Topic 4 Flashcards
What was hitlers aim with families
To increase the birth rates
Why did hitler want to increase the birth rates
As it leads to strength
Amd because it had decrease by 50% since 1900
What law was made for the encouragement of marriage and when
1933
1000 marks loan given to married couples (only available if a woman stopped work)
But for every child 1/4 of the loan was removed
This encouraged child birth
When was divorce banned - and what exception was there to this
1938
Divorce premited if a woman could not have children or had an abortion
What was the mother’s cross
An award for number of children
Bronze = 4
Sliver =6
Gold = 8 (hitler youth were ordered to salute gold medals)
What was labensborn
To encourage childbirth
Aryan women who wanted to increase the birth rate but don’t have a husband
They could go to fountain of life to have a child with an SS man (for genetically pure children)
The SS keeps the child
Between 1938 - 1941 one labensborn home alone resulted in how many mothers giving birth
540
How should women look
They should adopt a natural look
- long skirts
Nazis never forced women to look a certain way through legislation but they encouraged modest clothes, hair tied back (that’s natural), no makeup, and discouraged form wearing trousers
Why did nazis want women out of work
So they could be in the home
What where the 3Ks that women were to focus on
Kinder, küche, kirche
Children, kitchen, church
What jobs where women banned from and when
1933 _ women banned from teaching, civil service and doctors
1936_ can’t be judges or lawyers
1937_ no grammar schools for girls
What was the German woman enterprise (DFW)
A woman’s branch of the nazi party
6 million members
Educated people on motherhood (sewing / cooking) - they weren’t part of politics
How did the nazis encourage women to re-enter the work place from 1937
Abolish marriage loans
Introduce compulsory ‘duty year’ for all women entering the labour market (non paid work)
What problems did the nazis encounter when trying to renter women into work from 1937
Many women didn’t want to work in factories (low wages and bad conditions)
Employers prefers foreign labour
Hitler was concerned about women working - went against what he believed
How did the divorce law change in 1938
Could divorce if husband or wife couldn’t have children
What successes were there for the nazis on policies toward woman
Fewer women in uni
Fewer men unemployed
Birth rate rose
More women married
What Failures were there for the nazis on policies toward woman
Not all women agreed with nazi ideology regarding women
Number of women employed increased
Divorce increased
Moringen and ravenbruk - women’s concentration camps (over 2000 prisoners) - showed didn’t win over all women
Women concentration camps called moringen and ravenbruk - how many prisoners where in there
Over 2000
What were textbooks like in German schools
Rewritten to fit nazi view or history and racial purity
All textbooks had to be approved by ministers of education
Meine kampf become a standard text
What did teachers have to do in German school
Swear an oath of loyalty to hitler and join the nazi teacher league
How many people In 1937 had joined the nazi teachers league
97%
What did teachers have to premote - what would happen if they didn’t
Nazi ideas
They were dismissed if they didn’t show they were committed to nazis
By 1936 - what % of teachers were a part of the nazi party - does this mean hitler controlled teachers well
36%
- not really as 97% joined the Nazi teacher league it suggests they did that because they had to and not because they support nazis and only 36% actually joined the party
What 3 new types of schools were set up by the nazis
National political training
Adolf hitler school
Order castles
What did they do in national political training schools + when did the SS take over this
Went into armed forces or Nazi parliamentary groups after graduation (the SS took over thus after 1936)
For boys age 10-18
Who was adolf hitler schools for
For elite hitler youth (12-18)
Who were order castles for and why was it dangerous
Graduated of adolf hitler schools (age 20s)
They used live ammunition in war games - some students were killed in activities
What did students begin and end lessons with
Saluting and saying heil hitler
Examples of how nazi themes were presented in every subject
Maths - problems delt with social issues
Geography- shown how Germany was surrounded by hostile neighbours
History - taught evils of communism
What was the school curriculum for
To prepare students for future roles
Wanted healthier and fit people
How much time was devote for Pe in German school
15%
(Boys emphasise on military )
What were students taught about the Aryan race
There were superior
Shouldn’t marry inferior races
What new subjects were introduced in schools
Race studies
What was the educational focus for boys
Military
Race studies
What was the educational for us for girls
Needlework
Home crafts - cookery
Race studies
How did the curriculum change for both girls and boys
They were both taught how to measure skills and clsssify faculae types
Religious education became optional
What did hitler want to make Germany ready for
War
Why did hitler want to invade Ukraine
For resources to make Germany self-sufficient I’m food and raw materials
(Can’t win a war if your not self-sufficient)
What work was done in the work creation programme
Amd what did it provide
Building new runways, barracks, motorways (autobahn
Highly skilled jobs
By 1935, how many men were employed in building autobahn
125,000
What industry did public works create jobs in
Construction
What helped boost the sale of German goods
Quicker and cheaper transport for German industry and agriculture
How much did the army grow 1933-1939
100,000
To
1,400,000
How much was spent on weapons
46 billion marks
What did hitler ban and why (workers)
Trade unions as they could disrupt trade through strikes
How much did the maximum working hours per week go up by
6 hours per week
What did the RAD provide for the unemployed
Payed work
Such as repairing roads, planting trees, draining marshes
How m any men where apart of the RAD by 1935 (Why)
It was at first voluntary by from 1935 it was made compulsory for all young men to serve fro 6 moths in the RAD and by 1935 - 422,000 men were in it
Why was the RAD not popular
Organised like an army
Wore uniforms
Lived in camps
Did military drills
Rates I’d pay were low
Poor food and working conditions
Why was there no economic miracle (3 reasons)
Temporary
Invisible unemployment
‘Reducing’ unemployment
Why was there no economic miracle (temporary)
Rearmament:
1939- many jobs depending on producing weapons
Armed forces:
1939- 1.3 million men in armed forces
These wouldn’t be needed in times of peace
Why was there no economic miracle (invisible unemployment)
Women and Jewish people were forced to give up work
Hundred of thousands in concentration camps
These didn’t count as unemployed so made the statistic look lower
Why was there no economic miracle (‘reducing’ employment)
Public works:
The nazis had a huge programme of public works and involved projects in constructions - anyone working on these weren’t counted at unemployed
The labour service:
In 1930s there were 1/3 million unemployed in labour services - these people didn’t count in the unemployment figure
What was the strength through joy programme - did this improve living conditions
Created by nazis to improve leisure time for German workers
They offered a wide range of low cost leisure activities such as holidays / cruises
1938- more than 10 million people went on one of there holidays
Yes
What did nazis do in terms of food to help improve living conditions of German people
Lots of guidance on how and what to eat
Peoples diets became healthier
They ate ‘eintopf’ - a one pot dish of meat and vegetables
Why did men not enjoy there time in the RAD
It paid poor wages
+ Would have deduction made for food and living costs
It was run in a military way with strict discipline and uniforms
What opportunities were workers given (that ended up not helping their loving conditions )
Opportunities to save towards a Volkswagen
They could save 5 marks a week
However is was a con - no ones car where delivered and by 1939 non of the money was refunded
Cost of living went up under the nazis
In order to keep prices high for farmers what did nazis do
Reduced production
Many good were in short supply
What was beauty of labour
A movement to improve working conditions
They installed canteens, swimming pools ect.
Improved lighting and noise levels in factories
1938- nazi party claimed that nearly 34,000 companies had improved there facilities
What did wages for workers rise to from 1932
1932 - 86 marks
1938 - 109 marks
How did the working week hours change
Average working week increased from 42.9 hours in 1933 to 47 In 1939
Negatives of the DAF
increased working weeks for workers
Punished anyone who disrupted productions
Did very little to improve pay and conditions
Stirkes where banned
Workers who opposed them where sent to concentration camps
How long was the RAD made compulsory for and for who
For 6 months
All men who were 19-25
What was the DAF
It was created to to replace trade unions
They looked after the rights of workers, length of working weeks, minimum wage
They didn’t permit workers to negotiate a better pay
Negatives of the strength through joy activities
Very few could afford them
Negatives of the beauty of labour
It caused much resentment as workers had to carry out the improvements in there own time without pay
How much did food prices rise between 1933 - 1939
20%
Cancelled out the benefits of higher wages
How much did the maximum worked for week set up by the DAF increase
Increased by 6 hours per week
Where did hitler write his views about race
In the main kampf
Which race did hitler describe as sun human
Slavs of Eastern Europe
What is eugenics
Science of selective breeding
Took ideas of Charles Darwin to explore how to create better humans
How did the nazis prevent unsuitable Germans from reproducing and why
He wanted to encourage the best Germans to have kids to create better Germans (a purer Aryan race)
He prevented people by sterilising them
Where was the idea Of racial hygiene taught
Schools
Hitler youth
Propergander
What laws did the nazis pass based on racial hygiene
Preventing mix raced marriages
Why was anti-semitism common in Europe
Blamed for death of Christ
Successful in finance so lead to jealousy
Stood out as different
What were Jewish people blamed for
Germans defeat in ww1
TOV
Economic depression
Reasons why Slavs where persecuted
Nazi propaganda and school lessons taught that slaves where sun human and needed to be treated differently
What laws / threats were created against Slavs
Nazis threatened to invade slab counties in Eastern Europe for living space
Reasons for gypsies persecution
The nazis believed they did not work enough to contribute enough to taxes and threatened racial purity of Germany
What laws were created against gypsies and when
1933 - oftern arrested as social nuisances and sent to concentration camps
From 1936 some were forced to live in special camps
1938 - banned from traveling in groups - they were rounded up put on a register and tested for racial characteristics- is they failed they lost german citizenship amd social benefits
1939 - orders given to prepare all gypsies deportation
Reasons for persecution of homosexuals
Nazis believed that homosexuals lowered moral standards and spoiled the purity of the German race
Laws created against homosexuals
1934- 766 males imprisoned for homosexuality
1936 - it was over 4000
1938 - 8000
Released prisoners went to concentration camps - 5000 died
Nazi law encouraged the voluntary castration of homosexuals
Reasons for persecution of people with disabilities
Nazis believed that people with disabilities where a burden on society and weakened racial purity
Laws against people with disabilities
1933 - prevention of hereditary deceased offspring law - compulsory to be sterilised if someone was mentally ill, alcoholic, deformed. Epileptic, deaf or blind
4000 were sterilised under this law in 1939
1939 - nazis ordered babies with sever disabilities should be killed by starvation or lethal overdose of drugs (became known as the T4 programme)
5000 children with disabilities killed
Why did nazis persecute different groups (Aryan race)
Aim - wanted a pure blooded race
Subhumans can’t be a part of it - threatened the Aryan race
Behaviour was seen as genetic - gypsies, Jews, black people ect didn’t conform to social norms
Why did nazis persecute differnt groups - not commited to nazi Germany
Certain groups didn’t fit with nazi ideas on family, work, loyalty
Couldn’t be part of ein volk- behaviour threaten + weakened nazi regime
Why did nazis persecute different groups
To keep an Aryan race
If they weren’t commited to nazi Germany
Jealousy and suspicion
Why did nazis persecute different groups (jealousy and suspicion)
- Jewish people
Held well paid professional jobs or ran successful store / businesses
1% if Germans where Jewish in 1933 buy 16% of lawyers and 10% of doctors were Jewish
So during his poverty in Vienna hitler resented Jewish success - they were blamed for TOV, ww1 defeat and the depression
Proof that persecution of Jewish people got worse
1933 -new law banning Jewish people form government jobs and Jewish books burt
1935 - Jews forbidden to join the army
1937 - Aryanisatiom of businesses was increased - more Jewish businesses confiscated
1938 - kristalnacht - nazis destroyed synagogues, Jewish homes, shops, 100 Jewish people killed
1939 - evicted from homes and forced into ghettos
What happened with the boycott of Jewish shops in 1933
1st or April - official boycott Against Jewish businesses, doctors and lawyers
SA - painted Jewish stars and the word Jew (Jude) outside Jewish business and stood outside with banners discouraging people from going inside
Results of the boycott of Jewish shops in 1933
Jewish people can’t get money and first instance of segregation - saying they are different so should be treated differently
What happened with the Nuremberg laws in 1935
Took away Jewish citizenship so no rights to vote, the right to have a passport (so hard to leave)
Reich law for protection of German blood ( part of Nuremberg laws) - forbids Jewish people from marrying German citizens + sexual relations between them
Results of the Nuremberg laws 1935
Harder for them to leave the country
Lost any rights they had to defend themselves peacefully or politically (by removing there citizenship)
Jews had to register all professions and carry identity cards so easier to be persecuted
When Weber the Nuremberg laws
1935
When where Jewish people evicted
1939
What happened with eviction in 1939 of Jewish people
Nazis decided to evict all Jews from Germany
The Reich office for Jewish Emigration was set up under Heydrich
His task was to deport Jews
1939 - orders sent that all Jews should be evicted from their homes + collected
When was kristallnacht
9th November 1938
What happened on the 7th of November 1938
17 year old polish Jew went into German embassy in Paris and shot a German as he was angry of how they treated his parents
What happened on the 8th of November 1938
Joseph goebbel used the shooting incident to cause problems fro Jews in Germany
Eg, ordered local papers in Hanover (where the boy who shot lived) to print articles condemning the Paris shooting
The used sea ss and gestapo to attack synagogues and jewish homes
What happened on the 9th of November - kristallnacht
Hitler got involved
He agreed to turn violence against the Jews in Hanover into a nation wide attack (because the shot German died)
Nazi leaders encouraged to arrange attacks on Jews + their property ( but undercover)
- police where told not to prevent violence against Jews
SS told to arrest as many Jews as the prisons could take
Gangs smashed and burned Jewish property
Eg, an 18 year old was thrown of a 3rd floor
Some gangs in uniform some not so it would seem like an attack from the public
What damage/ results was caused by kristallnacht
814 shops
171 homes
191 synagogues
100 Jews killed
Who was blamed for kristallnacht
Gobells blamed Jews for starting the trouble so they were fined 1 billion marks to pay for damage
By 12th nov - 20,000 Jews sent to concentration camps
