Nazi Control And Dictatorship Flashcards
1
Q
What is the reichstag
A
The building where the government meets
2
Q
What was hitlers position as chancellor like in January 1933
A
Unstable
3
Q
Why was hitlers position as chancellor unstable in January 1933
A
Only two members other than him that are Nazis in the Cabinet
Hindenburg and Von papen want to use him to get rid of Communist parties as they thought they could control him
weimar constitution limits power as it means he has to be chancellor of a democracy Hitler doesn’t like democracy
largest party in Reichstag but didn’t have a majority
4
Q
(In 1933) hitler needed a majority so he planned an ——— however 1 week before what happened?
A
Election at the beginning of March
Reichstag was set on fire
5
Q
How long before the March election did the riechstag set on fire
A
1 week
6
Q
Who was accused of starting the reichstag fire and what happened to them
A
Van de lubbe
Communist
He was arrested
7
Q
Who was goering
A
Head of police
8
Q
When was the reichstag fire
A
February 1933
9
Q
What do goering and hitler declare after the reichstag fire
A
That it had been the start of the communist revolution
10
Q
What does hitler persuade Hindenburg to grant in feb of 1933
A
The decree for the protection of people and the state
11
Q
What did decree for the protection of the people and state allow hitler to do
A
Arrest people without questions
12
Q
How many communists did hitler arrest due to decree for the protection of the people and state and what did he ban
A
Arrested 4000 communists + their leader
Banned communist newspapers
13
Q
Where do the nazis get money from to get the communists out of the way so hitler can try get a majority
A
From companies
Eg. Krupp
14
Q
In the March election of 1933 how many votes does nazis increase by and do they now have majority
A
Inc. by 288
This was not the majority
15
Q
After nazis failed to get the majority in the March 1933 elections what party did hitler join with so he can get a majority.
A
Joined with the nationalists to get just over 50%
16
Q
Why did hitler need 2/3 and not just a majority in the elections
A
Because he wanted to change the constitution
17
Q
What was the enabling act
A
Gave hitler power for 4 years
18
Q
How does hitler persuade Hindenburg to pass the enabling act
A
SA intimidation (would be waiting outside voting booths)
Absentee voted counted in favour
Centre party promised to leave catholic such alone
Communists can’t vote (as in prison)
19
Q
How many a votes in favour / against does the enabling act get
A
444 in favour amd 94 against
20
Q
What does gleichschaitung mean
A
Nazification
Every aspect of life was to be controlled amd monitored by the nazis
21
Q
What does hitler do + when to achieve nazification
A
April 1933 - civil service decree: political openings, Jewish people, non-aryans had to resine
May - 1933- trade unions and strike were banned (disagrees sent to re education and concentration camps)
May 1933 - the socialist and communist parties had their property and funds seized
June 1933 - all other political parties dissolved themselves
July 1933 - law against the formation of parties: Nazi party the only legal party
Nov 1933 - nazis gained a large majority
Jan 1934 - district parliaments where abolished
22
Q
When was the night of the long knives
A
30th June 1934
23
Q
Events of the night of the long knives
A
Hitler arranged a meeting with Ernest rohm (head of the SA), amd 100 other SA leaders at a hotel in Bavaria, they where arrested by the SS, imprisoned and then shot
Over the next 4 days 400 people, including 150 senior SA members were killed.
Others killed included: von schleicher, strasser, von papen
SA power was no limited and Under hitlers control
24
Q
Why did the night of the long knives happen becuase of rohm
A
Rohm had merged the army veteran group (stanihem) with SA
Brought SA to 3 mil
Storm troopers complained they were risking too much
1933 - 60% of SA were permanently unemployed so very loyal to rohm (he could challenge hitler)
Rohm opposed hitlers policies ( he wanted more socialist policies)
25
Why did the night of the long knives happen because of the German army
German army officers were worried about rohm after TOV
Army to 100,000 men but SA much bigger
They believed rohm wanted SA to replace German army
26
Why did the night of the long knives happen because of SS leaders
Himmler + heydrich
Wanted to reduce power of SA so they could increase the power and status of the SS
27
Who would killing rohm help hitler increase his political control
Destroying threat of rohm would remove SAS loyalty to him
28
How would the night of the long knives help increase hitlers political power through the Germany army
It will get the army on his side
29
When did Hindenburg die
August 1934
30
What did hitler do when Hindenburg died and why was it important
Merges role of president and chancellor into one
Achieving gleichschaltung
It was important as it increased his power
31
How did hitler make his actions legal (merging president and chancellors positions )
There was a vote
People wouldn’t vote against as he was the only leader amd just killed lots of people in his Own party so people were very scared
32
When was the SS set up
In 1925
33
What was the SS jobs in 1925
Hitlers bodyguards
Stoping any threats to hitler
34
What was the SS jobs in 1929 + why did it change
It was taken over by Heinrich himmler
This gave them a clear identity
Turned into an obedient elite
Eg. Aryan, heterosexual, black uniforms, symbol
35
What was the SS role in the police state
Stop any threats to nazi way of life
A visual representation of nazi power
Over see SD and Gestapo
36
How many SS were there in 1939
250,000
37
Who Is the boss of the SS SD and gestapo
Himmler
38
When was the SD established
1931
39
Who runs the SD (appointed by himmler)
Heydrich
40
What was the SDs role in the police state
Work as detectives to find and monitor potential enemys
Keep files on everyone
SD attracts very intelligent, well educated men
41
When was the gestapo set up
1933
42
Who were the gestapo
Secrete police
43
Who lead the gestapo
Goering
44
In 1934 who were the gestapo put under control of
Himmler and hydrich
45
What was the gestapos role in the police state
Find / search for opposition
Eg. In conservation
Rely on a network of informants so people lived in fear of being turned in
46
What power did the gestapo had
Could arrest without evidence or trial and take you to a concentration camp
160,000 in 1939 arrested without reason
Legally allowed to torcher people for a confession
47
How many members of the gestapo where there compared to the German population
30,000 gestapo
80 million population
So controlled through fear not numbers
48
What did hitler set up to maintain the law
Nationalist socialist league
49
How did hitler control judges
All judges had to be members of the nationalist socialist league
If they didn’t anything to displease they nazis they could not be members so they couldn’t be a judge
Judges were told they should always rule in line with nazi ideology
50
How did hitler control the courts
Trial by jury was abolished
judges would decide the punishment
Hitler sometimes decided sentences himself (eg, he decided an elderly many found guilty for hoarding eggs to be executed not just Imprisoned)
There was no right to appeal against a verdict given In the people court
51
What was the peoples court
Set up in 1934
To hear all cases of treason against the state
Judges handpicked
Trials held in secrete
52
Who ran concentration camps
SS And SD
(Gestapo had the authority to send people there)
53
At first what were concentration camps set up the detain
Political opponents
Eg, communists, socialists and trade unions
54
Where was the first concentration camp
Dachau, Munich
55
Later, what did concentration camps also start to detain
Ideological and racial opponents
Eg, Jewish people, ethnic minorities, religious groups, ‘workshy’, homosexuals
56
How were different categories of prisoner shown in concentration camps
Different coloured triangles on uniform
57
Where were concentration camps
Rural areas, away from public view
58
How were concentration camps run
Harsh disabling
Beatings
Hard labour (pointless at first then contributes to industry in mines/quarries)
Torture
Random execution
If a prisoner dies at a concentration camp families were told they does from illness
59
Why did hitler have to control the church
Because Christian beliefs were against nazi beliefs
60
3 ways that Christian beliefs where different to hitlers beliefs
Nazis glorified strength and violence but the Church teaches love and forgiveness
Nazis despised the weak but the church helps the weak
Nazis believed in racial superiority but the church respects all people
61
Why was the church and hitler having different beliefs a problem
Over 80% of th German population were Christians
(45 millions protestants, 22 million catholics)
62
What was the German faith movement and was it successful
Encouraged by the nazis in the hope of replacing Christian values and ceremonies with pagan (non Christian) ideas
However only 5% of the population joined it
63
What was the German faiths movements symbol
Circular swatika
64
Who was Martian niemoller
Protestant pastor who opposed the nazis and their plans for the protestant church
65
Who was Ludwig muller
Protestant pastor who worked with the nazis and was made reich bishop of Germany
66
Who was bishop munster (von galen )
Catholic bishop who openly opposed some nazi policies towards the Catholic Church
67
Who was pope plus x1
Worked alongside nazis and against
leader of Catholic Church
Initially signs an agreement with hitler in 1933, by 1937 he writes a letter condemning the nazis
68
How did the goebells and the ministry of propaganda to control
Properganda
Enlightenment
Reich chamber
69
What propaganda methord s were used by the nazis
Newspaper
Rallies
Radio
Film
Posters
Literature
70
How did hitler control newspapers with properganda
Non-Nazi newspapers and magazines were closed down
1935 Nazis closed down more than 1600 newspapers and thousands of magazines
Reich press law was passed in October
1933 removal of Jewish and left-wing journalists
editors told by propaganda ministry what could be printed
any foreign news published had to be taken from Nazi control German press agency
71
How did hitler use rallies as form of propaganda
An annual mass rally held at Nuremberg to advertise the power of Nazi state and spectacular parades were held on special occasions e.g. hitlers birthday
local rallies and marches were led by the SS and Hitler youth
Nuremberg rallies lasted several days and 1 million people
72
How did hitler use radio as a form of propaganda
All radio stations were placed under nazi Control
cheap radios were sold
1939 70% of German families had a radio
radios installed in cafés factory schools and offices loudspeakers placed on the street they wanted Nazi message to be heard by many and often
peoples radio lacked shortwave reception making it difficult for German to listen to foreign broadcasts
73
How did hitler use film as a form of propaganda
Goebbels realised the popularity of cinema and over 100 films made each year and audiences over 250 million
in 1933 he was one of the 1st to realise its potential for propaganda
all film plots shown to goebbels before going into production
He realised many Germans were bored by overly political films. Instead love stories and thrillers were given pro-Nazi slants the best known ‘Hitler Junge quex’ in 1933 story of a boy who left a communist family to join Hitler youth only to be murdered by communist
all film performances had a 45 minute official news real which glorified Hitler
Leni Riefenstahl was a Nazi filmmaker and produced a documentary ‘triumph of the will’ about the Nazi party conference and Rally of 1934
Hitler ordered Goebels to make anti-semantic films
74
How did hitler use posters as a form of propaganda
Used to put across nazi media, targeted the young
Seem everywhere
Messages contained were simple and direct
75
How did hitler use literature as a form of propaganda
All books, play and some poems are carefully censored and controlled to put across Nazi message
the Goebels encourage students in Berlin to burn 20,000 books written by Jewish people communists and anti Nazi university professors in a bonfire in May 1933
there are similar burning is in other cities across Germany that year
many writers were persuaded or forced to write books, plays and poems which praised hitlers achievements
some famous German writers e.g. Thomas Mann went to self imposed exile rather live under the Nazis
about 2500 writers left Germany in the years up to 1939
76
Examples of hitler using propaganda in media
1935 - no free press in Germany - every news paper was a nazi paper
77
How did nazis use sport as properganda (control sports)
Sport stadiums covered with nazi symbols
All sports teams were proved to make the nazi solute and sound Germans national anthem
Sports victories were praised for being the victories for the nazis
The nazis built an Olympic stadium that was the largest in the world
At the 1936 olympics hitler refused to present medal to any black athletes as he wanted to show the aryan race
78
How did hitler use art as a form of properganda (how he controlled it)
1936 - 12,000 sculptures and pieces of art has been removed from galleries
Gestapo would make surprise visits to artist galleries to check there work
The greater German art expedition promoted the production of nazi art (900 exhibits shown in 1936)
German artist music were promoted
79
How did hitler control architecture
The nazis disliked futuristic architecture and preferred traditional styles that showed there power
80
How did hitler control music
Jazz music banned
Any music linked to Jewish artists were banned
81
How did the hitler youth dress
They wore smart uniform with gave them a sense of belonging
82
What military training did the hitler youth receive
Map reading
Signalling
Boys had rifles
1938- 1.2 million boys in hitler youth
Trained by small-arms shooting
Separate areas of military training (naval -45,000 people), (motor- 60,000),(gliding - 55,000)
83
What youth group boys ages 6-10 in
Little fellows
84
What youth group boys ages 10-14 in
German young people
85
What youth group boys ages 14-18in
Hitler youth
86
What political training did boys in hitler youth have
Oath of loyalty to führer
Had to attend residential courses (told nazi ideas)
Hitler youth members had to report anyone against nazis
87
What physics training did hitler youth get
Camping
Hiking
Regional / national sports
Expeditions
88
Character and indoctrination’s of hitler youth
Activities stressed need for comradeship and loyalty
Sourced to undergo lengthy exersizes
Plunged into ice cold water
Anti Semitic values
Used to build up young Germans
Subjected to harsh punishment
89
What group did women age 10-14 join
Young maidens
90
What group did women ages 14-21 join
League of German maidens
91
What activaties of league of German maidens are similar to the hitler youth
Political activities (rallies + oaths)
Physical and character building (camping + marching)
92
What activities did the league of German maidens do differently to the boys
Cook iron make beds sew
Girls taught importantce of racial hygiene
Should keep German race pure by only marrying ayran men
93
When and where did the edelweiss pirates emerge
Late 1930s
In working class districts of German cities
94
Examples of names of differnt local groups that were part of the edelweiss pirates
Traveling duded - Essen
Navajos - cologne
95
What was the symbol for the edelweiss pirates
White edelweiss
96
Who joined the edelweiss pirates
Teenagers (mainly boys but some girls)
97
What did the edelweiss pirates resent
Military discipline of nazi youth groups + lack of freedom in Germany
98
How did the edelweiss pirates stress the own freedom to choose
Boys wore their hair longer amd copied clothing in America
99
Where did the edelweiss pirates meet in cities
I’m street corners so gestapo would find it difficult to distinguish between other youth groups
100
What would edelweiss pirates do if they came across hitler youth
Taunt and attack them
101
What did the edelweiss pirates do to break away from adults / nazis
Went on long hikes
Pitched tents
Sant parodies of hitler songs
Mocked nazis
102
Who and where joined the swing youth
Mainly teenagers
Wealthy middle class towns
103
What did the swing youth admire
American culture - clothes and music
104
What would swing youth do
They were from wealth so often owned a record player + played records illegally from America
Favs - swing bands
They would gather, drink, smoke and listen + dance in groups
Fav - jitterbug
They began to organise illegal dances - 60,000 people would attend
105
Why was listening to jazz music illegal in Germany
It was considered ‘black musics’
106
Did the edelweiss pirates and swing youth pose a threat to the nazis control
Limited
As there actions were limited
They resisted the nazis but apart from occasionally graffiti, anti-nazi jokes, attacking hitler youth they did little to oppose the nazis
After 1939- ww2 disrupted German society so some pirates and swing youths made physical attacks
There motives were limited - opposition from alternative youth groups to nazis were mainly cultural not political
Limited numbers
1939 - membership of pirates were 2000 but hitler youth was 8 million
They were a minority
107
What did left wing political opposition do the oppose the nazis
Political parties had been banned but members of the communists and spd continued working in secret organising workers opposition
They encouraged workers to stay of work sick, go on strike, or deliberately damage machinery
108
How successful was the led-wing political opposition
Weak and in small groups
Failed to work together
Gestapo often infiltrated there secret organisations leading to arrests and executions
109
What did the army do to oppose hitler
1938 - hitler removed some army generals who had criticised his foreign policy aims
In late 1938 some army leaders planned to other throw hitler but after he successfully took over parts of Czech they abandoned their planns
110
How successful was the army’s opposition to the nazis
Very unsuccessful
All hitler did was tighten his grip on the army
111
Evidence that he nazis won over the youth
Some boys enjoyed competitive war games
1935 - 2.3 mill boys joined hitler youth and 1.5 mill joined league of German maidens
Some girls enjoyed being allowed to participate in sport
112
What evidence is there that nazis failed to win over the youth
1/5 of people on nazi Germany never joined hitler youth
Opposition groups
University’s complained about failing academic standards
113
Who were the German Christians
Supported hitler an anti Semitic values
114
Examples of nazis attempt to control the Protestant church
German Christians
Reich church
115
What did the Reich church do
Replaced cross with nazi swastika and bible with the Maine Kampf
Only nazis gave sermons + church suspended non Aryan ministers
Attempted to ban the use of the Old Testament as it was considered a Jewish book
116
What was the Reich church an attempt to do
Increase state control + make national socialist version of Christianity
117
Who was the leader of Reich church
Ludwig müller - hitler made him the Reich bishop of Germany
118
Examples of opposition to hitlers attempts to control the Protestant church
Confessional church
Niemoller
PEL
119
When and by who was the confessional church set up
1934 bu PEL
120
What were the two types of Protestant church in Germany
Reich - accepted nazi nfrences
Confessing - opposed them
121
How many Protestant pastors remained in the German Christian church (Reich ) and hoe m any joined the confessional church
2000 remained
6000 joined cc
122
What happed to the pastors who spoke out against the nazis
800 arrested and sent to concentration camps
123
Who was niemoller
Pastor who opposed the nazis control on church
Became leader of the confessional church
He followed traditional German Protestantism
124
What did niemoller establish
The pastor emergency league
125
What was the membership of the pastor emergency league in 1934
7000
126
When was niemoller arrested and when was he taken to concentration camps
Arrested in 1937
Concentration camps in 1945
127
When was the PEL set up
1933
128
What dId PEL stand for
Pastors emergency league
129
What was the PEL
Opposed key aspects of nazi treatment of Protestant church
1) joining regional churched into 1 national German Christian Church
2) nazis attempts to stop Jewish people becoming Christian + ban Jewish Old Testaments
130
When did hitler give up the Reich church + restore Protestant churched independence and Inreturn for what
1937
In return for a guarantee that wouldn’t interfere in politics
131
When and what was the concordat
1933
An agreement signed between pope and nazi gov,
Hitler promised to not interfere with the Catholic Church if the church agreed to stay out of German politics
132
What examples are there of nazis attempt to control the Catholic Church
Concordat - hitler goes back on his word
Catholic schools and youth group restrictions
Catholic newspapers suppressed
Dachau concentration camps
133
WhT did the nazi party do to catholic school and youth organisations
Nazis restricted the Catholic Churches role in education
All crucified removed in 1936 from school by 1939 catholic education destroyed
Catholic youth groups were disbanded
134
What were the dachau concentration camps and who were sent there
Some catholic priests also spoke our against nazi ideas and politics
Around 400 catholic priests were eventually impressioned in the priests block of dachau concentration campos
135
WhAt catholic opposition was there to the nazis attempt to control the Catholic Church
Attendance at Catholic Church increased
The pope pius X1
Bishop of Munster
136
How did catholic’s oppose hitler with attendance at church
There were big attendances at church in defiance of nazis
Some Germans even publically applauded church leader who opposed the nazis
Few Christians opposed nazis openly
137
How did pope pius x1 oppose the nazis attempt to control the Catholic Church
1937
The pope spoke out august hitler in a letter to Catholic Churches in Germany
The stance of the church had changed but many were still scared to speak out against the nazis
Despite the concordat with the church there was tension after 1933 as nazis censored catholic cypress
1937- pope issued a special letter (encyclical) to catholic priests in Germany - attacked the nazi system but never named them in criticisms
It was called with burning anxiety - priests read them clearly showing resistance
138
How ddi the bishop of muster (von galen) show opposition to the nazis control of the Catholic Church
Used sermons to protest against nazis racial policies + euthanasia of disabled people
The protests didn’t stop the killing but forced the nazis to keep them secret
