Changing Quality of Life Flashcards
1
Q
What happened to wages for the poorest in society between 1921 and 1934?
A
Fell after the recession
2
Q
How much were many families getting by on?
A
£5
3
Q
Why did living standards improve between wars?
A
Prices fell faster than wages and real cost of living fell by more than a third between 1920 and 1938
4
Q
How many children were women having on average?
A
2.19
5
Q
How many people had died in the war?
A
702,000
6
Q
§How many people were wounded in the war?
A
1.67 million
7
Q
By 1921, how many men were receiving disability pensions?
A
1,187,45
8
Q
Why was there a decline in alcohol consumption?
A
Forced ban in 1914
9
Q
What was the Defence of the Realm act?
A
Continued peacetime restrictions on pub opening hours caused the amount spent on alcohol to fall throughout the interwar period.
10
Q
What did rationing do?
A
Promote healthier diets - so did the 1914 Education Act
11
Q
What was the infant mortality rate in 1922?
A
Half than in 1900
12
Q
What killed far fewer people than pre-war?
A
Tuberculosis and Typhoid
13
Q
What age did more people survive to?
A
65
14
Q
What meant that life expectancy remained pretty stagnant?
A
Poor Geriatric care
15
Q
What was infant mortality rate in wales?
A
5.17 deaths per 1000
16
Q
What was the infant mortality rate in Kensington?
A
0.86 per 1000
17
Q
What was hospital care described as?
A
Postcode Lottery
18
Q
Which MP joined in the Jarrow March?
A
Ellen Wilkinson
19
Q
What was the impact of the war in terms of infrastructure?
A
Blitz had decimated the home front - London, Liverpool, Coventry - evacuation
20
Q
What programme encourages civilian involvement?
A
Dig for Victory
21
Q
What was WWII?
A
Total War - it has an impact on everyone
22
Q
Why did the impact of war continue?
A
Cities had to be rebuilt and food supplies had to be improved
23
Q
What happened after the war?
A
Period of austerity - the government cuts back on spending in order to rebuild and reconstruct after the war
24
Q
When did rationing continue until?
A
Well into the 1950s
25
What other cities were impacted by the bombing?
Birmingham, Plymouth, Bristol, Glasgow, Southampton, Portsmouth and Hull
26
How many houses were destroyed?
2/7 houses - 3.5 million
27
How many changes of addresses were there?
60 million
28
How many men were registered for service?
14.9/15.9 million aged 14-64
29
How many women were engaged in the war effort?
7.1 million
30
How many essential work orders did the government have to issue?
8.5 million
31
What were all men subject to?
Conscription
32
How many were killed in WWII?
287,859
33
How many were injured?
274,148
34
How many prisoners of war were there?
184,102
35
How many children were evacuated?
Over a million - increased concern for the wellbeing of slum children
36
Why was Britain starving?
Loss of ships to German U boats
37
What did almost every Briton have to do?
Adopt an austere lifestyle during and for six years after the war due to the financial sacrifices needed to wage total war.
38
How much of all consumer expenditure was controlled by rationing in 1946?
1/4
39
How much of all consumer expenditure was controlled by rationing in 1948?
30%
40
When did bread begin to be rationed?
1946 - 1948
41
How did rationing benefit the working class?
Enjoyed a healthier diet because the disparity in food consumption was levelled out between classes
42
What happened to average wages during the war?
Almost doubled
43
What lead to a levelling of fashions?
Clothes rationing - people made do and mend
44
What was established in 1940?
Council for the Encourage of music and Arts
45
What did the government fund?
Film industry - made morale boosting films - In Which we Serve
46
What was consumer expenditure on rationing cut back to in 1949?
12%
47
What did the government introduce?
Price controls to cap prices so people's money goes further.
48
What grew in 1951-1979?
Consumerism and a consumer society
49
Why was there a growth in consumerism?
Increase in things to buy and people more motivated to conform to social norms
50
How much did real disposable income rise in the 1950s?
30%
51
How much did real disposable income rise in the 1960s?
22%
52
How much did real disposable income rise in the 1970s?
30%
53
What was unusual about this period?
Interest and rent declined as a share of national income
54
What did home ownership increase from and to?
29% in 1950 to 50% in 1970
55
How much did car ownership increase by?
16% in 1950 to 52% in 1970
56
What did MacMillan say in 1957?
Most of our people have never had it so good
57
What did growing disposable income allow?
Difference between wants and needs
58
What was the trend in gas sales between 1951 and 1970?
More than doubled
59
What happened to electricity sales?
Quadrupled
60
What happened to central heating?
Up from 5% in 1960 to 50% in 1977 and 84% in 1991
61
How much did money spent on advertising rise?
Threefold between 1947 and 1970
62
What contributed to a dramatic shit in male use of deodorant?
Old Spice advertisement after 1957
63
How many women used deodorant before 1957
32%
64
How many women and men regularly used scented toiletries by 1969?
Over half
65
What designers pioneered the Look?
Mary Quant
66
How were looks made accessible?
Mass production and sales of similar designs in high streets across the country
67
What company sold cheap clothes from London and by mail order?
Barbara Hulanicki's fashion company Biba
68
Who was the most famous model in the 1960s?
Twiggy
69
What helped fashion take off?
Launch of Colour sections in newspapers after Feb 1962
70
Where was the first supermarket opened?
St Albans in 1947
71
Where was Sainsbury's opened in 1950
Croyden
72
What gave a boost to food sales?
End of food rationing between 1951 and 1954
73
What allowed supermarkets to flourish?
Rolling back Retail Price Maintenance - 1956 on groceries - more generally in 1964
74
How many supermarkets were the in 1959?
286
75
How many supermarkets were there in 1961?
572
76
How many supermarkets were there in 1971?
3,500
77
Where was the first out-of-town supermarket opened?
Nottingham in 1964
78
What did the competition lead to?
Closure of 60,000 of local specialist grocers between 1960 and 1990
79
What did car ownership lead to?
Larger supermarkets on the outskirts of towns and cities
80
What was founded in 1957?
Consumer Association - launched Which?
81
What Ministry aimed to protect consumers?
Ministry for Consumer Affairs - existed from 1972 to 1983
82
How did poor people borrow money?
Moneylenders - not well-regulated - interest rates could be extortionate - debt collectors
83
When was the Consumer Credit Act passed?
1974 following the 1971 Crowther Report
84
What did the Crowther Report call for?
Repeal and Replacement of all earlier legislation on moneylending
85
What did the Act do?
Clarified the rights and responsibilities of lenders and borrowers
86
When were credit cards first used in Britain?
1966
87
When was the Access Card launched?
1972
88
What was unemployment like between 1921 and 1940?
Never fell below 1 million - rose to almost 3 million in 1932 and 1933
89
How many people had been jobless for a year in 1929?
5%
90
What did this rise to in 1932?
16.4% - 400,000 people
91
How much of the long term unemployment was located in the north, south wales and Scotland?
85%
92
What % of all shipbuilders were unemployed?
62%
93
How many car manufacturers were unemployed?
20%
94
What stopped the regional variation in means test?
Unemployment Assistance Board 1937
95
How many households in the south-east had a car?
20%
96
How many households in the north had a car?
12%
97
How many electricity consumers were there in 1920?
730,000
98
How many electricity consumers were there in 1938?
9 million
99
How many houses had electricity in 1932?
32%
100
How many houses had electricity in 1938?
66%
101
How many houses had electricity in 1961?
96%
102
What encouraged the expansion of electricity?
1926 Electrical Supply Act
103
When did the grid cover most parts of the country?
1934
104
How much electricity did houses in the south-east consume?
861 kWh in 1938
105
How much electricity did houses in the north consume?
386 kWh - mostly on lighting not labour saving appliances
106
What did WWI lead to?
The collapse in the British film industry due to the uncertainty over funding, disruption to production and the use of studios for propaganda
107
What also played a part in the decline of cinema attendance?
Television
108
How many cinemas were forced to close?
Half of them
109
How many times did the average person got to the cinema between 1939 and 1951?
28 times
110
What became more lenient?
The BBFC - 1968 Theatres Act
111
What did the British prefer during WWI?
American films with higher production values. Women liked the glamour of American heroes and heroines.
112
How many cinema admissions were there in 1946?
1,635 million
113
How many cinema admissions were there in 1954?
1,276 million
114
How many cinema admissions were there in 1964?
343 million
115
How many cinema admissions were there in 1984?
53 million
116
What happened to British film production in the 1970s
Collapsed with the re-emergence of American dominance
117
How many British films were made in 1968?
49
118
How many British Films were made in 1980?
31
119
What led to the drop in British film production?
Cuts in American funding of British films and Conservative government cuts to National Film Finance Corporation, one of the major British sources of investment
120
What led to the boom in the cinema during WWII?
Demand for escapism - also the limitations on other entertainment forms
121
Who was the typical cinema goer?
Young, urban, working class, female over the age of 19
122
What was the concern of upper class people?
There would be an impact on impressionable audiences
123
What was the BBFC concerned about?
Americanisation
124
How many films were British in 1925?
5%
125
What film was seen by 20 million people in the first 6 weeks?
The Battle of the Somme 1916
126
What film was released in 1917?
Hearts of the world- the story of a village
127
What was the 1927 quota act?
20% of films had to be British
128
Examples of WW2 film?
In which we serve 1942
Millions like us 1943
Gentle Sex 1943
The way ahead 1944
129
How many teenagers went to the cinema once a week in 1946?
69%
130
How many films did the BBFC ban between 1928 and 1939?
140
131
Examples of more lenient films?
Clockwork Orange 1971
Straw Dogs 1971
Get Carter 1971
132
What film contained nudity and sex and was the highest grossing film in 1974?
Confessions of a Window Cleaner
133
What did films influence?
Teenage culture
134
What happened to the number of households with a receiver between 1922 and 1939?
Increased from 1% to 71%.
135
How many households had a receiver in 1951?
90%
136
When was the BBC founded?
1927
137
When did BBC lose its monopoly on broadcasting?
1973
138
What were the two Radio services?
National Programme and Regional Programme
139
Where did the Regional Programme broadcast from?
Midlands, London, North, Scottish, West, Northern Ireland and Welsh.
140
What happened at the start of WWII?
National and Regional combined to form the Home Service. Done to prevent enemy aircraft using different broadcasts to aid navigation.
141
What were Sunday broadcasts?
Religious
142
What did listeners do to avoid Sunday broadcasts?
Use pirate radios
143
Examples of pirate radios?
Radio Luxemburg and Radio Normandy
144
When was pirate radio banned?
1967 Marine Broadcasting Offences Act
145
When was the first pop station established?
1967
146
What did the 1973 Independent Broadcasting Authority Act do?
BBC had to compete with a range of UK based commercial stations
147
How many listeners did Tony Blackburn's Breakfast Show get?
20 million
148
What was launched in 1946?
Third Programme - became Radio 3 in 1967
149
What did Radio 3 cater to?
Highbrow culture - less than 2% of the radio audience - higher class, higher educated
150
What did the Home Service become?
Radio 4
151
What did the radio become a symbol of?
Unity in the country
152
What boosted morale during the war?
Workers Playtime
153
What was the focus of daytime programming?
Women - reinforcing the idea that women should be in the home
154
What replaced the Forces Programme in 1945?
Light Programme - introduced a mis of comedies and soaps
155
Examples of Light Programme?
Archers
Mrs Dale's Diary
156
How many listeners did the Light Programme receive?
2/3 of 11 million listeners
157
Example of programme targetted at women?
Women's Hour
Housewives Choice
158
When did the monarchs speech start being televised?
1957
159
Where did most popular music come from between 1919 and 1959?
America
160
What was the popular music in WWI?
Ragtime and Jazz
161
What was popular music in 1930?
Swing and Bop
162
What was popular music in 1940?
Country and Western, Rhythm and blues
163
What was popular music in 1950s?
Rock n Roll
164
What became popular amongst the working class?
Dance Halls - provided a degree of luxury
165
When did music become more influenced by British Artists?
1960-1979
166
Example of this?
BEATLES - shift back to home grown genres
167
What was popular in the early 1970s?
Glam Rock
168
What was popular in Mid 1970s?
David Bowie with the rise New York inspired Disco
169
When was the rise of punk?
Late 1970s
170
What music was marketed towards teenagers to enhance consumerism?
Beatles and Rock n Roll
171
How much money did the Beatles make from merch?
£100 million and had made over £300 million from sales worldwide
172
What did dance halls allow?
Girls could wear less conservative clothes
173
Example of a prominent female punk singer?
Poly Styrene (1976) and Siouxsie Sioux (1976).
174
What did punk have an influence on?
Fashion - rejection of the consumer society
175
Who was Cliff Richard?
Originally discovered as a ‘heart-throb performer’ to replicate the popularity of Elvis Presley. In the 1950s released exuberant music such as ‘Move It’.
176
What Richard song shows the shift away from Rock n Roll?
Summer Holiday
177
Who was popular in 1970s?
Slade, Marc Bolan, Gary Glitter, David Bowie, The Sex Pistols, X-Ray Spex, The Banshees and the slits
178
How many households had a TV in 1970?
Almost every household
179
What allowed the expansion of channels?
1955 end of BBC's monopoly
180
What TV show put homelessness on the map?
Cathy Come Home
181
What did the Wednesday Play do?
With its powerful abortion scene, raised awareness for that topic too- arguably contributing to the passing of the 1967 Abortion Act.
182
Example of Political Satire?
That Was the Week That Was - challenged social superiority
183
What allowed teens to have their own culture?
Consumerism - able to create their own identity
184
Where would Youths hang out?
Coffee Bars
185
How many arrests for marijuana in 1960?
235
186
How many arrests for marijuana in 1973?
11,000
187
Examples of subcultures?
Mods, rockers, beatniks, hippies, skinheads, glam rockers and punks
188
When did the mods and rockers have a scrap in Brighton?
1964
189
What were Skinheads?
A subculture which originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the UK
190
How would Skinheads be recognised?
Shaved heads and clothing such as steel toe work boots, braces, straight-leg jeans, and button-down shirts.
191
What were punks?
Another subculture, their fashion consisted of offensive t-shirts, leather jackets, hairstyles such as brightly coloured hair and spiked mohawks, tattoos, jewellery and body modification
192
Who were the first all female bands to write and perform their own music?
The Slits
193
Which TV show has strong female characters?
Corrie - Elsie Tanner (1960) weekly audience of 20 million
194
What did Butterflies 1978 show?
A housewife at home and bored and unfulfilled by her domestic role
195
Who was the first female TV news readers?
Barbara Mandell in 1955
196
Who was the first permanent female newsreaders?
Angela Rippon 1975
197
What films presented women in an objectifying light?
Confessions of a Window cleaner and Carry On
198
Which TV show had hen pecked husbands?
Likely Lads - watched by 27 million
199
Example of a Gay film?
The Naked Civil Servant
200
When did Tom Robinson release Glad to be Gay?
1976 - reached 18th in the single charts
201
What featured an abortion?
Up to Junction 1968
202
Example of a traditional films
King Visits the Army 1916
203
What did the 1964 Television Act do?
Required ITV to show 2 plays and 2 current affairs programmes per week.
204
Examples of parody of snobbery?
Margot in the Good Life 1975
Likely Lads 1973
205
Another example of political satire?
Beyond The Fringe 1960
206
How were the Police presented?
Positive Light - The Sweeney - tough but fair - despite Times report on police brutality in 1969
207
What celebrated police?
Dixon of Dock Green 1955
208
When was the Holidays Pay Act passed?
1938
209
What did the Holidays Pay Act do?
People were able to have leisure time if they were in the working and middle class - prior to this, it was mainly the upper class who could have leisure time.
Three consecutive paid days off.
First time the working class had time off
210
What act was in place before this act?
1871 Bank Holidays Act - gave working people 6 bank holidays
211
What created a national community of interest in sports?
Radio and the national press
212
Why was football accessible to working class people?
It was cheap to pay
213
What did television do for football?
More people to access football and injected a lot of media and advertising revenue into sport, increasing the incentive for professional players to assert their worth.
214
What meant it was easier to organise teams?
Factories and unions - self contained teams
215
What meant that the national league was possible?
Mass transport
216
When was the football association founded?
1888
217
What was created between 1920 and 1922?
Three national divisions
218
What did clubs become?
An important factor for loyalty and pride
219
What meant men could take part and watch sport?
Half days on Saturdays
220
What was club affiliation in 1910?
12,000
221
What was club affiliation in 1948?
17,973
222
What was club affiliation in 1967?
30,962
223
What was average attendance in 1914?
23,000
224
What was average attendance in 1938?
31,000
225
What was the ticket price in 1968 and 1981?
25p
£1
226
When did Match of The Day start?
1964
227
When did Sportsview start?
1954
228
When did Grand Stand start?
1958
229
When did World of Sport on iTV start?
1965
230
When was peak ticket sales?
1948-49 - 41.2 million
231
What was attendance in 1969-70?
29.6 million
232
What was attendance in 1979-80?
24.6 million
233
What enhanced viewers enjoyment?
Rise of colour television, multiple camera angles and slow motion replays in 1960s
234
How many people watched the 1966 World Cup?
32 million
235
Why did hooliganism increase?
Increased numbers of fans who could afford to go to matches
236
What happened when things got so bad?
Some clubs built metal cage fences to keep fans off the pitch
237
What did British Rail do?
Cancelled Soccer Specials which provided fans with cheap travel to away games
238
What happened in 1977?
Millwall disaster - hooliganism - gained bad reputation
239
How much ad money was poured into football in 1966?
£1 million
240
How much ad money was poured into football in 1976?
£16 million
241
What were wages capped at for professional footballers?
1919-1939 - £8 per week
1961 - £20 per week
242
What led to wage caps being scrapped?
Threat of a strike by the Professional Footballers' Association formed in 1961
243
How much was Kevin Keegan paid in 1978?
£250,000
244
What did the pay do?
Reduce the idea of amateurism
245
What % of the audience was men in 1960s?
60-70%
246
What did male participation increase from and to?
1961: 9%
1979: 30%
247
What did women participation increase from and to?
6% to 17%
248
What did sport reinforce?
Gender divide - women were not allowed to join golf clubs or governing bodies
249
What was the exception to this rule?
Cycling - women were able to forge new association between sport and womanliness. It became increasing common for women to keep fit as a a healthy body became seen as being the ideal mother and housewife.
250
What happened in 1978?
High Court successfully overturned a ban on a girl from playing for Muskham United Under 11s.
251
What stopped holidays?
THE WAR
252
What did the war do?
Sped up the development of transport - trains, planes, cars
253
When was Butlins established?
1936 - emerged from wartime infrastructure
254
What also emerged?
Package holidays - more for the middle class/upper class
255
What became popular in the 1960s?
Caravan holidays
256
What did Britain become?
The 17th country to make paid holidays a right rather than a privilege
257
How many workers enjoyed paid holiday?
7.75 million
258
How many people left their home for a single night a year in 1938?
Less than half
259
How many workers received paid holiday in 1935?
1.5 out of 18.5 million workers
260
Where were most holidays?
Seaside - period was too short
261
How many people went to Blackpool each year?
7 million
262
Where did better off families go on holiday?
Tynemouth rather than Whitley
263
When were the Ramblers established?
1935
264
When was the YHA established?
1929
265
Where was the first Butlins?
Skegness
266
How many holiday camps were established?
200
267
How many visitors did holiday camps get?
30,000 per week
268
What did the government do during the war?
Put in measures to prevent travel for pleasure in order to free up roads and railway for military and supply purposes
269
What were used to dissuade people from going on holiday?
Posters and railway companies not allowed to put on additional trains
270
What did the government promote in 1941-42?
Holidays at Home
271
What was Wakes Week?
Most factory workers in Lancashire went to Blackpool
272
What was Trip Week?
Workers from Swindon went to Weston-Super-Mare continued throughout the war
273
How many people had been on a caravan holiday by the end of the 70s?
Almost half
274
What places were opened up?
Cornwall, Devon and Carmarthenshire - restricted to the wealthy
275
How many people went on holiday in 1951?
25 million in the UK
2 million went abroad
276
How many people went on holiday in 1971?
34 million
7 million
Rise of package holidays
277
How many private cars were registered in 1904?
9,000
278
How many private cars were registered in 1919?
100,000
279
How many cars were registered in 1939?
2 million
280
How many cars in 1960?
5,650,000
281
How many cars in 1970?
11,802,000
282
When was the Austin Seven launched?
1922
283
What did the average car price feel from and to?
£259 in 1924 to £130 in 1938
284
How many jobs relied on the motor industry in 1939?
1.4 million
285
When were driving tests introduced?
1934
286
When were 20 mph speed limits abolished?
1930
287
When were 30 mph speed limits introduced?
1934
288
When did country roads get speed limits?
1965
289
Why did car ownership increase after the war?
The end of petrol rationing and more efficient production techniques and greater average income.
290
What happened to bike sales?
1929: 6 million
1935: 10 million
Few people would drive to work
291
What was important to the working class before WWII?
Buses
292
What happened to the number of passenger miles on a bus?
Increased from 3.5 million in 1920 to 19 million in 1938.
293
How did cars impact consumer habits?
Load greater quantities of groceries
294
When was the first multistorey car park built?
1939 in Blackpool
295
Where was the first Asda?
Nottinghamshire - 1964
296
What % of women had a private driving license in 1933?
12%
297
What % of women had a private driving license in 1975?
29% compared with 69% of men
298
When did flying become a viable travel option?
1918
299
When was Imperial Airways formed?
1924 - subsidised by government - image of power and modernity
300
When was BA set up?
1935 - rescued with state financial assistance and merged with Imperial Airways in 1939 to form the British Overseas Airways Corporation
301
When was civil aviation nationalised?
1946
302
When did scheduled internal flights begin?
1930s
303
When did Britons start going to Spain and Greece?
1960s
304
How many railway companies became state controlled?
120
305
What act was passed in 1921?
Railway Act
306
What did the 1921 Railway Act do?
Forced all rail companies to merge into four: Great Western Railway; London, Midland and Scottish Railway; London and North Eastern Railway and Southern Railway
307
What was Metro-Land?
A series of suburbs north of London linked to the city centre by the Metropolitan Railway - Watford, Northwood.
308
When was British rail formed?
1948 - big four struggling to compete with road transport
309
When was the first Beeching Report?
1963
310
When was the second Beeching Report?
1965
311
What did Beeching recommend?
Closure of over half of all stations and almost a third of all track miles (around 5000 miles) to make British rail profitable
312
When did track closure begin?
1963
313
Example of a closed line?
Harpenden to Hemel
314
When was the New Towns Act?
1946
315
What did the New Towns Act do?
Built Stevenage and Hemel
