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Edexcel History: Britain Transformed > Social Changes > Flashcards

Social Changes Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the 1911 Parliament act do?

A

Reduce the power of the Lords - no longer allowed to block legislation

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2
Q

What percentage of MP landowners were there by 1945?

A

Fall from 40% to 5%

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3
Q

When did tax rise for the upper class?

A

1925

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4
Q

What did taxes rise from and to?

A

57% from 2%

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5
Q

What did the gentry begin to do?

A

Selling off land - only the largest land owners could afford to keep land

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6
Q

How much were estates worth £2 million taxed?

A

40%

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7
Q

What events became more accessible to the lower classes?

A

Henley Regatta and Ascot

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8
Q

When were death duties increased?

A

1929, 1946 and 1949

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9
Q

When and why was the Debutantes Ball cancelled?

A

1958 - Margaret didn’t like that middle class women were being presented.

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10
Q

How much land did 0.6% of the population own?

A

98.5%

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11
Q

How many members of the gentry were landless in 1937?

A

1/3 of the 4,000 gentry

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12
Q

How many families owned over 10,000 acres in 1910?

A

124

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13
Q

How many had over 1,000 acres in 1979?

A

65%

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14
Q

How much land was owned by just 1,200 landowners in 1979?

A

1/4 of all farmland - six million acres

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15
Q

What happened to the definition of upper class?

A

Changed to be less about ancestry and more on wealth

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16
Q

What meant that not all lords were hereditary?

A

1958 Life Peers Act

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17
Q

How many of the Lord Lieutenants were aristocrats by 1970?

A

15/46

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18
Q

How many Etonians were in MacMillans government 1957-63?

A

40

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19
Q

What undermined deference?

A

Rise of satire and greater social mobility after WWII

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20
Q

What made social mobility possible?

A

Rise in the number of middle-class jobs and educational opportunities - Education Act 1944

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21
Q

Who bought the country houses which became too expensive?

A

National Trust from 1918

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22
Q

What scheme allowed families to live in their statetly homes for two generations?

A

1937 Country Houses Scheme - required them to be transferred to the NT and open for 60 days a year

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23
Q

What did the 1937 Country Houses Scheme allow the owners to avoid?

A

Death Duties

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24
Q

What TV shows helped preserve the landed elite?

A

Brideshead Revisited 1981 and Upstairs Downstairs 1971

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25
Q

What influence do country estates allow the upper class to upkeep?

A

Cultural influence

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26
Q

What did the lower middle class do?

A

Worked hard to differentiate themselves from the working class

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27
Q

What was the fear?

A

Working class wages were rising while middle class incomes remained stagnated

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28
Q

What did the middle class residents of Bromley do?

A

Erected a 2m high wall to prevent working class residents of the Downham council estate passing through the wealthier area

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29
Q

How much did commercial and financial jobs grow in 1911 and 1921?

A

34%

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30
Q

How many people worked in management and administration in 1931?

A

700,000

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31
Q

How many people worked in management and administration in 1951?

A

1.25 million

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32
Q

What job expanded for women?

A

Clerking

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33
Q

How many workers in clerking in 1911?

A

170,000

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34
Q

How many clerk workers in 1951?

A

1.4 million

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35
Q

How many middle class people owned a home in 1939?

A

60%

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36
Q

How many working class people owned a home in 1939?

A

20%

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37
Q

Where were “spec built estates”?

A

Commuter belt around London

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38
Q

What also differentiated the middle and working class cultures?

A

Suburbs vs city living

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39
Q

What kind of workers are working class people?

A

Varied - skilled construction workers or engineers or working-class aristocracy - unskilled labours.
Also the underclass - criminal or destitute

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40
Q

What helped to absorb the residuum?

A

Full employment after the wars

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41
Q

How much did trade union membership rise between 1914 and 1918?

A

90%

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42
Q

When did trade union membership fall and why?

A

1920-22 by 40% - recession and the General strike

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43
Q

What areas tended to not be unionised?

A

Car production

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44
Q

What percentage of the working class voted for the Tories between the wars?

A

50%

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45
Q

What helped to reduce the social stigma of state assistance?

A

Welfare reforms introduced by the pre-1914 liberal government - built on by later governments

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46
Q

Why did a small proportion of the working class fight in WWI?

A

Took up reserved occupations - mining etc.

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47
Q

What % of urban working-class men were rejected from service in 1918?

A

10.3% - 31.3% were too sickly for combat

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48
Q

What helped to promote working class health?

A

Rationing

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49
Q

What did life expectancy rise to and from in 1911 and 1921?

A

49 to 56 for men, 53 to 60 for women

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50
Q

When did Slum clearances start properly?

A

1950s

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51
Q

Who took advantage of tenants?

A

Exploitative Landlords

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52
Q

What did the 1940s housing programme focus on?

A

Blocks of flats

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53
Q

What was the impact of blocks of flats?

A

Isolation - lack of local amenities and day to day interactions with neighbours

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54
Q

Examples of Housing Schemes?

A

Pollok Glasgow and Quarry Flats in Leeds

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55
Q

What percentage of wealth did the top 0.1% own?

A

33%

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56
Q

How much did the bottom 75% have?

A

Less than £100 each

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57
Q

Why did all men get the vote in 1918?

A

Lack of men due to conscription

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58
Q

Why were women over 30 given the vote in 1918?

A

More likely to be married, more likely to have a man influence the vote.

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59
Q

How many women gained the vote in 1918?

A

8 million

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60
Q

Who won the 1919 Plymouth by-election?

A

Nancy Astor

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61
Q

What party did Eleanor Rathbone represent?

A

Independent

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62
Q

How were women presented by the media?

A

Women MPs were portrayed as MPs for women - figureheads for female development in society

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63
Q

Who worked on equalising the franchise?

A

Ellen Wilkinson and Nnancy Astor

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64
Q

What was still in place?

A

Marriage bars

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65
Q

What made it easier for feminists to campaign?

A

Receiving the right to vote in 1928

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66
Q

What happened to feminism?

A

Became more diverse - no longer united on one issue

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67
Q

What saw great success in the interwar period?

A

Welfare feminism

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68
Q

What did welfare feminism focus on?

A

Divorce, guardianship and maternal welfare

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69
Q

What act was passed in 1919?

A

Sex Disqualification Removal Act

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70
Q

What did the Sex Disqualification Removal Act do?

A

More equality in employment for women - all public offices were opened to woemn

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71
Q

What % of councillors in London were women by the late 1930s?

A

16%

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72
Q

What was the highest employer of women?

A

Domestic services

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73
Q

What did the National Union of Women Suffrage Societies change its name to?

A

National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship to reflect their new focus

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74
Q

What happened on 3rd July 1936?

A

3,500 women gathered for an equal rights procession in hyde Park

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75
Q

How many women stood as a parliamentary candidate in 1918?

A

17

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76
Q

How many women gained a seat in 1918?

A

One - Countess Constance Markievicz - didn’t take her seat

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77
Q

What did the NUSEC lack?

A

Expertise and local party machinery to help launch a “Women’s Party” - split on issues in 1928

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78
Q

What happened to the membership of organisations?

A

Fell in the 1930s

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79
Q

Who reflected that the HoC was like a boys school?

A

Edith Summerskill

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80
Q

What act did women make significant contributions to?

A

1922 Criminal Law Amendment Act - raise the age of consent to 16

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81
Q

What else did women help influence?

A

1923 Bastardy Act - allowed children born before marriage be legitimate after marriage

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82
Q

What did female politicians tend to focus on?

A

Local politics

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83
Q

What did Nancy Astor set up in 1940?

A

Women Power Committee to investigate and promote female specific issues

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84
Q

How did female MPs operate?

A

More cross party co-operation

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85
Q

What did Bevin set up?

A

Women’s Consultative Committee to manage female participation in war economy - March 1941

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86
Q

What did Maud Tate do?

A

Debate about compensation for wartime injuries led to introduction of equal compensation for men and women in 1943

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87
Q

How much less compensation were women receiving?

A

35p a week less

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88
Q

What happened by 1945?

A

Male MPs were growing used to considering female issues more seriously

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89
Q

How many female MPs were there in 1945 and 1955?

A

24

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90
Q

How many female MPs were there in 1974?

A

23

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91
Q

How many of Wilson’s 1964 government were women?

A

7/18

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92
Q

What were the post war female MPs seen as?

A

Well rounded politicians rather than just advocates for women’s issues

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93
Q

Who was minister of Transport?

A

Barbara Castle

94
Q

What was passed in 1970?

A

Equal Pay Act

95
Q

When was the Abortion Act passed?

A

1968

96
Q

What did the Abortion act allow?

A

Abortion up to 24 weeks - more reproductive freedom

97
Q

What act was passed in 1969?

A

Divorce Reform Act

98
Q

What act was passed in 1969?

A

Divorce Reform Act

99
Q

What did the Divorce Reform Act do?

A

Allowed women to get a divorce more easily, without having to prove adultery.

100
Q

When was the Pill made available to “everyone”?

A

1961

101
Q

When was the Pill actually available to everyone?

A

1967 - free for everyone in 1974

102
Q

What book was published in 1963?

A

Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan

103
Q

What was the oppositon to women’s rights?

A

Religious people no like abortion

104
Q

What did the 1968 strike bring opposition from?

A

Male employers - women should be happy to have a job

105
Q

Where did women begin to work?

A

Factories, intelligence work, military positions, farming, munitions

106
Q

What act stopped women from working?

A

1919 Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act

107
Q

Why were women expected to be housewives?

A

Decline in the domestic services meant women had to fill their places

108
Q

What was invented to make household chores easier for women?

A

Hoovers, washing machines, fridges and freezers

109
Q

What caused a growth in immigration in the 20th Century?

A

2 world wars - commonwealth immigrants came over

110
Q

When was the Windrush scheme?

A

1948

111
Q

What was the Windrush scheme?

A

Caribbean People came to the UK to help reconstruct the UK - need for more labour. They were encourage and invited over by the British Government.

112
Q

What was the impact of the establishment of the NHS?

A

Needed workers

113
Q

Why was there an influx of Jewish People?

A

Holocaust

114
Q

Why was Britain an attractive place for workers?

A

Britain was significantly less damaged from the war

115
Q

Who was Oswald Mosely?

A

Leader of the British Fascist Party - funded by Mussolini during the 1930s.

116
Q

What happened in 1936?

A

Battle of Cable Street

117
Q

What was the Battle of Cable Street?

A

Fascists rioted in a Jewish community. The police were on the side of the fascists.
Shops looted/ smashed. Police force used

118
Q

What type of jobs did immigrants tend to do?

A

Low Skilled Labour

119
Q

What was the primary response to immigration?

A

Restricting Immigration

120
Q

What was the liberal approach to immigration?

A

Tackle discrimination

121
Q

When was the Aliens Act passed?

A

1905

122
Q

What was the Aliens Act?

A

Only those who could demonstrate an ability to make a living, who had £5 to tie them over and who were genuine religious or political refugees were allowed in to Britain.

123
Q

What was the consequence of the Aliens Act?

A

Less immigrants qualified for the entrance to the UK and therefore prevented immigration rather than tackling the racist attitudes of the public.

124
Q

When was the Aliens Act v2?

A

1919

125
Q

What was the 1919 Aliens Act?

A

Immigrants had to gain a work permit before arrival, had to register with the police upon arrival and maintain lawful behaviour to avoid immediate deportation.

126
Q

What was the consequence of the 1919 Aliens Act?

A

Meant that immigrants risked their living for doing something wrong, and entailed a lengthy process of application to live in the UK, meaning people weren’t able to move out of countries where they may be facing persecution quickly.

127
Q

What Orders were implemented in 1920 and 1925?

A

Special Restriction Orders

128
Q

What were the Special Restriction Orders?

A

Forced sea men of colour to register as aliens in Britain if they could not produce proof of their British citizenship. The police were to arrest people who failed to produce documents upon disembarkation. Ran the risk of deportation

129
Q

What was the consequence of the SRO?

A

Was a way to try to discourage immigrants from coming to the UK, rather than making it a more welcoming environment. The restriction was the easier option for the government in the 1920s.

130
Q

What does JCPU stand for?

A

Joint council to Promote Understanding

131
Q

What was the aim of the JCPU?

A

educate white people on the history of people of colour and tackle racial discrimination and provide financial aid for struggling black and Asian families in Britain.

132
Q

When was the JCPU founded?

A

1931

133
Q

What was the impact of the JCPU?

A

This was not always warmly received as the growing radical pan-African movement judged that only black people could resolve ‘black problems”.

134
Q

What does LCP stand for?

A

League of Coloured Peoples

135
Q

When was the LCP founded?

A

1931

136
Q

What does WASU stand for?

A

West African Students Union

137
Q

When was the WASU set up?

A

1925

138
Q

What did the WASU protest?

A

Italian Invasion of Ethopia

139
Q

What was the impact of the WASU?

A

International African Service Bureau emerged from this and became a key influence on many post-colonial African leaders.

140
Q

What Act enabled the Windrush programme?

A

1948 British Nationality Act

141
Q

Why was the government unwilling to control immigration following WWII?

A

People needed for recovery, preventing immigration = anti-liberal, fear of nationalist unrest in the colonies

142
Q

What increased after the war?

A

Racism and discrimination - no anti-discrimination legislation until the 1960s

143
Q

Why doesn’t the government do anything to combat the racism?

A

It wasn’t seen as an issue, didn’t consider areas which are densely populated with immigrant families. Tend to be in cities, and in areas that are socially deprived, making it a breeding ground for racial discrimination.

144
Q

What did the fascist movement incite?

A

Violence and racial hatred - racism isnt illegal

145
Q

What is there in terms of segregation?

A

No official segregation but an unofficial colour bar

146
Q

What caused riots?

A

Increasing immigration, social deprivation, racist movement and lack of government intervention

147
Q

When was the Notting Hill Riot?

A

1958

148
Q

What was significant about Notting Hill?

A

Area of high immigration and social deprivation.

149
Q

Who started the riot?

A

Teddy Boys - gang of white young people

150
Q

Who came to the aid of the people of colour in Notting Hill?

A

Men from Brixton

151
Q

What was so significant about the riot?

A

Wake up call to the government showing that racial tension was a big issue.

152
Q

What did Notting Hill spur?

A

Race Riots in Nottingham that summer

153
Q

What was the communities response to the riot?

A

An annual Carnival on the anniversary of the riots to celebrate culture of the immigrants.

154
Q

What did not exist before 1965?

A

The concept of discrimination

155
Q

What is an example of institutional racism?

A

The colonialism of Africa and Asia

156
Q

What was there a bar on?

A

African Justice of Peace - under the Criminal Procedure code of 1950

157
Q

What were citizens from former colonies denied?

A

Housing

158
Q

Who supported the colour bar?

A

Trade Unions

159
Q

What did the Passenger Group of the TGWU do?

A

Passed a resolution against the employment of people of colour as workers in 1955

160
Q

What happened to black citizens in Bristol?

A

1963 - barred from Bristol buses

161
Q

What was Notting Hill an example of?

A

Personal racial violence - mobs of angry white men and women roaming the streets, attacking any black person they would meet

162
Q

What was legal under common law?

A

People could legally discriminate against others on the grounds of colour, race, nationality or ethnicity.

163
Q

What were the Brockway Bills?

A

Nine Colour bar Bills which would have made racial discrimination a criminal offence in public places

164
Q

What would the fine be?

A

£35

165
Q

Why were the Bills rejected?

A

The wrong way to tackle the problem, and the government were reluctant to introduce the concept of racial discrimination to English law.

166
Q

When did racial violence become institutional?

A

When it penetrated mainstream politics.

167
Q

Who won the 1964 election on a racist manifesto?

A

Peter Griffiths - won a previously Labour held seat

168
Q

What was the response to Griffiths?

A

Home secretary - Frank Soskice - legislate against racial discrimination

169
Q

What Act was passed?

A

1965 Race Relations Act

170
Q

What did the Race Relations Act say?

A

Made behaviour unlawful which discriminated on the grounds of colour, race or ethnic or national origins against persons seeking access to facilities or services on a public resort.

171
Q

What did the 1968 act do?

A

Include the area of employment.

172
Q

When was the Commonwealth Immigrants Act passed?

A

1962

173
Q

What did the Commonwealth Immigrants Act do?

A

Needed a work voucher but also sped up immigration as people thought they would not be able to emigrate.

174
Q

When was the second CIA passed?

A

1968

175
Q

What did the 1968 CI act do?

A

Employment voucher or British national grandparent/parent.

176
Q

When was the National Front founded?

A

1968

177
Q

Why was there a spike in Asian immigration in the 1960s?

A

Uganda and Kenya expel Asian citizen

178
Q

Who was Enoch Powell?

A

Conservative Cabinet member during the 1960s

179
Q

What speech did he make in 1968?

A

Rivers of Blood - deliberately cause controversy on the grounds of anti-immigration

180
Q

What was the backlash to the Rivers of Blood speech?

A

Powell was sacked by Edward Heath and removed from the shadow cabinet.

181
Q

Did he have an impact on policy?

A

No - government was already restricting immigration

182
Q

What did Powell reveal?

A

Reveals some of the attitudes of society.
Powell claims that many people are anti Immigration.

183
Q

What did the speech reveal about the government?

A

No appetite for anti-immigration or racist campaigning

184
Q

What was something that was liberalised?

A

Sex - became more normalised of sex outside marriage, multiple sexual partners, LGBTQ+

185
Q

When did this change towards sex happen?

A

1960s

186
Q

What was the age of consent for gay men?

A

21

187
Q

Who were the opponents to the liberal society?

A

Religious people - felt Christian values were being undermined

188
Q

What did people think was happening to morality?

A

It was being damaged - with the patriarchy and family being undermined

189
Q

Who promoted the liberal society?

A

Educated young people and richer people - middle class - urban workers

190
Q

How did class impact the liberal society?

A

Blurred class lines lead to a more liberal society

191
Q

What declined?

A

Deference - decline in accepting that people are just born better

192
Q

When was the Profumo Affair?

A

1963

193
Q

What was the Profumo Affair?

A

Minister of war sleeping with a woman who is sleeping with a Russian. Security issue - house of commons, and Profumo lied and was exposed. He was forced to resign. Exposed that the upper class weren’t perfect.

194
Q

When was the Lady Chatterley’s Lover case?

A

1960

195
Q

What was the Lady Chatterley’s Lover trial?

A

Trial at the Old Bailey - the book had been banned by the courts. Whether the book was a literary work or just trashy.

196
Q

What act was passed in 1959?

A

Obscene Publications Act

197
Q

What book did Marie Stope’s publish in 1918?

A

Married Love - challenged the general reluctance to discuss sex

198
Q

When did the number of divorces peak?

A

1947

199
Q

What act was passed in 1968?

A

Theatres Act

200
Q

What did the 1968 theatres act allow?

A

Led the British Board of Film Directors to allow sex on screen

201
Q

What book was written in 1972?

A

The Joy of Sex by Dr Alex Comfort

202
Q

How many deaths and injuries occurred from back street abortions in 1966?

A

40 deaths and 100,000 injuries

203
Q

What % of girls and boys out of 2000 had had sex with more than 3 people?

A

18% girls, 10% boys

204
Q

What % of girls and boys had had sex before the age of 19?

A

17% girls, 33% boys

205
Q

What % of men and women were married by 45?

A

96% women, 95% men

206
Q

What was the average age of marriage for women in 1946?

A

25

207
Q

What was the average age of marriage for women in 1970?

A

23

208
Q

How much sex took place in marriage by 1990?

A

1%

209
Q

What was the sentiment towards gay men in the 1950s?

A

Large amounts of popular fear and hatred towards homosexual men – they were thought to be predatory.

210
Q

What didn’t help the idea of gay men being predatory?

A

Defection of Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean to Russia in 1950

211
Q

What happened in 1954?

A

Case of Lord Montagu of Beulieu and Peter Wildeblood

212
Q

What was significant about the 1964 case?

A

Lead to a growing perception that the state should not be able to regulate what adults do. Montagu was sentenced to a year in prison and Wildeblood 18 months, which was seen as excessively harsh.

213
Q

What was appointed in 1957?

A

Wolfenden Committee

214
Q

What was the suggestion from the committee?

A

Recommended that private, consenting homosexual acts should be decriminalized for men over 21

215
Q

What act decriminalised homosexuality?

A

Sexual Offences Act 1967

216
Q

What % of people thought that homosexuals were ill in 1963?

A

93%

217
Q

How many men were in prison due to their sexuality?

A

Over 1000 men

218
Q

What was still illegal after 1967?

A

Solicit homosexual relations, and the number of men arrested for public indecency trebled

219
Q

When was the GLF set up in Britain?

A

October 1970

220
Q

What became more acceptable?

A

“Camp” behaviour more acceptable, with television stars

221
Q

Examples of television stars?

A

Larry Greyson (Shut that door and Generation Game) and John Inman as Mr. Humphries playing ”camp” men but they were not publicly declared gay.

222
Q

Who gained popularity and were bisexual?

A

David Bowie and Elton John

223
Q

When was the first gay pride march in London?

A

1971

224
Q

What did Thatcher call the liberal society?

A

Permissive society

225
Q

Who lead the opposition to the sex in the media?

A

Mary Whitehouse

226
Q

What did Mary Whitehouse found?

A

National Viewers and Listeners Association

227
Q

When was the Festival of Light?

A

1971

228
Q

What was the Festival of Light?

A

Protest against liberalisation - Moral Pollution needs a Solution - Christian Event

229
Q

How many people attended the Festival of Light?

A

30,000

230
Q

How many members of her association were there?

A

12-13 thousand members - up to 2-3 million people

Edexcel History: Britain Transformed (5 decks)

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