weimar and Nazi germany Flashcards
1
Q
aftermath of 1st world war
A
2 million german troops died, 4 million wounded. 55% of germans troops became casualties.
debt trebled after war 50 billion to 150 billion
abdication of the kaiser.
declaration of a new republicm
2
Q
the armastice
A
Formal agreement to end WW1
The terms of the deal (treaty of versaile) was a burden upon the republic
3
Q
how did Freirich ebert give people confidance in the new republic
A
- Kept the civil servants working under the kaiser to keep the country runnoing
- He rassured General Groener that army not be reformed to keep the new republic in power
- reassured leaders of manufacturing that they would not confiscate land. Made sure that economy ran smoothly
- won support of the trade unions
4
Q
the strengths of the weimar constitution
A
1) first time in germany woman were able to vote same as men
2) voting age reduced from 25-21
3) president had the power to choose the chancellor, The President could dismiss the reichstag, call new elections and take control of the army.
4) The chancellor decided what laws were passed
5
Q
weakness of the weimar constitution
A
1) proportional representation meant small parties won seats in the reichstag, there were 29 parties in the reichstag in 1920. Compromise was needed resuting in a lack of clear policies
2) Problem during crisis. without a single large party actions were slow when they need to be swift, by 1930 the chancellor frequently relied on the president to pass laws more than the reichstag.
3) Based on division and violence- Felt like weimar republic was not the choice of the people. Communist and nationalist parties strongly oposed the new government
6
Q
The treaty of Verailles
A
Pay reparations- 136,000 million marks
Military cut- limited to 100,000 men and no heavy artilery.
Navy cut to six battleships, 6 cruisers, 12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats, no submarines allowed.
No airforce
The rhineland (land that bordered france was demilitarised and allied troops stationed there till 1930
German lost land-
10% of population and 13% of european land.
all its overseas investments and property
50% of its iron and 15% of coal reserves
7
Q
dolchstoss myth
A
Stab in the back
Many thpught the german army was not yet defeated and were betrayed by the politicians
8
Q
Impact of the treaty on the weimar government
A
economy weak.
Leaders known as ‘November criminals’
9
Q
challenge to the weimar government from left to right
A
Left and right wing extremists.
left- The national party
right- KPD
after 6th june 1920 elections moderate went from having 77% of seats to 45% while extremists had 20% each
10
Q
The sparticus revolt
A
Left wing uprising
KPD was well funded (by soviet union) and soon had 33 daily newspapers and 500,000 members
They supported the sparticus league in Berlin led by Rosa Luxemburg
They called for an uprising and general strike in Berlin after well liked police chief was sacked. Over 100,000 workers took to the streets and seized control of the newspaper and telegraph office.
Used Friekorps to put down the uprising
11
Q
The Friekorp
A
The soldiers in world war 1 that still had their weapons.
Most were right wing so were willing to rise to the call.
Organised into Friekorps (Free corps)
250,000 Friekorp by march 1919
12
Q
The Kapp Putsch
A
Government struggling to control the Friekorp.
Friekorp in berlin were scheduled to be disbanded. Fearing unemployment they turned their guns on the government. 5,000 rebelled and marched on Berlin.
Government ordered General Seeckt to resist the rebels but he refused.
They appointed Wolfgang Kapp as figurehead leader. Declared a new government and invited the kaiser out of exile. Real government officials fled scared for their life.
Putt down by a strike by the workers who were socialist and didn’t wish for the kaiser to return
13
Q
Political violence 1919-23
A
Hugo Haasse- one of Ebert’s council of representatives murdered in19
Matthais Erzberger- person who signed surrender to allies shot and killed in 1923
376 political murders, mostly of left-wing or moderate politicians
KPD set up private army (red front fighters)
14
Q
French occupation of the ruhr
A
Germany was broke.
Failed to pay the coal from Ruhr coalfields owed to France in the treaty of versailles terms.
France sent in soldiers and took raw materials, machinery and manufactured goods
Workers erged to passively resist but france brought in own workers and arrested any that obstructed them.
Lost 80% of coal, iron and steel reserves plunging france into deeper debt
15
Q
Inflation and hyperinflation
A
German income was only a quarter of what was required.
So germany printed money
in 1923 they had 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing shops printing money.
This caused hyperinflation.
Bread price 1919- 1 mark
Bread price 1923- 200,000 billion marks
16
Q
effects of hyperinflation
A
Normal living became impossible- people carry it in wheelbarrows or get paid twice a day and rushing to the shops before prices rose again.
Shortages- Foreign goods cost £1 for 20 marks in 1918 by 1923 buying £1 of foreign goods cost 20 billion marks. This dried up imports as no one wanted to sell to them.
People with savings- life savings were gone
Some benefitted by-
loans
hoarding goods
foreign visitors
17
Q
Damage done to government
A
Weimar gov shown to be weak having to rely on the Friekorps in 1919 as well as the general strike in 1920
All germans had suffered and blamed it on the weimar government
extremist parties gained strength
18
Q
Gustav stressmann’s
A
appointed as chancellor and foreign secretary in August 1923. Gave up chancellor in november by stayed foreign secretary till 1929
Aimed to stabilise economy and foreign opion to give faith in weimar gov
19
Q
Reasons for economic recovery
A
The rentenmark
The Dawes plan
Young plan
20
Q
The rentenmark
A
Stressmann
New currency set up by the new state-owned bank the rentenmark
Later in 1924 the inderpendant national bank the Reichbank was given control of the currency and was renamed the Reichmark and was backed by the German gold reserve
21
Q
The Dawes plan
A
Charles. G . Dawes was a banker put in charge by allies to make sure germany makes their reparations.
Stressmann agreed to the Dawes plan:
Reperations temperarily reduced to £50 million per year
US banks agreed to loan Germany $25 million between 1924 and 1930 towards german industry
As a result France left the Ruhr as rassured for payments.
Industrial output doubled between 1923 to 1928 passing first-world-war output.
Trade, income and employment increased
However-
All relied on US loans
22
Q
The Young plan 1929
A
Stressmann
Reduced total reparations from 6.6 billion to 2 billion
Given another 59 years to pay it
However-
Annual pay still 50 million
had to pay till 1988
23
Q
Result of young plan 1929
A
Lower tax as less to pay
Lower taxes released public spending power boosting german economy and increased jobs
France agreed to leave Rhineland in 1930
People confidance in Weimar republic
24
Q
The Locarno pact 1925
A
Stressmann
Germany accepted its new 1919 border with France and France promised peace
Allies and Germany made the Rhineland permanently demilitarized
Five powers agreed for open talks with Germany for a seat in league of nations
Made war less likely, Stressmann given Nobel Peace prize in 1926
Germany being treated as equals
25
The league of nations
Allowed Germany as a member in 1926.
After stressmann convinced them
26
Kellogg-Briand pact
August 1928 Germany and 61 other countries signed a pact that said they wouldn't use war to achieve foreign political aims.
Showed trust in germany and wiemar republic was a respectable state.
Not al germans agreed and they were still hated for the treaty of Versaille
27
impact on domestic policies during Weimar republic
1924 elections
10% other parties
40% extremist
50% moderate
1928 elections
14% other
28% extremist
58% moderate
28
Death of Friedrich Ebert
Was a member of the November criminals
Replace with Paul von Hindenburg and reassured the middle class
29
changes in unemployment and unemployment insurance during Weimar republic
In 1924, over 4% of the total possible workforce was unemployed.
Unemployment 1926- 2 million
unemployment 1928- 1.3 million
Unemplyment insurance act 1927 charger 16,400,000 workers 3% of their wage towards the unemployed to get a salary of 60 marks per week
30
Change in wages during Weimar republic
Average working hours
1925- 40 hours
1927- 46 hours
Wages increased bu 25% from 1925 to 1928
31
other improvements in standard of living during Weimar republic
Pensions paid to 750,000 War veterans, 400,000 widows and 200,000 parents
Number of students in high education before war - 70,000
1928- 110,000
31
changes in Housing during Weimar republic
1923 shortage of 1 million homes
1925 rent tax of 15% to fund building associations
From1925 to 1929 private companies built 37,000 homes while new building associations built 64,000 homes
32
changes for women in politics during Weimar republic
Women given vote in 1918
women turnout of voters 90%
By 1932, 112 voted into the reichstag
almost 10% women
33
changes for women in work during Weimar republic
By 1918 75% of women worked . By 1925- 37% worked same as pre war levels
paid 33% less
Expected to give up work when married
Few women entered high-class professions, only 36 female judges in Germany
Although
1925- 2500 doctors
1932- 5,000 doctors
34
women in luisure during Weimar republic
Birthrates were falling 1913 128 preganant women per 1000
1925 fallen to 80
divorce rates rising
1913- 27 divorces per 1000
1920s- risen to 60
35
Weimar republic cultural changes
Berlin had become the cultural capital of the world.
New movements
New objectivism, modernism, expressionism were supported by the government
36
Hiter's early political start
Joined DAP (german worker's party)
23 members in 1919
a fund of 7 marks and 50 pfennigs
37
Setting up Nazi party
NSDAP
in 2 years Hitler took control of DAP and shaped in into Nazi party
38
NSDAP party policy
Twenty-five point proggramme outlined what the party was opposed to:
weimar politicans that signed the treaty of versaille
Democracy that they thought was weak
The jews they blamed for undermining the German economy
Written in 1920 after Hitler became head of propaganda at DAP
39
Hitler's personal appeal
Hitler rehearsed his speached carefully, starting slow and building up tension
His gestures, at start he stares at his audience to draw them in and by end vigourously waving his hands around
at 46 party gatherings Hitler appeared as the star speaker 31 times
Members in june 1920 1000
members in end of 1920 3000
40
Party (DAP) organisation
Permanent office in Munich
Changed name to National socialist German workers party (NSDAP or Nazi party)
Adopted its emblem the swastika and signature straight arm salute.
By 1920 they had enough to buy a newspaper (the people's observer). Iniitially it cost 180,000 marks and initial circulation was 11,000 copies but within a year that rose to 17000
41
Party leadership
Hitler surrounded himself with suppoerters that would help him lead the party.
Rudolf Hess- wealthy academic who became hitlers deputy
Hermann Goering- young and wealthy first world war pilot
Julius Streicher- a publisher who founded another
Nazi newspaper, Der Stürmer (‘The Stormer’)
Ernst Röhm- a scar-faced, bull-necked ex-army officer
who was popular amongst ex-soldiers.
42
The role of the SA
The sturmabteilburg or stormtroopers.
Formed august 1921, 1 month after hitler took control
'Brownshirts'
by August 1922 numbered 800
used to control crowds, subdue opposition and disrupt opposition meetings
Hitler had own personal bodyguard made from trusted SA members known as 'shock troop'
43
Hitler gaining control of NSDAP
by 1922 Hitler had persuaded the members to give up their right to elect a leader as well as dictaded policies
speaches to the party was 2 and a half hours long
44
The munich putsch
1923 armed revolt to overthrow the weimar government
45
The longer-term causes of the muich putsch
A long list of grievances from 1918-23, stab in the back myth, reperations and loss of german colonies had been building up.
NSDAP grown its base in Bavaria and the bavarian government turned a to the SA's violence as well as by 1923 NSDAP had 50,000 members
46
the Medium-term causes of the munich putsch
1921-22 Hitler was influenced by the right wing uprising led by Mussolini who suceeded and was the leader of italy
47
The short-term causes of the munich putsch
Hyperinflation in 1923
German occupation of the Ruhr
caused people to be bitter and Hitler saw the Weimar Government as bieng at its lowest.
48
Events of the Munich Putsch
1) Hitler stormed a beer hall where 3 Bavarian leaders where making speaches supported by 600 SA members. He shot a revolver in the cieling and declared he was taking over the state of Bavaria.
2) He forced the support from the 3 leaders at gunpoint. while SA troops took over local police and army headquarters. The army barackes stayed in hands of soldiers loyal to the gov.
3) Lundendorf (a famous general) let the 3 prisoners go
4) with the support of 1,000 SA and 2,000 volunteers marched on town centre to declare hitler as president.
5) Army stayed loyal to gov. and turned guns on Hitler who was outgunned with only 2,000
6) a bodyguard threw himself infront of bullets meant for hitler. 14 supporters died and 4 policemen shot dead
49
consequences of Munich putsch
1) Hitler was sentenced to 5 years in prison (although only did 9 months)
2) NSDAP was banned
Hitler used trial for publicity
Used time in prison to write the Mien Kampf
Ban on NSDAP was lifter in1925
50
The Mien Kampf
outlined Hitler's thoughts and his extreme racist views clear:
Believed aryan race was destined to rule the world
Jewish conspiracy
Jews planed to weaken the Aryan race by taking over industry and moderate political groups.
Nationalism- reviving the power of germany, reversing the treaty of versailles, as well as stressing about free space and advocated for the invasion in russia to drive out communists and get space
socialist- using the wealth of the industry to benefit the workers
totalitarianism- Throwing off democracy and putting power in head of state
Traditional German values- strong family , clear male and female roles, strong work ethic
51
The reichstag fire
4 thousand communist arrested on the night.
Hindenburg issued a state of emergency and Hindenburg had to support him
52
Nazi party headquarters
Was run like a state with Hitler as leader and departments such as agriculture, foreign, financial
Also women's section called German women's order and for children Nationalist socialist Student's league
53
creation of nazy party
35 Gaue (regions)
leader for each one
54
The SS or Schutzaffel
By 1930 SA had 400,000 members
Hitler didn;t trust them as-
- many stormtroopers were violent thugs and difficult to control
-While hitler in prison SA became loyal to leader Ernest Rohm
So hitler had to control them by-
- replacing leader Rohm making him find work abroad
- creating the SS that were specially selected to be Hitler's bodyguards
Had 3,000 members by 1930
55
The bamberg conference 1926
conference where the split between socialist side of the party in the north and nationalist side of party in south
Hitler convinced Goebbels to abandon the north and join his south. Was rewarded by bieng appointed Gaulieter of Berlin
56
Reasons for limited support, 1923- 29
1) the plans by Stressmann stabilised the economy so the desperate support of extremist groups slackened
2) Due to Stressmann's foreign involvement like the Locarno pact and membership into league of nations the Nationalist support decreased
3) in 1925 Paul von-hindenburg a war hero became president that increased the support for the weimar republic
4) Due to this Nazi's had no support in large cities with the 1928 elections Nazis only winning 1% of votes in Berlin
57
The wall street crash 1929
Falling stock prices meant investments lost value.
People sold stocks in a panic to save money.
'Black thursday' 13 million shares sold, stocks worth 20,000 the day before was now worth 1,000
investers lost 4,000 million
58
Wall street crash effect on Germany
Banks were major investors in US stock exchange. They lost so much money that germans thought they wouldn't be able to access the money in their accounts. so people queued outside banls trying to get cash.
Once the banks ran out of cash they demanded the loans to industries and farms to be payed. THis made them decrease production or close down completely
59
Unimployment After wall street crash
Farms and industries had to close or draw back production meaning people were let go.
German companies selling goods abroad were getting lower prices.
Fall in industrial output:
1929-1930- 10% fall
1929-1931- 30% fall
1929-1932- 40% fall
unemployment-
september 1929- 1.3m
september 1931- 4.3 m
september 1932- 5.1 m
January 1933- 6.1m
40% of factory workers
50% of 16-30
60% of university graduates
60
impact of unemployment due to wall street crash
Government unable to pay unemployment benefits, taxed rose
Savings were gone
workers- real wages were 70% in 1932 that they were in 1928
27% of unemployed had no benefits
61
Failure to deal with the unemployment
Chancellor first proposed higher taxes to pay for unemployment benefits
this was opposed by left wing, wealthy and middle-class. Lost in the reichtag 256 votes to 193.
Showed the failure of the reichstag. called 94 times in 1930, 41 in 1931, 13 in 1932
Brunings (the chancellor) used article 48. In 1930 5 presidential decrees, 1931 44, 1932 66
Bruning lost control of streets and reichstag, resigned in 1932
62
Rise in support for KPD and NSDAP
NDSAP in 1928: 12 seats
1930: 107
1932: 230
KDP- 10% voters in 1928, in 1932 15%
Largest communist party in the world other than soviet union. Massive support of the working calss in large cities due to:
Falling wages (15% lower in 1932 than in 1928) , growing unemployment
The rise of the communists also meant that support for NSDAP increased as middle and upperclass saw hitler as best defence against it
63
Why did people support the Nazis
-Appeal of Hitler and SA
-Appeal of Hitler to different sections of Germanies society- Big buissness, working class, middle class, farmers, ypung people, women
-unity
64
Appeal of Hitler and SA
They saw a strong leader who promised:
- restore law and order
-force other countries to scrap the treaty of Versailles and treat German equally.
He used aeroplanes in 1930-32 elections to appear at speaches
SA
-The uniform made them look organised disciplined and reliable. Made the Nazis look strong enough to stop the turmoil and unrest
- By 1930 had 400,000 members while KDP's red front fighters only had 130,000. 1930-32 elections were violent, 18 people died in clash near hamburg
65
Big buissnesses support for the Nazi party
Convinced that Hitler was the best hope against communism.
As a result wealthy buissnesses like Bemz and krupps, poured money into the NSDAP.
The National party leader ALfred Hungenburg, was a newspaper tycoon and allowed Goebbels to use his papers
66
how did nazis win Working class support
Promised work and bread on their posters as well as had polices of traditional German values
However never won over communist
67
Middle class support for the Nazis
Many lost their savings from the great deppression so wanted Hitler to be a strong leader to bring back the country.
Afraid of communist party as they wanted to abolish land owning and buissnesses
Many believed there had been a morale decline with many drinking and sexual openness. Nazis promised traditional German values
68
Farmers support for the nazis
In 1928 the policy to confiscate all private land (in 25 point programme) was changed to only confiscate land owned by Jews
By 1930 Nazis had 60% of votes in rural areas
69
Young people support for the Nazis
Rallies were colourfull and full of atmosphere with Hitler's speaches being rousing and promsing.
70
Nazi party membership
Membership increased
1930- 129,000 1933-849,000
43% of new members ages 18-30
71
women support for the Nazis
At first women didn't support the traditional values Nazis promised.
But Nazi propagnada claimed voting for NSDAP was best for country and families
72
Political developement in1932
March 1932: Hindenburg stands for relection
Ernest Thalmann Hindenburg Hitler
leader of KPD re-electing NSDAP
5 million votes 18m votes 11m
(14%) (49.6%) (30%)
73
Political developement in1932
April 1932: Hindenburg stands for re-election again
No candidate got over 50% votes so another election took place.
Hitler campaigned relentlessly
Ernest Thalmann Hindenburg Hitler
KPD re-electing NSDAP
4m votes 19m votes 13m
(11%) (53%) (36%)
74
Political developement in1932
Chancellor Brunning resigns
Hindenburgs re-election did not bring stability. As Brunning took 2 steps which lost all hope of moderate majority in Reichstag
- First banned SA and SS
- announced plan to buy up land from large landowners and use it to house the unemployed
The ban on SS and SA enraged hitler and made others fear the ban of their paramilitary.
Land owning classes furious about plan.
President Hindenburg was a landowning conservative and was furious.
75
Political developement in1932
Von schleicher suggests a new chancellor
High ranking general von schleicher formed a coalition of wealthy land owners, industrialists and army officers and chose wealthy gentlemen ex-general Franz von Papen to be a figurehead.
They proposed to Hindenburg that they could have majority in Reichstag if they join with the Nazis so wouldn't need presidental decree.
This proposal went against the very constitution of the weimar government and was known as 'the cabinet of barons'.
Hitler agreed to support coalition if ban on SA was lifted
76
Political developement in1932
Von papen becomes chancellor
Von Schleicher thought he could control the Nazis stating they were 'merely children who had to be led by the hand'
77
Political developement in1932
July: Reichstag elections
clashes between communist and Nazis party
In all 100 people died and 7,000 injured.
one calsh near Hamburg killed 19 people
NSDAP gained 230 seats in the election.
Now had 38% of seats in 1932 from 18% in 1930.
They were the largest party and Hitler demanded that Von papen be sacked and he be appointed
78
Political developement in1932
November: Von Papen is sacked
Hindenburg detested Hitler thinking he was a vulgar, jumped-up corporal.
Von papen hung onto office and called a re-election hoping Nazi support would fall.
It did to 196 seats however still largest party so Von papen's gmable failed.
Von schleicher gave up on Von papen and told Hindenburg the country would decend into civil war
79
Political developement in1932
December: von chleicher becomes chancellor
Von schliecher was convinced Nazi support was fading even telling a governer 'Herr Hitler is no longer a problem'.
In desperation Hindenburg appoints Von schliecher chancellor
80
Political developement in1932
January 1933: Hitler becomes chancellor
Von schliecher had no political support.
He aked Hindenburg to suspend the constitution and make him the head of a military dictorship, he said the german army would support him.
People heard about his military coup. Von Papen told Hindenburg 'If a new government is not formed by 11 o'clock, the army will march.'
Von papen proposed they make Hitler chancellor and Von Papen vice-chancellor. They could use Hitler as a figurehead and make the real decisions. Von Papen said he had Hitler 'in his pocket'.
30 January Hitler became chancellor
81
The roles of Hindenburg, Von schleicher and Von Papen in Hitler becoming Chancellor
Hindenburg- Never supported the idea of a republic, prefered style of the kaiser in 1918. He used article 48 fonderly weakening the government.
Von Papen and Von schleicher- Were both conservative right-wing. Wanted the country controlled by wealthy industrialists and landowners. Plotting to replace Bruning with 'the cabinet of Barons'. And advising Hindenburg to use the army to control instead of reichstag going agianst the weimar consitution
All 3- Underestimated Hitler
82
83
Actions leading up to March 1933 election after reichstag fire
Issued the decree for the protection of the people and state that let him imprison political opponents and ban communist newspapers
Made sure German army turned a blind eye to SA violence.
Convinced Gustac Krupp and other wealthy industrialists to bank roll Nazi campaign
Violent clashes led to 70 deaths
84
march 1933 election results
Nazi got 281 seats
Used emergency power to ban communists 81 seats
Joined with nationalist parties to have 2/3 majority so can change the constitution of the government
85
Enabling act
allowed the reich cabinet to pass new laws
these laws could overrule the constitution
The laws would be proposed by Chancellor- hitler
86
Removing opposition- trade unions
Nazis broke into trade offices all over germany and arrested trade union officials
Hitler used new power to ban trade unions and make striking illegal
87
Removing opposition- political parties
May 1933- stormtroopers broke into social democrats and communist party offices destroying their newspaper and confiscating their funds
Two months later made political parties illegal
88
Removing opposition- Local government
January 1934 abolished lander parliments and appointed members of Nazi party to run every region of Germany
89
The night of long knives
SA members numbered 3 million as well as 60% of them being permanently unemployed by 1933. Many were mad about putting life on line for Hitler and were seen as undervalued. They were loyal to Rohm.
Rohm critised Hitler's dealings with industrialists and wanted a more socialist policies.
Many thought rohm was a threat:
German army only being 100,000 while SA 3m.
Leaders of SS wanted to decrease power of SA and increase power of SS.
On 30 june 1934 Hitler called Rohm and 100 SA officers to a hotel where they were arrested and shot.
This was called night of long knives
90
Further killing after night of long knives
Von papen protested.
One group of SS surounded Von papen's home shooting his press secretary and arrested his staff. telephone wire cut and clear Hitler was not 'in his pocket'
91
The death of Hindenburg
After his death Hitler declared himself the Fuhrer of Germany and as Fuhrer he would gain all the powers of the presiden tas chancellor.
He forced an oath of loyalty to him from every soldier in the army
92
The SS in the Nazi police state
1925- 240 members
1930- 240,000 members
Main role to act as Nazi party private police force totally loyal to Himmler and Hitler.
93
The SD in the Nazi police state
Used to spy on political oppostion and critics of the NAzi party
set up in 1931 by Heindrich Himmler.
Kept an index card of everyone suspected of Nazi opposition in the 'Brown house' Headquarters of the Nazi party in Munich
94
The Gestapo in the Nazi police state
Set up by Hermann Goering in 1933
Used as parralel to SD and spied on opposition as well as have informants to identify suspects.
in 1939 160,000 people arrested for political offense
Used fear as their main weapon. Not wearing uniform. People were arrested with no-one knowing, letters being sent to family saying they died in custody.
There were never more than 30,000 gustapo to manage a population of 80 million. Hamburg having 50 officers at one point
95
Concentration camps in Nazi police state
First Nazi camp opened in Dachau in1933
First camp for women opened at Morigen
Located in isolated areas away from cities or towns
inmates were:
'Undesireable'
minority groups
political prisoners
96
Controlling the legal system- Judges
Hitler set up the National socialist League for the maintenance of the Law.
all judges must be members
memebers must favour Nazi party
If Conflict between Nazi party and the law rule in favour of Nazi party
97
Controlling the law courts
Set up New people's court to hear al cases of treason against the state.
Judges were handpicked with Hitler sometimes imposing sentences himself.
No right to appeal the verdict
534 people sentenced to death between 1934-39
in 1930-32 only 8 people sentenced in this manner
98
Controlling religous views in Nazi party police state- catholic church
On social issues Catholics owed their first allegiance to the pope then Hitler.
Catholics had their own schools which taught differnet values from Nazi state schools.
Hitler reached a concodant (agreement) with the pope
- Hitler confirmed not to interfere with catholic schools and confirm the freedom of worship
- Priests would not interfere woth politics and german bishops swear loyalty to Nationalist socialist regime.
Hitler did not keep his promise however as 1930s went on-
- Catholic priests were harrassed and arrested
- Catholic schools brought in line with state schools
- Catholic youth activites banned like Catholic Youth league
The pope realised the concordant was worthless and issues a stinging critism of Nazi regime in a statement known as 'Mit Brennender sorge' ( with burning anxiety)
99
Controlling religous views in Nazi party police state- protestant church
worked with Hitler due to thanks of being saved from anti-christian communists
100
Controlling religous views in Nazi party police state- the reich church 1936
Many protestant churches favouring Hitler grouped together to form the reich church.
leader Ludwigg Muller, made Riech bishop of germany.
-Pastors that supported Hitler's vies were allowed to continue providing church services
-some allowed swastiakas to be displayed in church
- Jews were not allowed to get baptised
Some pastors spoke out against Hitler-
Pastor Martin Niemoller, one of pastors that set up Pastors emergency league (PEL) to campaign agianst Nazi regime.
1937 pastor Niemoller sent to concentration camps and PEL was banned
101
Goebels and propaganda
1933 Goebbels made minister of people's enlightenment and propaganda
Goebbels wanted Nazi attitudes to be so deeply ingraved in his propaganda that people didn't even know their attitudes were changing
102
Nazi use of the media- the press
Journalists were told that sometimes they could not publish. this was censorship
also given specific breifings about what they can and can't say.
1600 newspapers were closed in1935 alone
103
Nazi use of the media- the radio
All radio stations put under Nazi control
Cheap mass-produced radios were sold to public put in schools, cafes and factories and even speakers on the street by 1939 70% of german homes had a radio, more than anywhere else in europe.
all radios desined to have short range so don't pick up foreign channels
104
Nazi use of rallies
1934 Nuremburg rally
thousands of swastika banners , surrounded by 130 anti-aircaft spotlights with a range of 25,000 feet shining into the sky. crowd of 200,000 supporters and waving 20,000 flags
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Nazi use of sports
All teams make the nazi salute before playing- home and away teams.
hailing sports victories as victories for Nazi ideals
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the Berlin olympic 1936
Nazis built stadium that can hold 110,000 people- largest stadium in the world.
All events well organised to show Nazi efficientcy
Germany won 33 medals- more than any other country
They made two films about to use as propaganda
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Nazi control of art and culture- art
Reich chamber of visual art was set up and all artists had to apply to be a member
in 1936 12,000 paintings and sculptures were removed from art galleries that didn't conform with Nazi ideas.
Nazi approved of art competitions with large prizes for winners . The great German art exhibition including 900 exhibits was held in 1936
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Nazi control of art and culture- architecture
Nazis wanted building that made them look strong and powerful
Albert Speer a favourite of Hitler made many major building sfor the Nazis like:
-the parade ground for the Nuremburg rally
- the new chancellory -offices of the chancellor- in 1938
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Nazi control of art and culture- music
certain types of music was bnned such as Jazz which was thought of as the work of black people.
Richard Wagnar favoured by Nazis as put to music the legends and heroics of Germany
Beethoven, bach and traditional German folk music were also favoured
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Nazi control of art and culture- Literacy and books
No new books published without approval of chamber of culture
Excisting books that Nazis didn't like were burnt and censored. 2,500 writers officialy banned
Books from libaries and universities were burnt if contaned anti-nazi ideals or was written by jews or communists. Students in Berlin burnt 20,000 books in 1933 on a massive bonfire
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Nazi control of art and culture- cinema
250million visits in 1933
films shown were preceded with 45-min newsreels about Nazi achievments
Nazi party made their own films, 1,300
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Support for Nazi regime
Hitler won 36% president votes in April 1932 and Nazi party won 38% of votes in general election
and fr the 1930s there was a high levle of conformity and acceptance of the Nazis and their policies
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Resistance to the nazis regime- church- protestant
(PEL)- Pastors emergeny league, opposed the joining of regional churches into one National German christian church and Nazi attempt to stop jews becoming christian
Confessing church- the PEL set up the confessing church, 2,000 pastors remained in National church but 6,000 joined the confessing church. 800 member spoke out and were arrested and taken to consentration camps
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why was resistance to Nazis regime so rare
Many organisations were banned
critisms of Hitler was reported to gustapo through their informants
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Resistance to the nazis regime- church - catholic
600 christian preists sent to priest block of Dachau concentration camp.
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Resistance to the nazis regime- churches limitation
ordinary christians opposition was muted. Big attendance at services in opposition of the Nazis but was only an example of failing to conform as not many spoke out
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Resistance to the nazis regime- church- the role of Martin Niemoller
Niemoller voted for Hitler and wanted a strong leader but didn't like how Hitler interfered in runnings of protestant church
Founder of PEL in 1933 and confession church 1934
In 1934 Niemoller discovered his telephone had been bugged by the gustapo, as a critic of the Nazis, and realised Germany had become a dictatorchip.
He spoke out more and more; repeatedly getting arrested between 1934-37
He was sentenced with 'treasonable statements'
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Resistance to the nazis regime- from the youth- edelweiss pirates
Made up of girls and boys (mainly boys) that resented the military dicipline and lack of freedom in the Nazi youth.
Boys grew their hair out and wore cloths they copied from america such as checkered shirts or white socks.
They stood around corners where they were difficlt to spot by gustapo as they looked like a group of youth. If they saw Nazi youth they would taunt them and even attack them.
To escape the restrictions they went on long walks, pitched tents, sang parodies of Hitler youth songs and made jokes, sometimes about the nazis
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Resistance to the nazis regime- youth - The swing youth
made up of youth form wealthy middle calss families. They admired American culture such as cloths, films and especially music.
They would lisen to illegal smuggled records in groups usually drinking or smoking. Their favourite were swing bands such as Glen Miller orchestra. A favorite dance move called 'Jitterbug'.
They started organising illegal dnaces sometimes attended by 6,000 youth
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Youth - opposition or resistance
Actions were limited appart from anti-nazi graffiti, making nazi jokes and attacking Nazi youth they did little to oppose the Nazis.
Motives were limited, The opposition to Nazis were mainly culture- cloths, films, music . They wanted freedom from Nazis but they were not political opposition.
1939 2,000 members of edelweiss pirates where as Nazi youth numbered 8 million.
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Nazi policies towards women- women marriage and the family
1.72 million women took Nazi courses towards cleaning, cooking and sewing in 1939
In 1900 birthrate was 2mill a year in 1930s dropped to 1 mill
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Nazi policies towards women- women marriage and the family- THe law of encouragement of mariage,1933
loans up to 1000 marks were given to new couples.
Loans only available if women stopped working to concentrate on home work and lookin after the kids.
For each child born into family a quarter of loan paid of
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Nazi policies towards women- women marriage and the family- Divorce law
If women would not have children, or had an abortion, then could be grounds for divorce
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Nazi policies towards women- women marriage and the family- The mother's cross
bronze for 4 kids
silver for 6 kids
gold for 8 kids
Nazi youth ordered to salute wearers of gold.
10th child name adolf and Hitler the Godfather
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Nazi policies towards women- women marriage and the family- lesborn
'Fountain of youth programme'
At first provided nurseries and finacial aid for women who had children with SS men.
Between 1938-1941 one Lesborn house helped 540 mothers give birth
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Nazi policies towards women- Women and employment
Nazi wanted traditional women.
Using propaganda introduced the three Ks to concentrate on: children, kitchen, church
As well as polices to reduce number of women at work:
1933 women banned from professional posts (teachers, doctors and civil servants) by 1934 360,000 women had given up work.
1937 grammer schools for girls were banned. Number of female students starting higher eductation fell from 17,000 in 1932 to 6,000 in 1939
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Nazi policies towards women- women and emplyment - limitations
By 1930 german industry expanded so much they needed women to work
Loans from marriage changed in 1937 to let them recieve it while women still works
1933 5million working
1939 7 million working
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Nazi policies towards the youth - aims
Brought up to be a proud german
Brought up to be supporters of nazi party
All girls brought up healthy and strong to be good wives and fertile mothers
Boys brought up to work and fight
Nazis believed that girls and boys were equal but different.
Hitler wanted next generation to see him as something of a father-figure.
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Nazi policies towards the youth - Nazi youth movement
in 1932 600,000 youth in protestant church youth groups
in 1932 100,000 youth in Nazi youth
In 1933 hitler banned all youth groups except the Nazi youth.
In 1939 was compulsory for all young germans to join Nazi youth from age 10
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Nazi policies towards the youth- Hitler youth- political training
swear oath of loyalty to the Fuhrer
Members had to report everyone including teachers who was disloyal to nazis.
Scheduled lessons such as 'German Heroes', 'Adolf Hitler and his fellow-fighters'
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Nazi policies towards the youth- Hitler youth- physical training
Hitler youth ran regional and national sport competitions.
Regular camping and hiking expeditions
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Nazi policies towards the youth- Hitler youth - military training
By 1938 1.2 million boys training in small-arms shooting
In 1938 different divisions of Nazi youth
Naval Hitler youth- 45,000
Motor Hitler youth- 60,000
Gliding Hitler youth- 55,000
Flying Hitler youth- 74,000
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Nazi policies towards the youth - Hitler youth - character training
Drilled by SA instructors, plunged in ice cold water, forced to undergo lengthy excersise in wintery weather, Harsh punishment for disobedience
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Nazi policies towards the youth- THe league of German Maidens
Political activites as well as physical and character building training.
Taught 'racial hygiene'- Pure race by marrying aryan race.
Trained to be house wives
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Nazi policies towards the youth - controlling through education- teachers
April 1933 Nazis passed a law that could teachers and headmasters they didn't approve of, in prussia 180 secondary school teachers sacked.
All teachers swear a oath of loyalty to Hitler and join Nazi teacher league
The league ran political courses for the teachers, 200,000 teachers attended by 1939
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Nazi policies towards the youth - controlling through education- curricullum
New subjects such as Race studies
Amount of time for PE and sport in school doubled
From 1935 all new text books had to be approved by the Nazis
Pupils gathered in school halls to lisen to political speaches.
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment
In 1933 5 million unemplyed 25% of german labour force.
By 1939 dropped down to half a million
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment -
Labour service (RAD)
National labour service- provided paid work for the unemplyed
Repairing roads, planting trees, draining marshes.
At first RAD was voluntary, but by 1935 was compulsory for all young men to work for 6 months. Number of members reached 422,000
Not popular-
organised like a army
Rate of pay low
poor food and working conditions
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment-
autobahns
Plan to build network of dual carriage way roads, 7,000 miles long
started 1933 and first strech opened by 1935
By 1935 129,000 men employed building the roads and by 1938 3,500 km completed.
Nazis did other public work schemes and spending on them went from 18 billion marks in 1933 to 38 billion in 1938
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment - rearmament
In 1935 Hitler announced military conscription. All young men had to serve a time in the german army.
By 1939 1.36 million men in it
Government spending on arms in 1933 was 3.5 billion
by 1939 grew to 26 billion
in 1933 4,000 employed to aircraft construction
by 1935 72,000 employed
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment- invisible unemployment
some say number of enemployed is 1.5 million more than recorded.
women and jews who wanted jobs were forced to give up work.
Men who were unemployed were found jobs in labour service or public works
people who could only find part-time jobs were counted.
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Employment and living standards - policies to reduce unemployment - overall verdict on unemployment
some jobs created by the Nazis weren't real jobs.
Every country unemployment dipped as they recovered from great depression.
Some jobs were supported by high-level government spending which couldn't last.
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Changes in standard of living - employment
More people enjoyed a regular income as employment increased. Althopugh jews were finding it increasingly difficult to find jobs
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Changes in standard of living - wages
rise in wages compared with 1933
1934 - 6%
1936 - 9%
1939 - 20%
Rise in sale of goods compared with 1933
1934 - 12%
1936 -25%
1939 - 45%
although goods increased in price such as food that increased by 25% from 1933 to 1939
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Changes in standard of living - hours worked
working week hours rose form 43 in1933 to 49 in 1939
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Nazi organisations that affected the standard of living of workers - Labour front (DAF)
In place of trade unions Hitler set up the Labour front (DAF)
The DAF set out-
-workers rights
-maximum length of the working week
-minimum pay
ALthough DAF worse than trade unions-
-workers lost right to negotiatie improvements in pay
- maximum working week hours went up by 6 hours
-DAF could punish workers who disrupted production
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Nazi organisations that affected the standard of living of workers- strength through joy (kdF)
make benefits of work more enjoyable
provide leasure activities to workers
by 1936 there were 35 million members od the kdF
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Nazi organisations that affected the standard of living of workers- volkswagen scheme
'the people's car'
Hitler asked porsche to design a car that can go 40 miles to the gallon, porsche called it a volkswagen.
The kdF advised people to pay 5 marks a week and eventually entitle them to a new volkswagen.
The money was used to build factories for the cars but by 1938 production switched to armaments
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Nazi organisations that affected the standard of living of workers - Beauty of Labour (sdA)
A section of kdF that campaigned for employers to improve their facilities.
The sdA gave employers tax breaks to help with building and decorating costs.
by 1938 Nazi party claimed that nearly 34,000 companies had improved their facilities.
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The persecution of minorities- eugenics
science of selective breeding
became a topic in schools
Any people Nazis thought were 'unsuitable' were sterilised
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The persecution of minorities- Hitlers view
Aryan race was superior or master race
other races such as the slavs of eastern europe were 'sub-human'
Jews and gypsies were 'unworthy of living'
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The persecution of minorities- anti-semitism
Germany a single united country in 1871 so national spirit broght people together against enermies such as britain, communists and jews
Jews were a scape goat for the hard times.
Hitler hated jews
Moderate view germans were influenced by Nazis propaganda
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The persecution of minorities- slavs
Nazis threatened to invade Slav countries in eastern europe for extra living space.
However persecuted less than other minorities before start of WW1
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The persecution of minorities- Gypsies
26,000 in germany
1933 'Gypsies' were commonly arrested for socail neusiance and taken to concentration camps
1936 Gypsies were forced to live in special camps, one camp in berlin housed 600 gypsies had 2 latrines, three water taps and no electricity.
1938 banned from travelling in groups
in 1939 orders sent to prepare them for deportation
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The persecution of minorities- homosexuals
1935 Nazis strengthend laws against homosexuality. as a result 766 males were imprisoned in 1934 compared to 4,000 in 1936 and 8,000 in 1938.
5,000 german homosexuals died in concentration camps
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The persecution of minorities- diabled people
In 1933 Nazis passed the law for the prevention of hereditary diseased offspring. Made it compulsory for people affected with mental illness, alcaholic, deformed, deaf or blind.
400,000 perople were sterilised by 1939
T4 proggramme- babies born with severe or mental disabilities would be killed by starvation or drug overdose. Up to 17 year olds were included eventually and 5,000 children were killed
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The persecution of Jews- persecution begins 1933
Jews banned from government jobs and jewish civil servants and teachers were sacked.
Banned from inheriting land
1935 banned from the army
From 1934 some local councils banned them from public pools and parks
Seperate yellow benches made for jews
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The persecution of Jews- THe boycott of jewish shops and buissnesses (1933)
Nazis announced an official boycott of buissneses.
SA stormtroopers stood outside buisneses and held signs discouraging people to use it.
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The persecution of Jews- the nuremberg Laws
The reich law on citizenship-
-those of german blood could only be citizens
- Jews became geramny's subjects
-Lost right of citizenship, the right to vote and right to hold a german passport
-required to wear a yellow star patch
The reich law for the protection of german blood and honour-
-Law fobade jews marrying german citizens
- As well as sexuall relations between the two
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The persecution of Jews - From 1938 life became more ominous
From march jews had to register all their possesions so they can be easily confiscated.
From july they all ahd to carry identity cards
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The persecution of Jews - kristallnacht (1938)
7th november a 17 year old jew went into german embacy in paris and shot a random german, Ernest von Rath.
HE was rushed to hospital.
8th November Joseph Goebbels used it for propaganda .
-he ordered local papers to condem the shooting in paris
- Used SS, SA and gestapo to attack synagogs and jewish houses.
- then things escalated and Ernest died on the 9th November.
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The persecution of Jews- the violence on 9-10 november
After death of Ernest Von Rath on 9th November Hitler stepped in and ordered Nazi leaders to organise attacks on jews and properties. Police were told to not stop violence against jews from random people.
814 shops, 171 homes and 191 synagogs were destroyed. 100 jews killed
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