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Edexcel History: Britain Transformed > Thatcher's Impact > Flashcards

Thatcher's Impact Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Thatcher’s first priority?

A

Tackling inflation - she was the first prime minister to do so in a long time

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2
Q

What was inflation at when she first started?

A

13%

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3
Q

How much did productivity improve?

A

Up 77%

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4
Q

What did unemployment rise from and to between 1980 and 1990?

A

3.4% to 9.1%

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5
Q

How much does public expenditure rise from and to by 1997?

A

39% to 44%

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6
Q

What economic model did Thatcher follow between 1979 and 1983?

A

Monetarism

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7
Q

What was monetarism?

A

Theory that the primary driver of inflation is how much money is in the economy - the more money circulating, the higher prices rise. Managing money supplies.

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8
Q

How did Thatcher control money supplies?

A

Raising interest rates, slash government spending and accept unemployment and inequality

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9
Q

What economic model did Thatcher follow in 1983-1990?

A

Supply side theory

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10
Q

What is supply side economics?

A

Policies that increase productivity and how much the economy provides. Idea of Thatcher and Reagan - economic growth comes from lots of supply in the economy.

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11
Q

How did Thatcher increase productivity?

A

Cut tax for businesses to invest, free market economic, deregulation, privatisation and spending cuts

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12
Q

What was the issue with supply side economics?

A

Reduces funding for social and welfare provision

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13
Q

What did Thatcher want to end?

A

Post War Consensus

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14
Q

How did Thatcher explain her economics?

A

Housewife economic - living within your means

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15
Q

What other aim did Thatcher have?

A

Reducing the power of the Unions

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16
Q

What did she want to do with nationalised industries?

A

Make them more efficient - privatise if possible

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17
Q

What kind of capitalism did she want?

A

Popular capitalism - owning property and shares

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18
Q

What was Thatcher against?

A

State intervention

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19
Q

What were these policies?

A

Highly controversial - based on short term pain for long term gain - accusation was that not everyone felt the pain equally

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20
Q

What was inflation in 1980?

A

22%

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21
Q

What caused many businesses to go bust?

A

Rising interest rates

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22
Q

What policies did Thatcher adopt?

A

Milton Friedman - New Right Thinker

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23
Q

Where was the only place where monetarism was implemented?

A

Chile - military dictatorship

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24
Q

What was the issue with Thatcher using monetarism?

A

She didn’t really understand it and there was no agreed definition of money supply

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25
Q

Where were there huge cuts in public spending?

A

Welfare and Housing

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26
Q

What did unemployment rise to?

A

3 million

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27
Q

How much did production fall?

A

14%

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28
Q

Where were there riots?

A

Toxteth, Handsworth and Brixton - some had a racial element

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29
Q

What was inflation at in 1982?

A

9%

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30
Q

What stopped Thatcher from losing the 1983 election?

A

The Falkland’s War and the Weakness of the Opposition

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31
Q

What would privatisation do?

A

Reduce government expenditure

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32
Q

What would the sale of companies do?

A

Generate income that could fund tax cuts

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33
Q

What would privatisation encourage?

A

Innovation and competition - get rid of monopolies

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34
Q

When was BT sold?

A

1984

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35
Q

When was British gas sold?

A

1986

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36
Q

When was British Aerospace sold?

A

Before 1983

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37
Q

What did share ownership rise to and from?

A

3 to 11 million

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38
Q

How many council houses were sold between 1979 - 1988?

A

1 million - Right to Buy Scheme

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39
Q

What group were most likely to buy shares?

A

Already affluent individuals

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40
Q

What did competition lead to?

A

Better customer service - in telecoms

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41
Q

How much money was raised from selling of state owned businesses?

A

£19 million

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42
Q

What % of the working class owned shares?

A

9%

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43
Q

By 1990, what % of shares were owned by individuals?

A

20% - the rest were owned by pension funds and investment firms

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44
Q

What had to be sold off?

A

Family silver

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45
Q

What happened in many sectors?

A

No competition so prices rose - benefitted shareholders and executives

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46
Q

What watchdogs were created to monitor prices?

A

OffWat, OffGas and OffTel

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47
Q

What was privatised in 1994-1997?

A

British Railways

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48
Q

What was the issue of the privatisation of British Railways?

A

V complicated - track v rolling stock. Government spends 2x on railways since 1994 and the service is still bad!

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49
Q

What was established in 1992?

A

Private Finance Initiative and Public - Private Partnerships were set up

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50
Q

What were Public-Private Partnerships?

A

Private companies would invest in public sector concerns such as schools and hospitals - they would build and operate services (eg new hospital wards

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51
Q

Why did PPPs cost a lot of money?

A

Infrastructure was leased - it was also controversial to have private money in the NHS

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52
Q

What did Thatcher believe?

A

Rules and regulations around the economy should be removed to make the market ‘free’ and promote competitiveness and innovation.

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53
Q

What did Thatcher do in 1979?

A

Removed exchange controls - limits on how much money could be converted into foreign currency and spent abroad

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54
Q

What did this removal of exchange control do?

A

Encouraged overseas investment and led to a huge increase in spending on foreign goods

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55
Q

When was the Big Bang?

A

1986

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56
Q

What was relaxed?

A

Rules around the operation of the banks

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57
Q

What did the Big Bang do?

A

The City of London became the financial centre and huge profits were made

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58
Q

What became popular?

A

Get rich quick culture - financial products became riskier.

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59
Q

How much did personal debt rise to?

A

£16 billion in 1980 to £47 billion in 1989

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60
Q

What did mortgage debt reach in 2003?

A

6 million families (20%) were in debt due to spiralling house prices

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61
Q

What did Thatcher reject?

A

The idea that the rich should taxed to help the poor (wealth distribution). She thought this created a culture of dependency

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62
Q

What is trickle down economic?

A

Belief that tax cuts for the rich would promote economic growth and everyone would benefit

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63
Q

What was the tax rate in 1980?

A

High rate of tax cut from 80% to 60%

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64
Q

What was the tax rate in 1988?

A

40%

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65
Q

What financed the tax cuts?

A

North Sea Oil revenue

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66
Q

What did the government cut down on?

A

Tax avoidance - claimed the richest paid the same despite the rate cut

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67
Q

What was basic rate reduced from and to?

A

33% to 25%

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68
Q

What was inheritance tax cut from and to?

A

75% to 40%

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69
Q

What happened to the overall tax burder?

A

Rose by 6%

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70
Q

Why did the tax burden rise?

A

VAT rose in 1979 from 5% to 15% - regressive tax - impacts the poor the most

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71
Q

What did Thatcher think about Unions?

A

They were socialist and undemocratic

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72
Q

What did Thatcher want to promote?

A

Individualism

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73
Q

What did she want the economy to move away from?

A

Heavy industry and towards financial services

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74
Q

Why did she target unions?

A

Revenge for the 1970s strikes and the 1974 election

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75
Q

What did she think Unions did?

A

Forced workers to go on strike and bullied union members

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76
Q

When was the Employment Act?

A

1980

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77
Q

What did the Employment Act 1980 do?

A

Workers did not have to join a union when they joined a particular firm (“closed shop”): also meant unions could only organise strikes against their direct employers, not allowed to strike in sympathy.

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78
Q

When was the second Employment Act?

A

1982

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79
Q

What did the 1982 Act do?

A

Meant that Unions could be sued for illegal strike action.

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80
Q

When was the Trade Union Act?

A

1984

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81
Q

What did the 1984 Act do?

A

Strikes had to be approved by a majority of the union’s members in a secret ballot before it was legal

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82
Q

How did Thatcher prepare for strikes?

A

Built up coal reserves so that they did not have to resort to a three day week

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83
Q

When was the Miners Strike?

A

May 1984 - March 1985

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84
Q

When was the Battle of Orgreave?

A

June 1984

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85
Q

What happened at the Battle of Orgreave?

A

Over 10,000 arrests, 3 murder and 2 suicides

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86
Q

What was the impact of the season?

A

Less demand for coal - therefore the strike impact wasn’t as significant

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87
Q

Who was the leader of the NUM?

A

Arthur Scarsgill

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88
Q

What did Scarsgill do?

A

Failed to ballot for strike action and used flying pickets (strikers who travelled to different coalfields to prevent miners from working)

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89
Q

What happened as a result of his extreme tactics?

A

Nottinghamshire miners broke away and formed a new Union (Union of Democratic Miners (UDM) which continued working

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90
Q

What happened to union membership?

A

13.5 million to under 10 million in 1990

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91
Q

What happened to the number of strike days lost from 1980-84 and 1990-94?

A

10.5 million to 0.8 million

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92
Q

What did the coal industry become?

A

Increasingly uncompetitive - likely they would’ve been scaled back slower if the strike had not occurred

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93
Q

What impacted small communities?

A

Affected small communities - Sunderland for Shipbuilding and steel in Sheffield

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94
Q

Who was Von Hayek?

A

Social and political philosopher and theorist - Hayek’s Constitution of Liberty was the basis for Thatcher’s economic plans.

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95
Q

Who was Geoffrey Howe?

A

Thatcher’s chancellor till 1983, then took on the role of Foreign Affairs and then Deputy Prime Minister - resigned and openly criticized Thatcher. Monetarist.

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96
Q

Who was Nigel Lawson?

A

Chancellor of the Exchequer after Howe - resigned due to tensions between him and Thatcher.

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97
Q

What united the nation?

A

Foreign Policy

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98
Q

What was stressed in speeches?

A

The threat of Russian Communism

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99
Q

What did the Falklands present?

A

An affront to the British values of democracy and the rights of British people.
Initiated a complex and difficult military operation to take back the islands to restore “honour”.

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100
Q

What undermined national unity?

A

Class, unions

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101
Q

What increased class conflict?

A

Increasing class inequality

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102
Q

Why did Thatcher lose Scotland and Wales to Nationalism?

A

Inequality

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103
Q

What emerged?

A

An underclass

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104
Q

What meant that the country was less reliant on coal?

A

Alternative sources of power - gas and nuclear

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105
Q

How many pits were closed?

A

20 - intended to close 70 pits

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106
Q

Who was the head of the National Coal Board?

A

Ian MacGregor

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107
Q

What did MI5 DO?

A

Infiltrated the NUM to find out strategy

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108
Q

Who supported the miners?

A

WAPC - rallies in London - formed by Anne Scargill - soup kitchens.
Race Today Collective support.
Lesbian and Gay support the Miners - marches.

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109
Q

How did Labour split?

A

Labour split - right wing believed that union power was out of hand and refused to support the illegal strike.
Left supported the strike - defending the jobs across an entire industry.

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110
Q

Who opposed the strike?

A

Tabloids and media opposition and public disapproval

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111
Q

What % of its members did the NUM lose?

A

84%

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112
Q

What years reduced striking rights further?

A

1988, 1989, 1990, 1993

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113
Q

What happened in 1988?

A

Legal protection for crossing picket lines.

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114
Q

What happened in 1993?

A

Forced ballots and submit voting process to independent scrutiny.

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115
Q

How much did overall trade union membership decline?

A

40%

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116
Q

What did Labour do?

A

Distance itself from unions

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117
Q

How many pits were closed by the end of the period?

A

94/170

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118
Q

What did Thatcher believe?

A

Public sector was too big

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119
Q

What was she afraid of?

A

People becoming too reliant on the state - lead to them being lazy and dependent - Nanny State

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120
Q

What assumption did Thatcher make?

A

Everyone is able to work

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121
Q

Why did Thatcher dislike nationalised industries?

A

Monopolies and little innovation and choice because of lack of competition

122
Q

What stopped innovation and people becoming entrepreneurs?

A

High taxation

123
Q

What work did Thatcher follow?

A

Road to Serfdom by Von Hayek - the role of the state was to give people the freedom to be individuals

124
Q

Who was her UK political inspiration?

A

Keith Joseph

125
Q

What did she want to do to bureaucracy?

A

Make it small

126
Q

What was MINIS?

A

Management Information System for Ministers

127
Q

Who introduced MINIs?

A

Michael Heseltine - Environment Minister

128
Q

What did MINIS allow?

A

Allowed him to closely monitor the roles and responsibilities of the civil servants

129
Q

What would happen when inefficiencies happened?

A

People would be fired - one in four workers in the Environment ministry were sack in three years

130
Q

What did Thatcher abolish in 1981?

A

Civil Service Department

131
Q

What was the Civil Service Department?

A

Existed to protect and supervise members

132
Q

What was the civil service department like?

A

Hugely complicated, over 100 agencies - less centralised

133
Q

What did Thatcher think the department waS?

A

Glorified Trade Union

134
Q

What % of the civil service worked in almost 100 different agencies by 1997?

A

76%

135
Q

What was the Financial Management initiative?

A

Large scale review of departmental systems of managerial, economic and analysing public expenditure. The way in which MINIS was rolled out.

136
Q

What % of the civil servants had been sacked by 1988?

A

22.5%

137
Q

How much money did sacking these civil servants save?

A

£1 billion

138
Q

How many flexible agencies were there by 1991?

A

57

139
Q

Why did Thatcher dislike local government?

A

Thought it was bloated and part of the big state - also Left wing

140
Q

Who annoyed Thatcher?

A

The Legend that was Ken Livingstone of the GLC

141
Q

What did local governments use?

A

Local taxes - rates - to provide services for people - making them “dependent”

142
Q

What was passed in 1985?

A

Local Government Act

143
Q

What did the Local Government Act do?

A

Ban the GLC - an attack on the left wing - six other met councils were dissolved

144
Q

What was government payments cut from and to?

A

60% to 49%

145
Q

What did local governments use to plug the funding gaps?

A

Rates

146
Q

What happened in 18 councils?

A

Rate caps were introduced - Rates Act 1984

147
Q

Who had to pay rates?

A

Only those who were living in a house of a certain value - bought or rented - didn’t really impact poor people

148
Q

What did Thatcher try to introduce?

A

Poll Tax

149
Q

What was contracting out?

A

Services given to private firms in bids - rubbish collection

150
Q

How had staff numbers fallen in Wandsworth by 1985?

A

Fallen by one third

151
Q

What was the national fall between 1979 and 1995?

A

2.5 million to 2.1 million

152
Q

What act was passed in 1980?

A

Housing Act

153
Q

What did the Housing Act do?

A

Enables those who had lived in a council house for three or more years to buy their house from the council

154
Q

How many houses were bought between 1982 and 1983?

A

204,000

155
Q

What did house ownership rise to between 1979 and 1990?

A

55% to 63%

156
Q

What did the lack of availability do?

A

Made it harder and more expensive for councils to house the poorest in society by 1997

157
Q

What did Thatcher see the NHS as?

A

Huge inefficient monopoly with no choice or competition

158
Q

What was Thatcher’s ideal aim for the NHS?

A

Break it up, and take away funding through taxation– bring in private health insurance.

159
Q

When did Thatcher start reforming the nHS?

A

1987

160
Q

What White Paper was presented in 1989?

A

Working for Patients

161
Q

What was the Working for Patients White Paper?

A

Introduced the ‘internal market’. Health care services purchased by Hospital Trusts.

162
Q

What were introduced in the NHS?

A

Performance targets introduced and professional managers rather than doctors ran hospitals

163
Q

When was Working for patients introduced?

A

1990

164
Q

What was the response to the reforms?

A

Hugely unpopular with doctors and costs were going down

165
Q

How much did costs rise by between 1985 and 1991?

A

25%

166
Q

How many trusts were in debt?

A

36

167
Q

How much did money spent on managers increase?

A

£25.7 million to £383.8 million

168
Q

What were Thatchers aims in education?

A

Raise educational standards and reduce the power of the Local Education Authorities

169
Q

What did she think LEAs were?

A

‘Left wing’ and protected incompetent teachers and had ‘modern’ approaches rather ‘traditional’ ‘academic’ ones.

170
Q

What was introduced in 1986?

A

GCSEs

171
Q

When was the Education Act?

A

1988

172
Q

What did the Education Act do?

A

Introduced the National Curriculum and ‘key stages’, league tables, creation of grant-maintained schools

173
Q

Who was the mastermind behind GCSEs?

A

Keith Joseph

174
Q

Who was the mastermind behind the EA?

A

Kenneth Baker

175
Q

How were poorer families were adversely affected in education?

A

Oversubscription and catchment areas

176
Q

How many schools became grant maintained?

A

1,200

177
Q

What was Section 28?

A

Made it illegal for the promotion of homosexuality to occur in schools

178
Q

When was Section 28 repealed?

A

2003 - Stonewall formed in 1989 to repeal it

179
Q

What happened in 1981?

A

Racial conflict in Brixton

180
Q

What was Operation Swamp?

A

Mass stop and search of young black people - appeared to be an attack

181
Q

When was Black People’s Day of Action?

A

1981

182
Q

How many people were protesting?

A

20,000 - against the lack of investigation surrounding the New Cross Fire

183
Q

What did Thatcher want to do?

A

Restore Harmony

184
Q

What did she want to create harmony around?

A

Common sets of values and morals

185
Q

What did she not believe in?

A

State working towards social justice or to improve quality of life

186
Q

What did she want to promote?

A

Family Values

187
Q

What did she believe weakened social bonds

A

Diversity and alternative lifestyles and immigration

188
Q

What did she believe about foreign values?

A

They relied on the state

189
Q

What did Thatcher attack?

A

The permissive society

190
Q

What did she think about class?

A

Hated it – thought it undermined British identity - fought the Unions to reduce power

191
Q

How much less did the bottom 10% pay in tax?

A

£400 million

192
Q

How much less did the top 10% pay in tax?

A

£9.3 billion

193
Q

How much of the post tax income did the top 10% take in 1974?

A

25%

194
Q

How much of the post tax income did the top 10% take in 1997?

A

35%

195
Q

How much of average earnings were welfare payments in 1978?

A

61%

196
Q

How much of average earnings were welfare payments in 1997?

A

53%

197
Q

What was reduced?

A

Housing benefits

198
Q

How much did income increase for the top 10% between 1979-1992?

A

61%

199
Q

How much did income reduce for the bottom 10% between 1979-1992?

A

18%

200
Q

How much of the wealth was held by the top 10%?

A

1979: 20%
1998: 26%

201
Q

What happened to the proportion of pensioners in poverty?

A

Increased from 13% to 43%

202
Q

How much more did top earners have than low earners?

A

3x more in 1970s
4x more in the 1990s

203
Q

What was Thatcher accused of?

A

Widening the North South divide - London and South East got rich whereas industrial areas got poorer

204
Q

What did unemployment in mining areas increase from?

A

10 to 20%

205
Q

What were created?

A

Enterprise zones - limited success

206
Q

How many seats did the Tories win in Scotland in 1979?

A

21 out of 71

207
Q

How many seats did the Tories win in Scotland in 1987?

A

10

208
Q

What was Welsh unemployment in 1979?

A

73,000

209
Q

What was Welsh unemployment in 1986?

A

166,000

210
Q

What happened to the number of those employed in deep mining in Wales?

A

1974: 34,000
1980: 28,000

211
Q

How many Welsh people worked in deep mining in 1990?

A

3,000

212
Q

How much of the workforce was lost?

A

90%

213
Q

How many drug offences were recorded in 1990?

A

1,308

214
Q

How much did nHS spending in Wales increase?

A

£500 million in 1979 to £1.5 billion in 1990

215
Q

What was GDP per person

A

£7072 in 1979 to £20,306 in 1990

216
Q

What happened to the number of people seeking further education?

A

20% to 47% by 1991

217
Q

What did Thatcher deliberately use?

A

Nationalist language

218
Q

What did she think had happened to British culture?

A

It was being swamped by immigration - called for integration on the part of immigrants

219
Q

What happened in Jan 1981?

A

The New Cross Fire. 13 black party goers were killed when the National Front allegedly set fire to a house

220
Q

What did the New Cross Fire spark?

A

March 1981: Black Peoples Day of Action – Darcus Howe organised a march of 20,000 through London

221
Q

What did the Police launch in response to the march?

A

Operation Swamp

222
Q

Where did rioting happen?

A

Brixton, Toxeth and Manchester

223
Q

What did Lord Scarman’s report conclude?

A

There was clear evidence of disproportionate stop and search of young black men by the police
Economic factors like unemployment, poor housing and poverty had caused the riots

224
Q

What did Thatcher say about the riots?

A

‘Nothing but nothing’ justified the riots.

225
Q

What happened in 1993?

A

A young black man, Stephen Lawrence was murdered by white youths in London in an unprovoked attack. The police were accused of failing to investigate adequately.

226
Q

What was the MacPherson Report?

A

Met police were ‘institutionally racist’. Major’s government accepted the report – times had changed

227
Q

What did Thatcher think about gay marriage?

A

Hated it

228
Q

What did Thatcher think Britain was experiencing?

A

A ‘moral decline’ with permissive and liberal values leading to an erosion of moral standards.

229
Q

What campaign was started to tackle permissiveness?

A

Safe Sex campaign

230
Q

What was the 1986 Education Act?

A

Sex education must promote family life

231
Q

What was Section 28?

A

Outlawed the promotion of homosexuality and any publication which promoted it. It was also illegal to ‘promote’ it in schools. This was not repealed until 2003.

232
Q

When was homosexual age of consent lowered to 18?

A

1994

233
Q

What did she believe about women?

A

Equality of opportunity for women but did not accept that women’s role in the family was an obstacle

234
Q

What happened to the number of female conservative MPs?

A

8 to 17 - no female cabinet members

235
Q

What did Heath do to the Tories?

A

Moved the party away from the domination of aristocrats - like Macmillan or Douglas-Home

236
Q

What did he try to implement?

A

Free market policies - no bailing out

237
Q

What was inflation under Heath?

A

15% in 1971

238
Q

What businesses did Heath bail out?

A

Rolls Royce and Upper Clyde Shipbuilders

239
Q

Who did One Nation Conservatives tend to be

A

Upper class men believing in paternalism

240
Q

Who were the Wets?

A

The oldies - one nation conservatives

241
Q

Who were the dries?

A

People who accepted her free market policies

242
Q

Who was promoted in 1981?

A

Norman Tebbitt and Nigel Lawson - Jim Prior moved to NI

243
Q

Who was sacked?

A

Sir Ian Gilmour

244
Q

Which Wets were kept?

A

Willie Whitelaw - personal friend

245
Q

Who challenged her unemployment policies?

A

Heseltine

246
Q

What policies did Heseltine develop?

A

Enterprise Zones and Development Corporations

247
Q

When did Heseltine resign?

A

1986

248
Q

What did Major rethink?

A

Poll tax

249
Q

Why did government spending increase under Major?

A

Needed to make local governments more accountable

250
Q

Who was to blame for the issues of Major?

A

Thatcher

251
Q

How much was the poll tax bill reduced in 1991?

A

50%

252
Q

Who was appointed to do council tax?

A

Heseltine

253
Q

What exemptions were there for council tax?

A

Single household

254
Q

What was sold off in 1991?

A

Bulk of the state’s electricity companies - rest sold in 1995

255
Q

When was British rail privatised?

A

1992

256
Q

How mcuh did water bill rise?

A

40%

257
Q

What did CEOs do?

A

Received bonuses - neglected issues

258
Q

How much were utilities sold for?

A

Way below market value - tax payers didn’t get the value

259
Q

What was abolished in 1992?

A

National Economic Development council

260
Q

What implemented the internal market in the NHS?

A

National Health Service and Community Care Act.

261
Q

What got tougher under Major?

A

Policing

262
Q

What lead to the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994?

A

Concerns over the rave scene

263
Q

What did the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act do?

A

Gave the police power to target raves - removed the right to remain silent and unauthorised camping

264
Q

What happened to prison populations?

A

Continued to rise

265
Q

What was Major’s main campaign?

A

Back to Basics

266
Q

Who had a love child in 1993?

A

Tim Yeo

267
Q

Who had 5 affairs?

A

Steve Shagger Norris

268
Q

Who was found dead with an orange in his mouth?

A

Stephen Milligan

269
Q

How many MPs went to public schools by 1987?

A

75% to 66%

270
Q

How many women MPs in total?

A

19 to 41

271
Q

Who was handbagged?

A

Lawson - resigned in 1989 - Thatcher refused to consider linking the value of the pound to the value of the Deutschmark.

272
Q

Why did Geoffrey Howe resign?

A

November 1990 resignation - resistance to further integration into the EEC.

273
Q

Who was labour leader in 1980?

A

Michael Foot - radical left wing

274
Q

What was his 1983 manifesto described as?

A

The longest suicide note in history

275
Q

What did the 1983 manifesto include?

A

· A commitment to Unilateral disarmament
· Nationalising all the industries that had been privatised

276
Q

Who took over Labour after 1983?

A

Kinnock - began a series of Reforms

277
Q

What had been created in 1997?

A

Neo-liberal consensus

278
Q

What is a Mondeo Man?

A

A working-class man who has benefitted from Thatcher’s policies

279
Q

What was there a split of in Labour?

A

Labour and the Social Democrats made it harder for moderates to combat the left wing

280
Q

What did Kinnock do?

A

Took action against the Militant Tendency and unite the party if Labour wanted to regain power.

281
Q

What did Labour become?

A

More pro-European

282
Q

What happened in 1988?

A

trade unions lost the casting vote on candidates.

283
Q

What happened in 1989?

A

Dropped support for union closed-shop practice.

284
Q

Who were Blair supporters?

A

Middle class

285
Q

What did Labour do in 1994?

A

Ditch Clause IV

286
Q

What did Labour do in terms of society?

A

Dependency and spent billions on trying to help the poorest in society.

287
Q

What did Labour focus on?

A

Social justice - close the gap between the rich and poor - equal opportunities

288
Q

When was minimum wage introduced?

A

1998

289
Q

What policies attacked Thatcherism?

A

· Protection of liberties (Human Rights Act (1998)
· Protection of minority Rights
· Introduction of minimum wage
More worker protections

290
Q

When did the SDP rise?

A

1981 - response to the growth of influence of the far left

291
Q

Who were the SDP gang of four?

A

Roy Jenkins, David Owen, Shirley Williams and William Rodgers - believed there needed to be a centre left party

292
Q

Who did the SDP ally with in 1983?

A

Liberals - gained a quarter of the popular vote - only 23 seats

293
Q

When were the Lib Dems formed?

A

1988

294
Q

When was the SNP founded?

A

1934

295
Q

What did the SNP call for?

A

Powers - leading to full independence for Scotland.

296
Q

What was their electoral performance?

A

Performed badly at 1979, 1983 and 87 but Thatcher’s government decided to use Scotland to trial poll tax - anti-Thatcher sentiment peaked.

297
Q

What did Thatcher start to be seen as?

A

Anti-Scottish - lead to SNP starting to make inroads

298
Q

When was Plaid Cymru founded?

A

1925 - general left wing

299
Q

What happened in Wales?

A

Increased dissatisfaction with Thatcher’s policies - Tories declined

300
Q

What did Plaid Cymru secure?

A

Referendum for devolution

Edexcel History: Britain Transformed (5 decks)

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