conflict in the middle east topic 2

Question 1

key events of build up to 6 day war

Answer 1

january 1964- cairo conference
may- PLO set up
jan 1965- failed terrorist attack gained Arafat and Fatah publicity
april 1967- dogfight between syria nd israeli jets
november 1966- samu incident
1967- nasser orders UN to withdraw from sinai.
six day war

Question 2

cairo conference

Answer 2

1) Headwater devision plan-
2) Set up PLO and PLA
3) Nassers leadership of Arab world confirmed

Question 3

what was the head water division plan

Answer 3

Divert two of three sources of river jordan to prevent from flowing into sea of Galilee.
To stop Israel funneling fresh water for crops and agriculture in Negrev dessert. If this did not succeed then arab states prepare for war.

when implemented Israel felt threatened and did airstrikes on it

Question 4

PLO

Answer 4

Palestinian liberation organisation leads palestinians
responsible for palestinian refugees in jordan and syria
set up PLA (palestinian liberation army)

Question 5

Fatah and Yasser Arafat

Answer 5

Yasser Arafat led Fatah.
Arafat snuck into Israel and tried to blow up canal taking water to Negev dessert. Plan failed but gained huge publicity.
Yasser famous and thousands joined Fatah

Question 6

syrian support for Fatah

Answer 6

opperating from arab nations Fatah did over 100 raids into israel from 1965-1567.
Syria provided money, weapons and explosives.
New syrian gov in 1966 increased support and claimed Nasser had done little to help. Nasser sighned a defence treaty with syria.

Fatah raids were ineffective 11 Israeli killed and 62 injured

Question 7

Israeli raid on Samu

Answer 7

A israeli patrol car drove over a mine by Israeli-jordan border. Fatah was suspected so Israel staged a push into jordan.
King hussein of jordan sent a letter of consolation to israel but arrived too late.

A party of 600 israeli and 11 tanks and 60 armoured vehicles traveled to the samu. They gathered everyone in centre adn started dynamiting their homes.

100 jordinian troops stumbled accros it and gunfight broke out. 15 jorinains and 1 Israeli and three villagers were killed and 1 jordan jet shot down

Question 8

consequences of raid on samu

Answer 8

USA furious Jordan bieng its only ally adn only arab nation trying to have a possitive relationship with ISrael.

Eshkol tried to defend himself-
punishment for death of three policemen
message to not help Fatah
jordan stop Fatah activity

Question 9

consequences of samu on jordan attitude

Answer 9

king hussein critised for not protectign palestinains. Called to step down.
Publicly called for revenge but didn’t want war

Question 10

The dogfight of 7 april 1967

Answer 10

syrian gunners shot at a tractor in the DMZ in the golen heights.
Israel sent jets to hit several syrian gunner positions, syria sent its own jets after.
Dogfight occured 6 syrain jets shot down in 1 day.

Question 11

USSR and Nasser

Answer 11

USSR told him Israel was massing troops on the border
He did a series of action to cement himself as a leader to rally the arab states.
14 may- egyptian army on alert
15 may- troops moved to sinai
16 may- UN peacekeepers told to go
23 may- Nasser closed the starights of Tiran
29 may- Nasser demanded Israel let palestinians return to there land and Israel return all the land it took
30 may- signed a defense treaty with jordan

Question 12

Israel and USA

Answer 12

after Nassers action Israel rose up and refused to get bullied
They called up their reserve troops and asked USA for help opening the straights.
USA refused but latter advised Israel to launch an attack themselves.

Question 13

key events of the 6 day war

Answer 13

5th June 1967
1) Israel’s whole airforce bombed and destroyed 306 out if 340 egyptian planes as well as bombing all 19 of egypts airfields.
2) they moved to syria and jordan taking control of the skies
3) Israeli tanks moved across the sinai desroying egyptian tanks as they went
7th June had reached the suez canal.
7th June IDF won control of east jerusalem
8th took control of west bank while ignoring jordans plea for cease fire.
9th captured golan heights and pushed 30 miles into Israel

Question 14

results of 6 day war

Answer 14

Israel did a spectacular victory
779 Israeli killed while arabs lost:
20,000 soldiers
430 aircraft
800 tanks
and 70,000 square kilometers
increased its land mass by 350%

Question 15

aftermath of the 6 day war

Answer 15

UN resolution 242
Israel annexes East jerusalem and imposes militay occupatiopn on the other captured territory
1970 Dawson’s field
Black september and PLO ejected from Jordan
1972 Munich Olympics massacre

Question 16

UN resolution 242

Answer 16

‘Land for Peace’
Israel must withdraw from territories occupied in the recent conflict
Arab States must recognise Israel’s right to exist
Should be a just settlement of the refugee problem

Initaly Egypt and Joran agreed till the Khartoon conference

Question 17

The Khartoum conference

Answer 17

the’ Three nos’
No peace
No recognistion
No negotiation

Question 18

‘The war of attrition’

Answer 18

Nasser wanted to reopen the canal so asked for USSR aid and rearmed within the year.
doing regular bombings into Israel.
A Israeli war ship was sunk and Israel retaliated raiding israeli towns and oil refinerys.
By 1970 the ‘War of attrition’ had begun.
Over 1.5 million egyptians had to flee their homes and 1000 Israeli’s were killed.

USSR funded Egypt with 100 fighter jets and SAM-3 missiles. As well as 20,000 soldiers coming in and building 80 missile bases.
USA funded Israel with both weapons and aid.

Question 19

Significance of land gained in 6 day war to Israel

Answer 19

East Jerusalem - wailing wall adn Temple Mount are the holliest places for jews
west bank- Buffer zone between Israel and Jordan, Needs the fertile land
Gazza- Can clamp down on fedayeen raids
Sinai- Buffer zone between egypt and Israel, Trade through straights of tiran is safe
Golan heights- buffer zone between Israel and syria

Question 20

Significance of land gained in 6 day war to Arabs

Answer 20

East Jerusalem - Dome of the rock and Al Aqsa Mosque holliest places
west bank- home to 600,000 palestininoians , Israel annexed the west bank
Gazza- 350,000 people, occupied since 1948
Sinai- Egypts only oil, prevents use of suez canal
Golan heights- 100,000 syrians

Question 21

Palestinian refugees after the war

Answer 21

300,000 chose not to stay in the west bank.
largest refugee camp Baqa’a 26,000 refugees and 5,000 tents in an area of 1.4km squared

lots joined geurilla movements

Question 22

Terrorism by two main groups

Answer 22

Fatah- launch geurilla attacks into Israel from lebanon and main base on jordan
PFLP- popular front for the liberation of israel. Targeted terrorism outside of israel to gain attention

Question 23

Fatah Guerilla attacks

Answer 23

Waves of raids.
Peaked when mine blew up Israeli school bus in 1968 killing teachers and wounding 10 children. was the 38th attack that year.
Consequently Israel desided to raid karameh

Question 24

Israeli raid on Karameh

Answer 24

15,000 soldiers
Faced resistance by Fatah troops supported by jordinian soldiers.
destroyed Fatah base in Karameh.
Took 150 prisoners.

Lost 28 soldiers, 27 tank and 2 aircraft.
5,000 recruits joined within two days after and Israel was condemned while Arafat reputation boosted soo much that he was promoted to leader of PLO

Question 25

Dawesons Field

Answer 25

PFLP hijacked 4 planes and flew three of them to Dawesons field a remote airstrip in jordan. 310 passangers were allowed to disembark. 56 Israelis were kept as hostages until 4 PFLP prisoners were let free

Question 26

PLO's expulsion from Israel

Answer 26

PLO and its 20,000 fighters controlled a state within Jordan. challenging King hussien's rule

Question 27

Black september 1970

Answer 27

King Hussien furious about Dawson's field. Ordered to seize control of every PLO base. Over next 10 days - known as black september- 2,000 palestinian troops killed By 1971 king hussien was back in control.

Question 28

Munich olympic massacre 1972

Answer 28

as aftermath to black september a extremist group emerged. known as Black september organisation. 8 armed members took control of 2 appartments used by the israeli troops . 2 Israeli athletes shot down and 9 taken hostage. They demanded the imediate release of 234 palesitinain prisoners. At airport attempt to free prisoners resulted in gun fight and all 9 of athletes died as well as 5 terrorists. 3 were captured

Question 29

impact of terrorism

Answer 29

Flood of sympathy. Israel ordered air strikes on syria and lebanon killing approximately 200-300 people. As well as lauching operation 'wrath of god'

Question 30

operation wrath of god

Answer 30

Authorised Mossad to track down and assasinate the members responsible for the Munich massacre. The deterent failed as further terrorism took place. Death of Ali Hassem salameh (mastermind of munich massacre) 20,000 people attended his funeral.

Question 31

Answer sadat

Answer 31

Came into power after the death of Nasser. Made reopening suez canal top priority. Approached Prime minister Golda Meir for a agreement based of UN 242 peace for the sinai. she rejected him. Expelled 15,000 soviet advisors to try and please the USA. As a result Sadat thought putting pressure on by doing a co-ordinated attack with syria.

Question 32

Defences against egypt and syria

Answer 32

The Bar Lev Line built along the suez canal. 20-25 meters high wall of sand. Behind a line of forts were built surrounded by mines and barbed wire. cost $300 million Israel constructed deep bunkers which were dug and fortified with steel in golen heights and the 100,000 syrians living there were unable to return

Question 33

Israeli control of west bank and gaza

Answer 33

Self governed by palestinians. Some were able to work in Israel if they had the right work and travel visa. Anyone considered a threat were arrested. thousands jailed without a trial. They confiscated land. In jordan valley 100,000 palesitinains were driven from their homes for 27 jewish sttlements.

Question 34

Yom Kippur war

Answer 34

Yom kippur holliest day for jews. Egypt surprised attacked Israel, bombing its airfield and military bases in the sinai. It bombed the Bar Lev Line with artillery fireing 10,500 shells the first minute. High pressure water canons were taken across the canal and used to destroy the wall of sandat 70 places. 23,000 troops poured into sinai Egypt very well armed with Soviet SAM-3 missiles shooting down first Israeli jets and sagger anti-tank missiles destroying half of the 300 IDF tanks in the sinai. Syria attacked at the same time with 1,200 tanks and 60,000 troops to Israels 170 and 400. They overrun defesize Every reserve soldier was called up with soldiers on motorbikes bieng used to inform people due to the radio silence on Yom kippur. Once mobilised first priority to take back golen heights. 8th october Israel attacked at night but Syria had new soviet infra-red fighting technology. fought for 4 days but better Israeli tanks won. To relieve pressure on syria Saddat ordered the advance past the protection of the SAM-3 missiles . Massive tank battle took place 260 egyptian tanks destroyed, Israel lost 20. By end of 2nd week egypt had retreated to the canal. By 15th october US aid arrived and Israel went on offensive. 750 paratroopers sneak across canal and 50 tanks floated over on inflatable rafts. While a massive bridge was bieng dragged accross dessert by 12 tanks. Bridge in place on19th and Israelis poured over canal dissableing the SAM-3 missiles. Israel pushed on which called for International intervention.

Question 35

reason for Israeli victory against syria in Yom Kippur war

Answer 35

Luck- Syria didn't push to river jordan so Israel had breathing room aid- US sent 2.2 billion work of military equipment but didn't arrive till 15th october.

Question 36

How did the world stop Israel take Egypt

Answer 36

UN- called for ceasefire but Israel refused. Soviet- Threatened US to send in troops to egypt but US went on nuclear alert and to avert the crisis USSR backed down. Arab- Put pressure on US to stop Israel. Used the 'oil weapon' that worked

Question 37

What is the 'oil weapon'

Answer 37

An oil embargo

Question 38

aftermath of the Yom kippur war to Israel

Answer 38

Israel casualties 9500 and people blamed government for not being ready. Prime minister Golda Meir and defense minister stepped down the following year.

Question 39

Aftermath of yom kippur war to Egypt

Answer 39

Egypt casulaties 30,000 Lost all SAM-3 missiles. But overunning the Bar Lev line seen as a military genius. SAM-3 and Sagger missiles did a lot of damage. Sadat seen as a worthy succesure to Nasser. Arab military pride restored

Question 40

Aftermath of yom kippur war to USA

Answer 40

Realised needed peace Almost got sucked into a nuclear war with USSR. and THe power of the Oil weapon.