Weimar Goverment Flashcards
When does kaiser Wilhelm ll abdicate and ww1 end
November 1918
What do the Spartasists do in January 1919
Challenge the Weimar Republic in the spartacist uprising
When was the treaty of Versailles signed
June 1919
When does the kapp putsch challenge the Weimar Republic
1920
When do the french occupy ruhr and Germany suffer from hyperinflation
1923
When were the reparation payment terms improved under the Dawes plan
1924
When did Germany Britain france Belgium Italy sign the Locarno pact
1925
When do Germans join the League of Nations
1926
What did Germany sign in 1928
Kellogg briand pact
When did the young plan reduce the reparation payments
1929
What is republic
A state in which the government is carried out by the people or their elected representatives. There is no monarch
What is constitution
The rules which set out how a country is run
What is reichstag
German state parliament
What is a chancellor
The leader of the government in Germany
What is Democratic
“Rule by the people” the people have a say in how the country is run
What is a scape goat
A person or group made to the the blame for others
What is the spartacists
A group of people who wanted to overthrow the Weimar gov and establish a communist state
What is censorship
Controlling what is produced and suppressing anything considered to be against the state
When was the second reich
1871 - 1914
What was leadership like under the second reich
Ruled by emperor - kaiser
Hereditary ruler + power - could choose to sack ministry
War + gory were important to him
What was the economy like under kaiser
Germany’s industrial development = fastest in the world
Between 1880 - 1913 coal production increased 400% + other industries (steel + chemicals) grew rapidly
In 30 year period Germany international trade X4
What was the military like under the second reich
Germany began to build own powerful navy in 20th century - competing with Gb navy
Between 1864 - 1871 military might of Prussia reorganised Central Europe
- defeated Austria + France (created German empire)
What was the human and financial cost of war
11 million Germany fought
- 2 mil died
- 4 mil wounded
Government debts - 50bil - 150bil
Impact of ww1 (food shortages)
British navy blocked German ports so food couldn’t get to Germany
750,000 Germans died due to food shortages
Farmers drafted ti army - by 1918 Germany produced 50% of milk amd 60% of meat which had been produced before the war
Winter 1916-17 potatoes supply ran out (civilians vulnerable -> disease)
Before 1914 who had little say in how Germany was run
Middle class and working class
What opposition was there after ww1
Political opposition groups
Working class and middle class opposition increased
Prince mar of baden formed a new government
German navy mutinied
How did the German navy muntinie after ww1
At Kiel port they refused to attack the British navy
What attitudes changed after ww1
War made Germans angry - looked for people to blame for defeat
In Munich 1918 workers declared a general strike + protested in the streets (announced separation for Germany)
Autumn 1918 - unrest spread - locals set up workers and soldier councils to take over cities
- kaiser lost control -
Who became the chancellor when the kaiser abdicated
Prince max
Why was it so important for ebert to get the army on side
So they could work with the gov. To keep the communists out of power
What was the purpose of the constituent assembly
To create a new constitution
What was the council of people’s representatives
The council would head the gov. Until a constitution is agreed
What is a constituent assembly
A group gathered to construct a constitution
Why did the kaiser have very little choice but to abdicate
Peace would not be signed with president Woodrow Wilson if kaiser was still in power
Germany navy started to refuse orders (lost support)
Unrest spread across Germany (strikes in Munich)
What Order did kaiser loose the support of and who
Gov.
Navy.
General public
Army
What is a coalition gov,
When no single party had a majority vote so others from different parts joined together
Why did there have to be a coalition in Germany
Social Democratic Party won 40% seets (not majority) and so had to form a coalition party with the centre part with 20%
Who became the first president of the Weimar Republic
Freidrch ebert of the sdp
Why was the constitution name it Weimar Republic
The constitution was agreed in Weimar
What did communists want after kaiser abdicated
A communist revolution
By November 1918 what had been set up in several towns such as Kiel and Munich
Councils supporting the communist
The moderates wanted to avoid a communist revolution and so what did ebert do
Worked to win over enough support to ensure Order was maintained long enough to set up the new republic
What agreement did ebert make with the general greener on November 10th 1918
For the army To restore order and keep the communists out of power
What did ebert promise Army officers in order for them to keep communists out of power
And what did the army want in power
They could keep there ranks
( didnt mean the army supported the Weimar Republic)
Many leader of the army wanted the kaiser to resurrect as there high status would be garuntted under him
How did ebert work to win over further support for the new giver by
Allowed civil servants and judicarys who had worked under kaiser to keep there jobs
Reassuring nationalist leader of industry that they could keep control of their businesses
Promising trade union that at an 8 hour Woking day would be introduced
What had most electors in Germany voted for in January 1919
Moderate democratic paties to avoid apparent alternative columnist revolution
2 democratic features of the Weimar constitution
President elected every 7 years
Men + women over 20 can vote
Undemocratic features of the Weimar constitution
President was supreme commander of the army
President could dismiss + call new elections
Article 48
Strengths of the Weimar Republic (who can vote)
Voting age reduced from 25 to 20
And women were able to vote on the same terms as men
Strengths of the Weimar Republic (reichstag election progress)
Elected under a system of proportional representation
Even small parties had a fair share of seets in reichstag
Strengths of the Weimar Republic (article 1)
Article one confirmed Germany was to be a democracy
Strengths of the Weimar Republic (power)
Constructed so no one group or person had too much power
(Laws could only be laws if the majority voted on them)
Strengths of the Weimar Republic (local government)
Local gov retained some power, each 18 regions of Germany (eg, Prussia) keep its own local parliament called land
Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic (article 48)
Article 48 said that in a crisis the president could pass a law without the support of the riechstag 
By 1930 the chancellor regularly relied on it asking the president for new laws not the reichstag.
Gave chancellor and president too much power
Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic ( coalition gov arguments)
There was 9 coalition governments between 1919 and 1923
Not a lot of political stability
Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic (proportional representation voting system)
Ment that governments could only form if several parties joined together .
So parties had to compromise and offer. Had a lack of clear strong policies
So they frequently fell apart and argued
Why did article 48 undermine the new democracy
The new democracy was about not giving anyone person all the power
But article 48 allows the president to have too much power.
The reichstag was elected to present views so avoiding asking is discarding democracy
What did Germany do in November 11th 1918
Signed the armistice treaty to end the war
How many citizens did Germany loose during the war
6 million
What happened on the 9th of November 1918 and why
Kaiser abdicated so peace could be signed
When was the treaty of Versailles signed
28th of June 1919
What did Woodrow Wilson have to guide negotiations
14 points
Eg, countries should have a right to self determination
What did demenceaul want and why
Wants to push for very harsh outcomes for Germany as ww1 effected France as mush battle happened there
Why were Germans upset and shocked at the peace Tracey
Much harsher than they anticipated
Why did Germany have to sign the peace treaty
I’d they didn’t they would go back war
And Germany was in no position to fight
What does article 231 say
The war guilt clause - says Germany to blame for ww1
What % of land did Germany loose as a part of the peace treaty
13%
What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of land
ALsace-Lorraine returned to France
Eupen and malmedy were lost to Belgium
The 11 German colonies in Africa and the Far East were given to victorious countries as mandates territories to look after
Posen + west Prussia lost to Poland (put million Germans under polish rule) - dived Germany in 2
Public votes taken in area to decide weather they should leave Germany (eg, upper Silesia joined poland)
German pet Danzig was made an international city (not governed by Germany)
The output of the rich Saar coalfields was also to fo to France for 15 years
Rhineland (German land which boarded France) - was demilitarised
What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of army
The army was limited to 100,000 men
The navy was limited to 6 battleships - no submarines were allowed
No Air Force allowed (existing airforce destroyed)
No tanks, armoured cars of heavy artillery were allowed
What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of money
Germany had to pay reparations to the allies - fixed at £6.6 billion
Cattle and sheep to be given to Belgium and France as reparations
What were the terms of the peace treaty in terms of blame
Article 231 ( war guilt clause)
- Germany caused war
Why was Germany’s terms of the peace treaty a diktat
Most Germans assume that Germany would negotiate the terms but allies refused
The terms were impose not agreed they had 15 days to make comments but all concessions were refused
What does dolchstoss mean
Stab in the back theory
Why was the treaty of Versailles dolchstoss
The Germans didn’t belive the army had been defeated in the war
And they think that the army was betrayed by politicians
(Elbert believed this)
Why couldn’t Germany start another war
ToV damaged German economy and imposed heavy reparations
What were the November criminals
treaty was so hard of people they resented the leaders of the German republic who signed it
(Know as that as they surrendered in November 1918)
Why was ToV bad for new government
Linked with defeat
Humiliation and weakness
What did the extremes left groups want
Germans to be controlled by the people
Opposed capitalism
Wanted to abolish private ownership of land + businesses and put in hands of workers
Internationalists (stressed cooperation rather than independence of nations)
Who was on the left extremist party and who was the main party in 1919
Communists
German communist party (KDP)
Who was the main right extremist party in 1919
National party (DNVP)
What did the extreme right wing groups want
A return to a strong government with a strong army and powerful leader
Supported capitalism (private ownership of land + businesses + law order and traditional values)
Placed interest of nation over the individual
What % of seats did the extreme left wing (KDP) have in the Weimar Republic
20%
What % of seats did the extreme right wing parties have in the Weimar Republic
20%
What % of seats did the moderate parties have in National Assembly and in new reichstag
77%
45%
Why did moderate parties struggle after the June 1920 elections
Struggled to form majority coalitions
Constantly attacks in reichstag by extremist politions
Who were the challenges from the left (to the Weimar gov)
Spartacists
When were the challenges from the left (to the Weimar gov)
Jan 1919
Who were the challenges from the right (to the Weimar gov)
Kapp putsch
When were the challenges from the right (to the Weimar gov)
March 1920
Who led the radical communist group
Rosa Luxembourg + Karl liebknect
In dec 1918 the spartacists demonstrations against gov. (Opposition) resulted in what and what happened in the same month
Death of 16 spartacists
Formed the German communist party
Who was the KPD backed up by and how many members
Soviet Union
400,000 members
Causes of the spartacists uprising
There was widespread discontent in Germany after war
Successive Bolsheviks revolution Inspired Spartacist to Bring communist revolution to Germany
Fourth of Jan Ebert sacked police chief in Berlin who is popular with workers
On the following day thousands of workers took to the streets in protest and Spartacist saw this as a chance for their uprising

What were the events of the Spartacist uprising
Began the sixth of Jan 1919
In leguew ith thousands of workers
Occupied buildings organise strikes created workers councils

How did the government deal with the Spartacist uprising
Government moved from Berlin to Weimar And a bit ordered regular army and Berlin freikorps to crush the uprising
Fully equipped with modern weaponry
Liebknecht was beaten and shot
Luxembourg was shot and dumped in a canal
Why was the Spartacist uprising a challenge for the Weimar government
Spartacist had attempted to overthrow ebert and new government as it was being established
The government were reliant on the regular army (reichswehr) and the freikorps to maintain control ( The groups wanted to prevent communism but neither support of the new government)
Who were the freikorps 
Parliamentary group form from the dembolise soldiers at the end of the world
They refused to give up weapons and uniforms
They were led by ex-army officers
Most of them were monarchists who wanted to save Germany from bolsheism even though they did not support the weimar republic
What did the kapp putsch want
Went to Germany to have a strong army and industry
They looked back on the Kaiser governor with pride
Causes of the kapp putsch uprising / plan
In March 1920 Weimar government announced measures to reduce size of army due to the treaty of Versailles and disband the freikorps there was uproar in Berlin and the Leader of the Berlin freikorps refused to comply
Working with Berlin politician Wolfgang Kapp had a plan to seize Berlin and form a new right-wing government
Gain support by promoting dolshtoss theory and emphasising severity of the treaty of Versallies
The army stationed in Berlin supported kapps plan
Events of the kapp Putsch uprising
March 13 Wolfgang kapp that 5000 supporters into Berlin and seize capital
Government move to Stuttgart
Ebert ordered army to stop putsch - army refused to fire a fellow soldiers Ebert and scheidemann had to appeal to people (Told them to go on strike)
Strike brought capital to halt - No transport power water
Kapp Saw he failed left the country
Consequences of the kapp putsch uprising
Kapp was hunted down and imprisoned and the rest of the rebels (+ 400 reichswehr oficers ) went unpunished 
Why was the kapp putsch uprising a challenge for the Weimar gov
Uprising revealed Weimar gov To be weak as reichswerh had refused to follow their orders + so relied on people to help them
The lack of punishment for those involved also showed the right-wing leaning of many judges who are sympathetic to the right-wing cause
Judges is not acting in interest of moderate government
Problems of the Weimar gov in 1919 - 22
Treaty of Versallies
Left + right with opposition
Debt from war
November criminals
constitution
relied on repression
lack of public enthusiasm
widespread discontent
Examples of challenge of ongoing political violence 1919 - 23 
A week after kapp putsch began the communist uprising occurred and Ruhr the army killed hundreds in response 
March 1919 a Berlin rising was crushed killing over 1000 people
An estimated 376 murders in 1919 to 22
(Two of them were ministers - erzerbeger , rathenau). 354 of the murders were carried out by right-wing yet no right wingers were sentenced to death yet 10 left wingers were
This is because judges were sympathetic to the right-wing undermining governments authority


What were the two major events of 1923
Germany failed to pay reparations
The French occupied rurh

Why could Germany not pay reparations
World War I had lead to huge debts for Germany
What reparations were Germany supposed to pay France and Belgium in December 201922
Coal
Why couldn’t Germany pay France and Belgium their coal as reparations and what was Frances responses
Germany economy will shatter
France didnt belive them
What percent of all of Germany’s coal was contained in rurh 
80%
What do French and Belgian troops confiscate in rurh
Coal and machinery
What were Germans response to the French’s occupation of rurh
Couldn’t fight back as it’s limited to 100,000 army and they were used elsewhere across Germany
So Germany asked workers to go on strike in rurh so it’s harder on the French extract goods (passive resistance)
What was the Frenches response to those workers who were on strike in Rurh 
They were arrested and French brought in their own workers
What happened to Germany as a result of Germany being angry with France
They were united
Over 100 strikers shot be french + workers were seen as hero’s
What were the results of the French occupation of ruhr
Unemployment increased
Good shortages - Therefore inflation prices increases faster than wages
Government then receive less tax so they printed money
What was the vicious cycle of inflation
Unemployment goes up
Taxis go down
Government gets less tax
Print more money
Money loses value
Prices increase
Sack workers to save money
Unemployment increases
What is hyperinflation
Money loses All value 
Hyperinflation stamp example
In 1919 one stamp = one mark
1 mark = 1 gold coin
(More money printed
20 marks = 1/20 gold coins (more marks but no more gold in the banks)
So
1 stamp = 20 makes
By 1923
1 stamp = 22 million marks
Who was hyperinflation positive for + why
Farmers - could raise prices of needed food as there were food shortages
People in debt - easier to pay of
Foreigners - could exchange dollars / pounds for millions of marks + afford things Germans could not
Who was Hyperinflation a negative for + why
Everyone - suffered from shortages (foreign supplies refused marks as they were worthless)
People with savings - money saved up became pointless
People with fixed incomes - income didn’t increase with prices
Working class - wages struggled to keep up with rising prices
Weimar gov- uprisings (groups saw chance to take power)
What uprisings were there as a result of hyperinflation + did they fail?
Groups saw it as chance to take power from the government
Communists took over parts of Germany including Saxony and Rhinelamd 
Nazis attempted a putsch in munich
failed - Due to government force and lack of public support
3 reasons for Germany’s economic recovery
The rentenmark
Dawes plan + us loans
Young plan
What economic problem was the rentenmark in response to
Hyperinflation
What economic problem was the Dawes plan and us loans in response to
Couldn’t afford to pay reparations
What economic problem was the young plan in response to
German gov regularly complained about level of payments
Stresemanns response to hyperinflation
In September he ended the strike in Rhur
Introduced a temporary currency called Rentenmark
It was issued in limited amounts and was based on property values rather than gold reserves
Rentenmark was converted to reichmark and new currency now backed by gold reserve
What was stresseman’s response to not being able to afford to pay reparations
Agreed with the US Vice President Charles Daws
(Dawes plan/us loans)
Reduced amount to pay for the first five years
USA would give loans to Germany
13,000 million loan over 6 years
What was the young plan
Payment figure reduced form 6.6 billion to 1.85 billion
And now had 59 years to pay with average of 2.05 bill marks a year
What was the resulting economic improvements of the Rentenmark
An end to hyperinflation -gov could stop printing money To pay the strikers and the Rentenmark introduced giving the currency value again
Confident restored in German currency- Germans were spending money again + foreign countries would trade again -> less shortages 
What was the resulting economic improvements of the Dawes plan and us loans
Reparations were less of a burden- could pay back in smaller amounts to allow enconomy to recover - us loans helped payment too
The US loans supported German industry - loans used to fund public work schemes + support business -> creating jobs
Industrial growth increased governments income
What was the resulting economic improvements of the young plan
Reparations were less of a burden - had less and longer to pay
Lower reparation payments meant lower taxes - government could reduce taxes which increased people spending and stimulate further economic growth
Success of Germans economic recovery
Initial fall in Unemployment
Workers - wages increased, state arbitration ment less strikes
Industry - production x2 - surpassed pre war levels -> more jobs + trade as result - gov income from tax inc
Public work schemes - us loans funded them - more Jobs
Limitations of Germans economic recovery
Reliance on us loans - recovery depended on loans wich could be withdrawn at a any time
Right- wing - opposition to stresemanns economic policies (eg hitler who criticised further payments of reparations - throught they shouldn’t be payed at all + extended payments to 1988 only passed burden of ToV to next generation)
Lower middle class - occupations (eg, skilled crafts men) felt ignored from gov who mainly focused on big businesses
Farming - needed to modernise to compete with foreign markets + effected by worldwide depression in agriculture ( agriculture didn’t return to pre war levels )
What is the League of Nations
The international body established after ww1 in order to maintain peace
What does Parian mean
Out cast
Why did streseman want to do the Locarno pact
To improve the relationships with France + Britain - restore Germany’s international presteig
+ gain cooperation in reducing ToV
What did the Locarno pact agree
Keep exsustinf borders between Germany and Belgium / France
Marked Germany’s return to the European international scene and began a period of peace between Germany and France in Britain
When did Germany receive a permanent seat on the council of League of Nations
September 1926
What was the significance of Germany joining the league of Nations
Confirm Germany’s return to great power and status and gained prestige streseman and brought around the young plan by using their position
What was the Kellogg - Brian’s pact
Agreed they will keep their armies for self defence and solve all international disputes peacefully
Significance of Germans involvement in the Kellogg - Briand pact
Confirm Germany is one of the leading nations
How did foreign Policy achievement support Germany’s economic recovery
The amount of reparations was reduced and a timescale was set 
What happened in 1927 as a result of improved relations with Britain + France 
Allied troops withdrew from the West Bank of Rhine ( 5 years before schedule)
Showed relaxation of treaty of Versallies + inc moral at home + booted stesemanns popularity 
What was stresemanns main objective
To make political situation in Germany more stable
He hoped by stabilising economy and re-gaining respect for Germany in foreign affairs Germany would feel more confident in the weimar republic
In 1924 to 29 what happened to the support for partiesThat supported the Weimar public
Increased and there was less support for extremist groups such as the Nazis because of the economic recovery and success abroad
What two key personalities was political stability due to
Stresemann + paul von Hindenburg 
When Frederick Ebert Died in 1925 who was replaced as president of the republic
Hindenburg
Why with Hindenburg as president was the Weimar republic stronger
Because ebert was associated with dolshtoss and Weimars unpopular start
But Hindenburg had been one of Germany’s war heroes between 1914-1918
How was the middle class affected in 1924 to 29
Even though unemployment fell Generally remained high among lawyers and teachers ect
The changes in real wages had little benefit to the middle-class many who had been bankrupt in hyperinflation
They didn’t get rise in wages and couldn’t claim any benefits on the welfare state
April 1928- Almost 184,000 middle-class workers were seeking employment and almost half didny qualify for unemployment relief
Did workers benefit from the increase in values in real wages and how
Benefited
1928 increased real wages over 10%
Germany was the best paid workers in Europe
How did the Weimar government attempt to deal with the critical shortage of housing in 1924 to 29
They employed architects + planners to reduce housing shortages, government investments ,tax breaks ,loans were used to build new houses
From 1924 to 1931How many new homes were built and how many more renovated or expanded
2 mil built
200,000 renovated or expanded
By 1929 the state Was spending how many more times money on housing then in 1913
33x
By 1928 what percent had homelessness being reduced bye
60%
What unemployment insurance was there in 1924 to 29
Weimar republic - Unemployment insurance law 1927 - Required workers and employees to make contributions to a national scheme for unemployment welfare
Other reforms provided benefits and assistance to war veterans and wives dependent on war dead, single mothers , disabled
1880 German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck introduces a series of reforms which help the Ill and the old including health accident and illness insurance schemes
Did education improved from 1924 to 29 
More young people met aspirations
the number of students in higher education before World War I was 70,000 1928 it increased to 110,000.
How did receive war veterans help under the 1920 reich pensioner law
Pensions with paid throughout nineteen twenties to 750,000 war veterans 400,000 will widows £200,000 parents of dead service men 
By 1926 how many women deputies were in Reichstag
32
This was a higher proportion than the number in Britain and USA
What legal rights did women have in 1924 to 29
Weimar constitution introduced equality in education for women
women over 20 were given the vote and took increasing interest in politics
there was an equal opportunity in civil service appointments and equal pay in professions
Weimar elections - women votes was 90% by 1932 to 112 women were elected in Reichstag (10% female8
What new areas were women employed in 1924 to 29
By 1933 there were 100,000 women teachers and 3000 doctors
Growing number of women in new areas of employment most in public employment such as civil services teaching and social work
What was the number of women in work like in 1924 to 29
Portion of women who took up work outside Home remained the same during Wiemer
But there was a growing number in new areas
What was the attitudes of women in employment in 1924 to 29
Issues on type of woman suitable for such work
despite the large number of women working ‘men’ jobs during war
after war jobs were taken back by men
married women who worked were criticise for working
What is increased for some women especially young unmarried working women living in cities
The 20s brought greater financial independence and growing up during the war meant greater social independence
Who were new women (1924-29)
Bought clothes and went out more
Expressed independence by behaviour
Wore short hair and more make up and jewellery and revealing clothes
Drink and smoke
Some seem less interested in marriage and families
Who was the ‘new women’ not popular with
Mainly men
And some woman
Believed growing independence of women threaten traditional values e.g. motherhood

How did the birth rate change in 1913 to 1925 to show that women were less interested in motherhood
1913- 128 live births per 1000 women
1925 - fallen to 80
What were the three reasons for cultural growth in the 1920s
Kaiser gone ment no censorship
Weimar constitution lead to freedom of speech
1924+ economic recovery lead to funding for culture
What three new aspects in culture was there in the 20s
New objectivism - Show real life in art (eg. Poverty)
Modernism - show future eg. Technology
Expressionism -  artists expressing themselves
Why did the new aspects in culture spread
Government support - Grants to support galleries theatres museums libraries
The Bauhaus movement - Bauhaus design college develop style of design influencing art powerhouse style stressed beauty and technology simple lines and careful craftsmanship
(so inspiring and encouraging new style)
What opposition was there from the left-wing to the cultural changes in the Weimar Germany
They said that the funding should’ve been spent on working people (or gone to people who need it)
What opposition was there from the right wing to the cultural changes in Weimar Germany 
They said changes undermined traditional values
2 examples of art in weimars golden age
George groszes painting great day 1921
Shows people bored with there day to day lives. A disabled soldier from ww1 and a man showing support for the kaiser as is wearing there badge
Otto Dix painting shows harsh life for war veterans + falling standards of behaviour in Germany night life during Weimar Republic (expressionist style)
How did rhe painting ‘grey day’ show cultural change
The painting uses the new style of expressionism a new objectivism as its grosses view on how life rll was
Shows no censorship as the subject of the painting was very negative and even feature right wing opponent of the Weimar Republic 
How did rhe painting of Otto Dix show cultural change
About a negative topic so shows no censorship + freedom to paint anything
One example of architecture during Weimar golden age
Mendelssohn
Designed Einstein tower (observatory in Potsdam)
Designed in a futuristic way to look like a rocket
How did the architecture of the Einstein toewer ’ show cultural change
Shows modernism
Rockets were a modern idea
One example of cinema in germanys golden era
German film
Cabinet of dr Calgari (first horror film)
How did the film ‘cabinet of dr calgari’ show cultural change
Film had underlying anti war + anti military messages
Shower no censorship from government
One example of literature from Germany’s golden age
Left winger Erich Remarque
Wrote an anti war Novel
Called all quite on the western front
How did the novel ‘all quite on the western front’ show cultural change
The book describes horror of ww1 so shows no censorship as they were presenting Lows of Germany also it was written by a left winger (opposed gov)
