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Weimar Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the Kaiser in the war who stepped down?

A

Kaiser Wilhem II
9th Nov 1918- flees to Holland

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2
Q

Revolution across Germany?

A

.German sailors refuse to fight English Navy
.Nov 1918- 40,000 sailors join dock workers and take over dockyeard, bavaria and hamburg

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3
Q

Who follows Wilhem II

A

Ebert
Social Democrat Party
Chancellor of Weimar
First time Germany is a democracy
10th Nov 1918

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4
Q

When does WW1 end?

A

11th Nov 1918
Germany end war
-Gov not stable untill mid-1919/ left and right wing fight

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5
Q

Impact of the First World War?

A

-many unsure/ wanted Kaiser back
-7 million died
-500,000 starved
-cost Germany 37billion
-German population unhappy that Weimar surrendured/ felt like they had been ‘stabbed in the back’

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6
Q

Who were the Freikorps?

A

ex soldiers who refused to give up their weapons

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7
Q

What was the Weimar constitution?

A

-freedom of speech
-all men/women over 20 could vote
-free elections

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8
Q

What is Article 48?

A

In an emergency or crisis, the President can
use Article 48 to rule themselves.
They would not have to ask the Chancellor or
Reichstag for permission to pass laws.

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9
Q

Structure of Weimar gov?

A

.President / picks chancellor
.governemnt= chancellor/head of gov/ cabinet
.parliament= Reichstag=voted 4 years
=Reichsrat/regions of Germany

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10
Q

How many seats in the Reichstag?

A

421
e.g 23% of votes= 23% of 421

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11
Q

Strengths of Weimar consitution?

A

-small parties had a fair share
-no one should have too much power
-more equal rights than Britain

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12
Q

Weaknesses of Weimar Consitution?

A

-coalition govs couldn’t agree
-hated by the people
-article 48

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13
Q

Treaty of Versailles?

A

28 June 1919
Germany had no say

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14
Q

Military of Treaty of Versailles?

A

Army limited to 100k
navy reduced to 15k
air force banned
Rhineland (German border with France)- demilitarized

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15
Q

Blame of Treaty of Versailles?

A

-Article 231
-Germany had to accept full responsibility for starting war
-Couldn’t join the League of Nations

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16
Q

Reparations of Treaty of Versailles?

A

6.6 billion to rest of Europe

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17
Q

Terretorial terms of Treaty of veersailles?

A

lost 13% of land
48% of coal production
overseas empire taken over
Saar coldfields (rich in industry+raw materials) given to France for 15 years
50% of iron

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18
Q

Why did tensions build form 1919-1923?

A

taxes rose
communist revolution in russia

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19
Q

Sparticists Uprising?

A

-challenges from the left
-wanted communism
-Jan 1919- 50,000 sparticists/ failed to get much support
-army and freikorps shut them down

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20
Q

Kapp putcsh?

A

-March 1920
-Ebert tried to disband the Freikorps
-Kapp and 5000 freikorps took government buildings using the army
-Army refused Ebert
-Ebert ordered workers to refuse the Putch and go on strike
-Failed, 400 army officers involved, not really punished

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21
Q

Ruhr Crisis?

A

Jan 1923
Germany didn’t pay France
France in debt to USA
Took the Ruhr and took coal and steel/60,000 soldiers
80% of Germanies Steel produced there
German workers refused to work
industry in the Ruhr a standstill
German industry fell

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22
Q

Results of the Ruhr Crisis?

A

-Germans united
-To support the workers German’s mass proudce money
-Value decreased
-Hyperinflation

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23
Q

Cost of bread?

A

1 mark in 1918
200 billion marks in 1923

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24
Q

Positive Impacts of hyperinflation?

A

Workers- had low savings
- paid higher wages

Rich- land,possessions and foreign currencies
-possessions swapped for food
-buy small businesses

Farmers- grow and eat own food
-used to trade/sell

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25
Q

Negative impacts of hyperinflation?

A

Pensioners- pensions/savings worthless
-couldnt work

Middle class- savings worthless
-businnessman could no longer buy goods from abroad
-debts easily paid off

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26
Q

How did they recover?

A

Stresemann- chancellor
-aug 1923
-‘golden years’

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27
Q

Dawes Plan?

A

-1924
-help from US banker
-remove the mark
-introduced rentenmark + rentenbank
-more time to pay reparations/indefinite
-2.5 billion marks a year
-US banks loaned money
-800 million a year

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28
Q

Young plan?

A

-1929
-had 60 years to pay off
-6 billion to 1.85 billion

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29
Q

Solving the Ruhr Crisis?

A

-Germany could pay off debts
-Ordered the strike in the Ruhr to end
-France left
-Industry could carry on

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30
Q

International relations?

A

Locarno Pact- 1925
-France,UK,Italy,Belgium
-Borders should stay the same
.relations improved

League of Nations- 1925
- increased internation respect

Kellog-Briand pact- 1928
-64 countries
-armies for self defence
-solve all future disagreements by peace

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31
Q

Political stability for Stresseman?

A

-coalaition of different parties together
-worked togther
-decisons made together

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32
Q

Why was Stresseman successful?

A

industry grew by 40%
wages increased and working hours didn’t- lack of striking

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33
Q

Why was Stresseman unsuccessful?

A

.reliant on America
.unemployment- 10% 1927
.middle class couldn’t recover- felt annoyed
.farmers
.some hatred

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34
Q

Wages and unemployment in Weimar?

A

-increased every year
-10%
-best in europe

-some middle class did not get increase in wages
-lack of teachers lawyers, teachers

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35
Q

Housing in Weimar?

A

Between 1924/1931= 2mill homes built, 200k improved
by 1928- homelessness had been reduced by more 60%

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36
Q

Unemployment insurance?

A

unemployment insurance law in 1927
-workers and employmees made contributions for a national scheme for unemployment welfare
-benefits and assistance for war veterans, wives and disabled

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37
Q

Politics in Weimar?

A

-equality in education
-equality in jobs
-26 women deputies in the eichstg

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38
Q

Women in Weimar?
-leisure

A

-more freedom
-fashion conscious

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39
Q

Women in Weimar?
-employment?

A

By 1933,
100k teachers
3k doctors
-equal pay in civil service
-still hostility

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40
Q

Culture in Weimar?

A

-Germany Europes’s cultural capitla city
-Bauhaus- bold designs, unusual mats- designed new buildings/furniture

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41
Q

Cinema and theatre in Weimar?

A

-golden age
-Metropolis- most advanced film of the decade
-Dietrich/ most popular film star in the world
-plays focused on realism- problems of German society

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42
Q

Hitlers first party?

A

-1919
-German workers party- DAP

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43
Q

Hitler’s early life?

A

-rejected at art school
-he was homeless
-despised Austria
-moved to Germany- became obsessed
-fought in WW1/ blamed Weimar for loss

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44
Q

DAP?

A

-started in Munich with 50 members
-were national socialists

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45
Q

Hitlers rise in the Nazi party?

A

-became Draxler’s right hand man, introduced 25 point programme
-Hitler passionate speaker + hatred of Weimar led to 3000 members by 1920
-changed name to nazis
-July 1921- Hitler leader

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46
Q

25 point programme?

A

-Nazi policies
-appealed to many Germans at a point when Weimar were in trouble

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47
Q

Key features of 25 point programme?

A

-get rid of Treaty of Versailles
- a strong germany for Germans
- get rid of unemployment
-increase pensions
-state must protect women and infants

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48
Q

Hitlers organisation?

A

-set up a permanent office
-bought 2 newspapers
-Hess(deputy), Goering(WW1 hero)
Streicher(publisher), Rohm(popoular ex army officer)
-made friends with Ludendorff- leader of German WW1 army

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49
Q

Members in Nov 1923?

A

55k

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50
Q

SA?

A

-Aug 1921
-dressed in brownshirts
-ex-soldiers or Freikorps
-Aug 1922- 800 members/ power+organised
-beat communists

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51
Q

When did Hitler get complete contol of the NSDAP?

A

Jan 1922
-Hitler was the Fuhrer

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52
Q

NSDAP?

A

national socialist german workers party

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53
Q

Munich Putsch?

A

-Nov 1923
-violent uprising to overthrow weimar
-failure/ 14 dead/ hitler in prison
-

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54
Q

Start of the Muncih Putsch?

A

8th Nov 1923
-Hitler + 600SA marched into a beerhall in Munich where the Bavarian gov were meeting
-At gunpoint Hitler forced leaders to support him
-took control

-however Ludendorff let the leaders go after Hitler left

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55
Q

Middle of Munich Putsch?

A

9th Nov 1923
-1k SA + 2k volunteers
-Marched on Munich town centre and declare himself president of Germany
-locals+army did not support him
-met by state police/ chaos

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56
Q

End of Munich Putsch?

A

11th Nov 1923
-Hitler found hiding in his friends wardrobe
-failed

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57
Q

Long term causes of Putsch?

A

-war
-Treaty of Versailles
-weimar
-region of germany

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58
Q

Middle term causes of Putsh?

A

-Nazis heavily influenced by Mussolini

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59
Q

Short term causes of Putsch?

A

-1923
-hperinflation+ruhr crisis
-Weimar looked weak
-Hiter thoughrt time was irght

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60
Q

Short term consequences of Putsch?

A

-Nazi party banned
-Hitler arrested for 5 years

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61
Q

Long term consequences of Putsch?

A

-only spent 9 months in jail
-used his trial for publicity
-wrote Mein Kampf
-Hitler realised he would need a new strat/ violence not the answer
-Ban lifted in 1925/32 seats in election

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62
Q

Mein Kampf?

A

-Nationalism
-Aryan race superior
-socialism
-removing democracy
-traditional values

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63
Q

Re-Launch of Party?

A

-27th Feb 1925
-4000 came to see him at Munich beer hall
-made changes to strucuture

64
Q

Nazi organisation changes?

A

-raised money from businessmen who supported them
-split into 35 local regions
-German womens order + hitler youth
-1929- 100k members

65
Q

Leadership changes?

A

Bamburg conference- 1926- Hitler remained leader/abolished any split between his party
Ernst Rohm removed as leader of SA- threat
Set up the SS- selected members to be Hitler’s bodyguards

66
Q

Developing Support for the Nazis?

A

-Goebbels put in charge of propaganda
-used posters,radio,film and organised rallies

67
Q

Hitlers lean years?

A

1928- 3% of votes

68
Q

Why did Nazis fail?

A

-Golden years
-Hindenburg new president/respected
-Lack of support from working class/1% of their votes

69
Q

The depression?

A

Wall street crash
october 1929

70
Q

Depression?
businesses

A

-forced to pay back their lones + no investment
-Wages dropped by 15%
-Industrial production dropped 40%
-businesses lost/ unemployment

71
Q

Depression?
govs

A

-refused to print more money
-Bruning deciced to raise taxes and cut unemployment benefits
-struggled to agree on how to fix the economy

72
Q

Depression?
-German People

A

-3 million unemployed 1930
-6 million unemployed 1932
-people lost savings
-poverty

73
Q

How did the depression help the Nazis?

A

-Weimar hated
-Nazis in favour/ promised to fix the economy
-as unemployment grew so did the Nazis

74
Q

Communist party?

A

-working class voted communism
-1932/ 100 seats in parliament

-Nazis hated communism
-Middle/upper classes + businessmen voted Nazis out of fear of communism + gave them money

75
Q

Weaknesses of Weimar?

A

1919-1933= 20 diff coalition parties who constantly fell out
looked weak and useless- Hindenburg had to use article 48
-Hitler was a strong leader

76
Q

Organisation of Hitler?

A

.SA
.Hitler himself
.Propaganda- owned 140 newspapers
.Promises- appealed to lots of people- working class- ‘work and bread’- traditional german values
-middle class- restore changes made by Weimar

77
Q

Stage 1 of Hitler as chancellor?

A

-Nazis were far off/early 1932
-Bruning resigns
-Von papen new chancellor

78
Q

Stage 2 of Hitler as chancellor?

A

July 1932
-Nazis get 38% votes- highest ever for them/230 seats
-Hindenburg refuses to make Hitler chancellor

79
Q

Stage 3 of Hitler as chancellor?

A

Nov 1932
-Von papen quits
-drops to 196 seats/ still the highest

80
Q

Stage 4 of Hitler as chancellor?

A

Dec 1932
-Schleicher is new chancellor
-tried to split the Nazis by asking Strasser to be vice chancellor/ strasser stayed loyal

81
Q

Stage 5 of Hitler as chancellor?

A

Jan 1933
-Hitler appointed chancellor
-Von papen could no longer control the Reichstag
-believed they could control Hitler

82
Q

Reichstag fire?

A

27th Feb 1933
-Reichstag burnt down
-communist Van der Lubbe arested
-Hitler used it to say communists wanted to destroy the gov

83
Q

What did the Reichstag fire lead to?

A

‘The Reichstag Decree’- Hitler gained power
-allowed the Nazi controlled police to arrest anyone suspected of opposing the gov,hold people without trial, ban meetings
-become a police state

84
Q

What did The Reichstag Decree lead to?

A

4000 communits arrested
communist party banned
thousands sent to conc camps
shut down political opponnents newspapers,meetings

85
Q

March 1933 election?

A

44%
didnt get overall majority

86
Q

What was the Enabling Act?

A

March 1933
Hitler could pass laws without the Reichstag decision

87
Q

What did he do with the Enabling Act?

A

April 1933- Peoples courts
control over justice system

May 1933- trade unions banned
-removed workers rights
-under Hitler control

July 1933- Political Parties banned
-leaders of other parties imprisoned

Jan1934- local gov
-replaces local parliaments and replaces them with a governor who directly serves Hitler

88
Q

The Night of the Long Knives?

A

1934
-Hitler cant take over the army
SS murdered 400
-SA have 3 mill
-Hitler orders arrest of SA ‘traitors’

89
Q

The night of the long knives events?

A

30th June 1944
SS arest 400SA leaders
Rohm executed
-also took out Von Papen

90
Q

Death of Hindenburg?

A

2nd Aug 1934
-combines the role of the president with the chancellor
-forced the army to swear an oath of loyalty to him
-Hitler now complete ruler of Germany

91
Q

Gestapo?

A

set up in 1933
secret
imprison without trial
160k arrested
thousands killed in custody

92
Q

SS?

A

-Blackshirts
-240k- Himmler in control
-unlimited power
-

93
Q

Conc Camps?

A

1939- 150k in conc camps

94
Q

How many crimes punishable for death?

A

44

95
Q

SD?

A

-security force
-Heydrich
-monitor Nazi opps

96
Q

How many christians in Germany in 1933?

A

67 million

97
Q

Nazi control of churches?

A

-introduction of the Reich Churches
-1933- agreed a Concordat with the Pope/ he would not interfere in the running of the Catholic Church if it stayed out of political matters
-Hitler broke it/ took contol of catholic schools/Catholic youth league banned

98
Q

Nazi attempts to supress churches?

A

-ban the old testament (jewish book)
-800 protestant pastors arrested
-catholic newspapers banned
-400 catholic priests sent to conc game

99
Q

Impacts of Nazi actions on Church?

A

-1937
-Hitler forced to return the control of the church to protestants if they stay out of politics
-attendance at catholic churches increased

100
Q

Rallies?

A

-Yearly Nuremburg rallies
-1934- 200k attended
20k Nazi flags

101
Q

Film?

A

-audiences of over 250 million in 1933
-all films included a 45min Nazi newsrell
-1300 films
-e.g The eternal jew- showed German triumph

102
Q

Newspapers?

A

1600 anti nazi papers shut down in 1935

103
Q

Culture?

A

-Nazis opposes Weimar culture
-people had to follow Nazi culture
-all art had to fit Nazi beliefs, picasso banned
-huge nazi buildings

104
Q

Radio?

A

-over 70% of homes had nazi radios
-loudspeakers on streets

105
Q

Censorship?

A

-millions of books burnt
-20k Jewish and communist books burnt in the centre of Berlin

106
Q

The Fuhrer Cult?

A

-Hitler as a superman and as a man of the people
-Hitler as a god
-pictures everywhere

107
Q

German Faith Movement?

A

-1934
-Nazis set up their own religion

108
Q

Reich Church?

A

-1936
-Reich Church

109
Q

Between 1933-39 how many sent to camps?

A

1.3mill

110
Q

The edelwiss pirates?

A

-working class youth
-resistant to Nazis
-taunt or attack Hitler Youth
-hair long/American style
-anti nazi graffitit

111
Q

The swing Youth?

A

-teenagers from wealthy families who admired American Culture
-listened to jazz+swing illegally
-groups+parties up the 6k

112
Q

1939 numbers in youth groups?

A

2k edelwiss
8mill hitler youth

113
Q

Church Oppositon

A

Confessors church set up- protestant church
-6k pastors- 800 sent to conc camp

114
Q

Martin Niemoller?

A

Pastors Emergency League
-7k mebers
-obey god not a man

115
Q

Nazi Education?

A

.in school until 14
.military boys
.housework girls
.PE doubled
.Race and nazi beliefs introduced- RE dropped

116
Q

Nazi ideology in lessons?

A

-textbooks re-written to support nazi history
-mein kampf a core study
-History emphasies Germany sucess and blames Jews
-Maths taught military tactics/solve economic cost of disabled in Germany

117
Q

Jewish children in school?

A

Banned from school 1938
bullied by students and teachers

118
Q

Teacher groups?

A

The nazi teacher alliance- 97% joined
-teach Nazi curriculum or risked being fired
-students encouraged to report teachers

119
Q

Nazi Youth groups?

A

-banned other organisations like Scouts

120
Q

Nazi Youth Groups?
-boys?

A

6-10 Pimpfe
10-14 German Young People
14-18 Hitler Youth

121
Q

Hitler Youth activities?

A

-military style activities
-camping/hiking
-map reading
-rifle shooting

122
Q

Hitler Youth facts?

A

-oath of loyalty
-1932- 108k members
-1936- Hitler Youth Act- membership compulsory

123
Q

Girls youth?

A

10-14 Young Girls Legaue
14-18 The league of German Maidens (BDM)

124
Q

BDM activities?

A

-fitness/strength/beauty
-had to run 60m in 14secs
-‘racial hygene’- only marry Aryan men
-

125
Q

Were the youth groups successful?

A

-millions joined
-then joined army
-had Aryan children
-many enjoyed feeling important to Germany future

126
Q

Why were the youth groups not successful?

A

-secret groups like edelweiss pirates formed
-thousands avoided meetings as it felt like military life

127
Q

Changes to women in work?

A

1933
-banned from professional jobs e.g doctors
-15% of women sacked from other jobs- 4k teachers

128
Q

Later changes to women in work?

A

1937
compulsory duty year/ shortage of workers
had to work on farms/homes
1939- 14 million working women

129
Q

Changes to women in life?

A

-organisations like the Women’s front set up to brainwash women
-couldnt smoke
-traditional clothes
-German womans enterprise

130
Q

Mothers cross?

A

4-bronze
6-silver
8-gold
10- Hitler was the godfather

131
Q

Marriage for women?

A

-marriage loan of 1k marks
-keep 250 marks for every child
-4 would pay it back

132
Q

Lebensborn?

A

Aryan Women encouraged to donate a child to the Fuhrer by getting pregnant with Aryan SS soldiers at special centres

133
Q

Abortion?

A

-abortion and contraception banned
-Sterilisation Law of 1933= Non Aryan could not have kids
-married couples who could not have children were allowed to divorce

134
Q

Results of Nazi policies towards women?

A

Marriages increased by 21% from 33-39
1936 had 30% more births than 1933

135
Q

Economic conditions?

A

-1933
-mass unemployment- 6 million

136
Q

Nazi methods to reduce enemployment?

A

-National Labour Service
-Conscription and Rearmament
-Autobahns
-‘Invisible Unemployment’

137
Q

National Labour Service?

A

-men aged 18-25 had to do 6 months- paid work to help Germany
-Building schools/hospitals
-Repairing Roads
-Low pay and lack of food

138
Q

Conscription?

A

-breaking the treaty of versailles
-1935
-18-25 year olds
-1.4 million in 1939 in the army

139
Q

Rearmament?

A

Spending increased from 3.5billion to 26 billion- big need for workers
-1935- 72k workers involved in aircraft construction

140
Q

Invisible employment?

A

women and jews forced out of their jobs not included
those in prisons and conc camps taken off stats

141
Q

Public Works?

A

autobahns- build 7k miles
-1935- 125k men working on Autobanhs

38 billion marks a year by 1938 on public works like hospitals/school

142
Q

Results of emmployment?

A

4.8 million in 1933 to 300k in 1939

143
Q

The german Labour Front

A

DAF- had to join
-strikes illegal
-workers couldnt ask for higher wages
-hours increased to 60+ a week

144
Q

Strength through joy?

A

-provide leisure activities that everyone could enjoy

145
Q

Facts about strength through joy?

A

-a ski trop cost one weeks wages
-over 7 million took part in kdf sports events
-over 10 million went on holiday in 1938, most loyal workers got to go on better holidays
-cultural nights

146
Q

Beauty of Labour

A

-campaigned to improve better facilities for workers
-gave companies financial help to improve the safety of their buildings

147
Q

Why did German workers benefit?

A

-more money to spend so standard of living improved
-1936-39 wages increased by 20%
-German workers got their ‘bread and work’ as promised by Hitler

148
Q

Why did German workers not benefit?

A

-price of food also increased by 20%
-lower earners struggled
-working hours increase
-

149
Q

Disabled?

A

1933- sterilsied law
-alchols,blind,disabled… etc
-400k sterilised by 1939

1939- T4- young people with mental/physicl difficulties killed by lethal injection
-5k

150
Q

Homosexuals?

A

-lowered racial purity
-1935 laws against homosexuality
-5k sent to conc camps

151
Q

Gypsies?

A

-work shy
-35k gypsies put into camps and deported

152
Q

How many Jews in Germany?
how many left?

A

1933- 437k
1933-39- 250k forced to flee

153
Q

Timeline of Jews?
-first stage

A

1st april 1933
-boycott of jewish businesses
- jews banned from gov jobs and public places

154
Q

Timelne of Jews?
-second stage

A

Sep 1935
-Nuremburg Laws
-jews no longer citizens- could not vote
-marriage between jews and aryan race illegal

1936
-banned in working common jobs
e.g doctor

155
Q

Timeline of Jews?
-third stage

A

March 1938
-Jews had to register all their possessions

July 1938
-had to carry ID cards

156
Q

Timeline of jews?
-fouth stage

A

9th + 10th NOv 1938- Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)
- murder of nazi diplomat in Paris by young jews
- Nazis destroy 7.5k jewish businesses
- burn 400 synagagues
-20k jews sent to conc camos
-Jews forced to pay 1bill for damage

-turning point

157
Q

Timeline of Jew?
-5th stage?

A

dec 1938
-banned from owing shops/businesses

april 1939
-evicted out of theur homes for no reason

nov 1939
-kicked out of school

History (6 decks)

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