in 1970?

A

46

250
Q

What are the Plate Glass Unis?

A

York and Lancaster

251
Q

What was created in 1964?

A

Council for National Academica Awards.

252
Q

How many tech colleges were made polys?

A

34

253
Q

When was the Open University launched?

A

1969

254
Q

How many students in 1970?

A

185,000 - 31% female

255
Q

How many students in 1983?

A

237,000 - 42% female

256
Q

What was set up in 1919?

A

University Grant Committee

257
Q

When did GCE replace School Certificates?

A

1951

258
Q

When was the Crowther Report?

A

1963

259
Q

What was the Crowther Report?

A

Calls for school leaving age of 16 and part-time education for over 16s.

260
Q

When was the leaving age raised to 16?

A

1973

261
Q

What was the 1976 Education Act?

A

Compels local authorities to submit plans for extension of comprehensive education.

Edexcel History: Britain Transformed (5 decks)

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