Welfare State Flashcards
When was the NHS founded
1948
What is welfare?
Aid given to those who need it
What is a welfare state?
Universal support from the cradle to the grave.
Who were considered the deserving poor?
Can’t work, disabled, young, too old, unemployed, circumstances that are not your fault.
Who were considered the undeserving poor?
Choose not to work, working age, able bodied, lazy, scrounger - fear that they will become dependent on the state for help.
What was the preferred method of paying for welfare?
National insurance - contributions from working people - pay in to get something out.
What is a social service state?
Minimum of support offered to those without independent means of survival. Onset economic problems meant that hopes of a welfare state was undermined.
What was peak unemployment?
3 million in the 1930s
What was set up to establish the welfare state?
Ministry of Reconstruction
Why was the 1911 National Insurance Act Set up?
Unemployment benefits
How many soldiers were there after WWI?
3.5 million
Why could many soldiers not claim benefits?
A) not worked in one of the specified industries or B) had not made sufficient contributions.
What was the Dole?
Paid out of general taxation with no link to individual contributions
What were the fears with the dole?
It would upset the budget
Where were funds diverted from?
More productive use
What was issued to returning troops and civilian unemployed?
“Out of work donation”
What precedent did the out of work donation set?
Government accepted a duty to adequately support the unemployed and it provided more money for family dependants.
What was passed in 1920?
Unemployment Insurance Act
What did the Unemployment Insurance Act do?
Developed as a longer term solution - increasing the number of workers covered would make the scheme self funding.
What was the issue with the Unemployment Insurance Act?
Timing of its passage - war slump began to bite - huge number of eligible claimants drained the fund
How many workers claimed?
2/3
What happened in 1921?
Government had to make extended payments - which were basically dole payments.
How many workers took part in strikes in 1919?
2.4 million
How did the government limit the expense?
1921 - seeking working test
How many claims had been rejected by March 1930?
3 million
When was the Local Government Act passed?
1929
What was set up?
County and borough councils had to set up Public Assistance Committees
What power did PACS have?
Means-test claimants
How many people faced reduced or rejected claims?
400,000
What was passed in 1934?
Unemployment Act
What did the Unemployment Act do?
Separated the treatment of insurable and long term unemployment
How many people received 26 weeks of benefit payments?
14.5 million
What was set up to help those with no entitlement?
National Unemployment Assistance Board
How many people were assisted in 1937?
1 million
What was passed in 1908?
The Pension Act
What were the criticisms of the Pensions Act?
Poor men and women who had worked through their lives - criticism that they were means tested and did not support widows or children of the deceased.
What was passed in 1925?
Widows and Orphans act
Who introduced the Widows and Orphans Act?
Neville Chamberlain
What did it do?
Provided a pension of ten shillings a week for those aged 65 to 70, and provided for widows, their children and orphans
How was the Widows and Orphans Act funded?
Funded by a compulsory contribution rather than by taxation.
How was the act criticised?
Unfairly penalised the poor
When could self employed workers join the scheme?
1938
What act was passed in 1919?
Housing and Town Planning Act
What did the Housing and Town Planning Act do?
Aimed to empower local authorities to use central government funds to meet housing needs
How many houses were estimated to have to be built?
600,000
How many houses were built before the recession?
213,000
What was the house shortfall in 1923?
822,000
What acts were passed by Labour?
Labour Housing Acts 1923/1924 and 1930
What did the Housing Acts do?
Sought to use subsidies to encourage the construction of private and state-owned housing. Promoted a great deal of housebuilding.
How many houses were built between 1919 and 1940?
4 million homes - one million in the public sector
How many of all houses had been built since 1918?
1/3
What did the 1930 act use?
State funds to rehouse people living in overcrowded areas.
How many houses were in the Becontree estate?
258000
When was the new ford factory built?
1931
When was the Beveridge report?
1942
What were the five giants?
Ignorance, Idleness, Disease, Want and Squalor
Why did Churchill lose the 1945 election?
Disregarded the Beveridge report
Which aspect of the Beveridge report did Labour reject?
Idea that it should be through contribution - they adopted pay as you go.
What act was passed in 1945?
Family Allowance Act
What did the Family allowance Act do?
Non-means-tested - 5 shillings a week - each child other than first. Successfully challenged original plan to give the money to fathers.
When was National Assisstance Act passed?
1948
When was the National Insurance Act?
1946
How many households received the Family Guide to National Insurance leaflet?
14 million
How many leaflets had been distributed by 1949?
50 million
What act was passed in 1948?
Industrial Accidents Act
Who were against welfare?
Right wing politicians
What was the fear?
People would become dependent and lazy
What did Thatcher say?
Encourage those who can make money to make money and everyone else will be fine.
What did Keith Joseph say?
State was the enemy of individual freedom
What was another fear?
Welfare perpetuated poverty - poverty trap
How much did welfare cost in 1939?
0.6% of GNP
How much did it cost by 1970?
8.8%
What was the deficit in 1964?
8 million
What was inflation in 1970?
13.4%
What was welfare cost in 1966?
5% of GDP
How was welfare inefficient?
Government would always spend money less efficiently than private business
When was the Selsdon Meeting?
1970
What was the Selsdon meeting?
“Quiet revolution” - reform the welfare state - union reform, ending subsidies for national industries and ending state control of wages and prices were proposed.
What had the Tories inherited?
Poor economy not only from Labour but also from the previous tories.
What was passed in 1970?
National Insurance Act
What did the 1970 Act do?
Gave pension rights to 100,000 people who had not been covered by the 1948 NAA.
Attendance allowance for people who needed long-term care at home.
Invalidity benefit - increased child allowance. Made rent subsidies available for low income families.
How much did Labour raise pension rates?
25%
What acts were passed in 1975?
Invalid Care Allowance
Universal Child Benefit
What did the Universal Child Benefit do?
All children including firstborn - number of children under remit is doubled.
What act was passed in 1976?
Supplementary Benefits Act
When were the IMF cuts?
1976
What did the IMF cuts do?
Cut spending in return for a $4 billion loan
How much money was made in cuts?
£2.5 billion
What happened in the 1974 election?
The Conservatives attacked Wilson’s Labour welfare policies - showing there is no longer a consensus between the two major parties on what policies should and shouldn’t be continued with
What was the impact of growing affluence?
Affluent working-class and middle-class people saw welfare as a problem, not as a solution - opposition from them meant that not even those who could benefit agreed with the concept of a welfare state
What was the impact of the generational shift?
Less inclined to endorse collectivism - working class = aspirational - grow rich rather than defend the rights of their class. Less sympathy for policies that meant higher tax.
What was health care pre-WWI?
Hybrid of state and private provisions - provided by different agencies.
What agencies provided healthcare pre-WWI?
Local Friendly Societies
Who called for an NHS pre-WWI?
Labour
What proportion of men were unfit for combat in WWI?
41%
How many men were deemed unusable in any military capacity?
10%
What was the state of the Ministry of Health in 1919?
Lacked statutory authority and political will required to radically change the system
Which authorities had remit over medical services?
School Medical Service and the Factory Health Inspectorate.
What happened in 1926?
Tories failed to act on Royal Commission recommendation to either scrap or reform the health insurance system
Why did Chamberlain advise against this?
Insurance companies were too powerful to take on.
What percentage of health insurance was provided by large companies?
75%
What did the 1911 National Insurance Act do?
The government relied on “Approved Societies” to collect subscriptions and pay medical costs.
How many workers were covered by state health insurance in 1937?
18 million
What was the issue with Friendly Societies?
Too small - couldn’t pay for members hospital treatment.
What happened to Friendly Societies?
Went bankrupt and left people with no insurance at all.
What was the first option for most medical care?
GPs
Who else provided a range of care services?
Local services
What was there a cost for?
Consultation and treatment.
What happened to people in poor areas?
People would only go to the doctors as a last resort and sometimes couldn’t pay for treatment.
Who was sometimes hired to get money for GPS?
Debt collectors
What were common issues following the NHS being founded?
Hernias, skin diseases, toothache and rotting teeth
What were the best hospitals?
Teaching hospitals
How many voluntary hospitals were in London?
12
How many voluntary hospitals were in the provinces?
10
What hospitals had a long history and trained specialists?
Guys and the London hospitals - got more donations
How many smaller voluntary hospitals were there?
1,100
What happened if charities and local authorities couldn’t fund hospitals?
Hospitals would file for bankruptcy
What was enough to encourage local donations and avoid closure?
Shroud Waving
What meant that it was harder for smaller hospitals to stay opperational?
Rising costs of more advanced medical treatments
Who were unlikely to be admitted to get a fast turnouver?
Elderly or those who were chronically ill.
What were state provided hospitals called?
Workhouse infirmaries
What was the issue with state provided hospitals?
Overcrowded with elderly and chronically ill patients
What act was passed in 1929?
Local Government Act
What did the Local Government Act do?
PACs were empowered to take over and develop state hospitals into proper hospitals
What was the issue with this development?
No timetable or compulsion for action and uptake was slow outside of London.
What was the state of healthcare in 1939?
Half of public hospitals were still Poor Law infirmaries
What were there shortages of?
Beds, buildings, equipment, trained consultants and poor patient accessibility due to the poor distribution of good hospitals.
What was established in 1946?
National Blood Transfusion Service.
What was established in 1939?
Emergency Medical Service set up to treat military personnel
What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1950?
4.1%
What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1970?
4.8%
What % of GNP did the NHS cost in 1990?
14%
What was cause of the increased cost?
Developments in science with more available treatments.
How many antibiotics were available in 1948?
1
How many antibiotics were available in 1968?
33
What was the issue with the backlog of cases?
Difficult to dedicate necessary time and funds to planning.
What made it hard to make cost-effective decisions?
Regional divisions
What was the number of staff employed in 1948?
500,000
What was the number of staff employed in 1979?
1 million
What happened in 1951?
Charges introduced for glasses and dentures - Bevan felt this undermined the principle that care should be free - penalised poor more than the rich.
What caused Bevan to resign?
Soaring costs
What did each health authority do?
Provide uniform treatment - less regional disparity.
What is a tripartite system?
Three layers of health care
What happened in the first 10 years of the NHS?
Antibiotic from USA caused the number of tuberculosis deaths to fall from 25,000 to 5,000 per year.
What did mass immunisation do?
Huge drop in polio and diphtheria cases in the mid 1950s.
What was the impact of people living longer?
Heart disease and cancer increased throughout the 1950s and 1960s - dropped in 70s due to better diets, more exercise and fewer smokers.
What % drop was there in whooping cough by 1970?
90%
What was almost completely eradicated by 1990?
Syphilis
What did men’s life expectancy increase from and to?
66 in 1950 to 70 in 1979
What did women’s life expectancy increase from and to?
71 to 75
What did improved midwifery do?
Led maternal death in childbirth to fall from one per 1,000 births in 1949 to 0.18 in 1970
How many inadequate cottage hospitals were closed in the 1960s?
300
What was the biggest health problem and how many people did it affect?
Arthritis - 200,000 men and 700,000 women in 1970s
What percentage of women gave birth in hospital in the 1950s?
60%
What percentage of women gave birth in hospital in the 1978?
97%
What percentage of women got an episiotomy?
70% - 90%
What percentage of GPs in working class areas were built before 1900s?
80%
What percentage of GPs in middle class areas were built before 1900s?
50%
How much more likely was a working class woman to die in child birth?
Twice
How much more likely were working class men to die before 60?
Twice
How many doctors had to sign off on an abortion?
2
How many deaths occurred in legal abortions between 1968 and 1978?
86
What was the concern in 1957?
Mental health wasn’t being treated properly
What was the 1957 Royal Commission on Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency?
Patients had rights and were being disrespected and hospitals were more like asylums
What act was passed in 1959?
Mental Health Act
What did the Mental Health Act do?
New terminology - mentally ill rather than insane. Judges removed from the process - mental health tribunals not judges - protect liberty of patients. Open door policy - voluntary treatment options in day-care centres rather than having to go to hospital.
What was put into place in 1962?
Hospital Plann
What did the Hospital plan propose?
50% drop in hospital beds for people with mental illness by 1975.
What was the state of mental health care in 1974?
Only 15% of the day care places needed were available. Only 33% of hospitals needed were available.
How many enquiries into misconduct occurred in 1967 and 1981?
25
When were the white papers proposed?
1971 and 1975 - recognise ongoing problems but no reform happened until the early 1980s.
When was the first Education Act passed?
1902
What did the 1902 act do?
Increased chances of grammar school education for able working class children
How many children gained places in 1914?
56/1000
How many places were meant to be given to non-fee paying students?
1/4
What was the quality of education so dependent on?
Wealth and class
What did the Board of Education decide in 1904?
All pupils would study three strands: humanistic and scientific skills along with domestic skills for girls and manual skills for boys.
What caused the rise of gender divides?
Industrial revolution - prior to this - skilled work happened in the home - “cottage industries”
When was Oxford founded?
11th century
When was Cambridge Founded?
1209
What were some of the 6 original unis?
Sheffield, Leeds, Liverpool and Manchester
What was the original aim of university?
Provide meant with skills they could use in the workplace - engineering especially
Who mainly reaped the benefits of university in 1918?
Privileged people - lack of bursaries and scholarships because it was not a priority for governments
What was government investment in 1919?
£1 million
What was government investment in 1962?
£80 million
What happened to the proportion of uni costs met by students between 1920-1950?
Fell from a third to under an eighth due to more bursaries
What happened in 1962?
Local authorities compelled to give an allowance/ grant to enable students to concentrate on studying rather than working.
What was the number of students in 1900?
20,000
What was the number of students in 1938?
38,000
What was the number of students in 1962?
113,000
How many students did Oxbridge educate in 1939?
22% of all students
What was the emphasis at Oxford?
Classics and history
What was the emphasis at Cambridge?
Sciences
How many students went to the University of London in 1939?
13,000
How many students went to the University of London in 1963?
23,000
What was London specialised in?
Science, Engineering and Medicine
When was Reading Built?
1926
What unis were built between 1948-57?
Nottingham, Southampton and Exeter
What percentage of Oxbridge students were women?
13%
What proportion of 18-21 year olds went to uni in 1900?
0.8%
What proportion of 18-21 year olds went to uni in 1962?
4%
What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1921?
65.8
What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1938?
74.5
What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1961?
99.1
What percentage of 11 -14 year olds were in school in 1976?
100
What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1931?
91.7
What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1961?
99.9
What percentage of 5-10 year olds were in school in 1976?
100
What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1921?
3.2
What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1938?
6.6
What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1951?
12.5
What percentage of 15-18 year olds were in school in 1976?
36%
When was the Fisher Act passed?
1918
What did the Fisher Act do?
School leaving age 14
Nurseries
No elementary fees
No child labour
Health checks for secondary school pupils
Why were only a few nursery and continuation schools built?
Geddes Act 1922
Who commissioned the Hadow Report?
Trevelyan
When was the Hadow Report?
1926
What did it recommend?
Primary schools 5-11
Tripartite system
What were the three schools in the Tripartite system?
Technical schools for trade, modern schools for the rest and grammar schools for academics.
Why wasn’t much done with the Hadow Report?
Unemployment a bigger issue for the government
When did Trevelyan try to increase school leaving age?
15
Why was this idea rejected?
Unpopular with Catholic MPs - resented paying tax for education as well as Catholic school fees for their children.
How long did working class children in secondary education stay static?
1918-1943
When was the School Leaving age raised?
1944
hen was the Plowden report?
1967
What did Plowden believe?
Progressive curriculum - education should transmit values and attitudes
What did the Plowden Report recommend?
More project based work was carried out at primary schools - rather than teacher-led activities.
Learning through play in early years teaching - acceptance that all children learn at a different pace.
What did Plowden think of grammar?
A hindrance to creativity and threat to progress.
Which school let children choose between class and watching tv?
William Tyndale Junior School
What did parents think?
Trendy teachers - there was a lack of discipline and learning in schools
What increased fears?
Grange Hill
What % of students took O-Levels?
20%
When was a CSE introduced?
1965
When was RAB Butler on the scene?
1944
What did RAB want to do?
Tackle ignorance
Raise leaving age to 15
Introduce the 11+
Free secondary education
What was the tripartite system seen as?
Giving a child a pass or fail from an early age
What was the parity of esteem?
Schools meant to be viewed the same - unsuccessful concept - extra funding to grammar schools - attracted better quality teachers.
When was the Education Act?
1944 - girls encouraged in humanities and art, boys science and maths in modern schools - boys technology, girls mother work - gender divide.
What was introduced in 1965?
Crosland Circular - comp schools
Who was in favour of Crosland’s system?
Teachers’ unions and the middle class
How many pupils went to comps in 1964?
10%
How many pupils went to comps in 1979?
90%
How many grammar schools remain in 1979?
150
Who lead the Commission on Higher Education?
Lord Robbins
What did he identify as areas of concern?
Funding and number of places available
When was his report?
1963
What did the report recomment?
Universal grant be provided to all students with a uni place and there should be state funding increase to enable growth of university places.
How many unis in 1962?
22
How many unis in 1970?
46
What are the Plate Glass Unis?
York and Lancaster
What was created in 1964?
Council for National Academica Awards.
How many tech colleges were made polys?
34
When was the Open University launched?
1969
How many students in 1970?
185,000 - 31% female
How many students in 1983?
237,000 - 42% female
What was set up in 1919?
University Grant Committee
When did GCE replace School Certificates?
1951
When was the Crowther Report?
1963
What was the Crowther Report?
Calls for school leaving age of 16 and part-time education for over 16s.
When was the leaving age raised to 16?
1973
What was the 1976 Education Act?
Compels local authorities to submit plans for extension of comprehensive education.
