Cold War Flashcards
The grand alliance?
Britain and the Soviet Union fighting together against Nazis/ Fascism during WWII.
Whose theory began communism?
german writer Karl Marx in the 1800s
Conferences?
Tehran 1943
Yalta Feb 1945
July-Aug 1945- Potsdam
Leaders at conferences?
Tehran+Yalta= Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Potsdam= Atlee, Truman, Stalin
Positives of Tehran?
.USA and Uk to attack Nazis through France on D-Day
. Stalin would declare war on Japan once the war in Europe ended
.Weaken Germany after WWII
. Soviet Union could keep land in Poland and Poland to get land from Germany
.Start a new peace keeping force - became the UN
Negatives of Tehran?
Where to attack the Nazis - Churchill wanted in the Balkans but Roosevelt and Stalin agreed on France
Positives of Yalta?
- Split Germany into 4 zones
- Germany to pay $20 billion in reparations
- Put Nazis on trial for crimes
- Set up UN
- Stalin to join war with Japan
- Free elections in Eastern Europe
Negatives of Yalta?
- Polish borders back to 1921 - Stalin gained land
- stalin wanted a Communist government against London Poles
Positives of Potsdam?
.reinforced Yalta
Negatives of Potsdam?
- Amount of reparations- disagreement
- Soviet control and Red Army in Eastern Europe
- Polish borders
Atomic bombs?
6 Aug 1945 US bombed Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
Long telegram?
USSR planned to destroy Western way of life
-USSR heavily armed and feared the outside world
-spread communism
Novikov telegram?
USA had emerged out of WW2 financially strong and were world dominators
Soviets had to extend their buffer zone
-telegrams set the scene for the cold war
-end of the grand alliance
Slicing the salami?
Nickname for Stalin’s turning of Eastern Europe countries into Communist countries.
Done through a mix of violence and rigged elections
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Trumans plan to contain communism
Truman promised military support and aid (money) to Greece + Turkey in their fight against Communism
What was the Marshall?
financial part
could spend alot of money
1948-52 USA gave $12.7 billion in aid to europe
Dollar Imperialsm?
No Communism countries got Marshall Aid. Stalin said it was a bribe to divide Europe and spread capitalism to destroy the USSR.
What and when was coninform?
22sept 1947
- 9 countries
- Stalin had control over their decisions from Moscow
- said America was like the Nazis
What and when was comecon?
-25th Jan 1949
-To stop satellite states accepting Marshall AId
-up trade + loans between countries.
-After 1953 the soviet union had economic plans which benefited them
-the west saw this as communism spreading
West vs USSR views to repair Germany?
the west wanted to rebuild germany whereas the USSR wanted to weaken it and order them to pay for their reparations
What was bizonia and trizonia?
Bizonia- 1947- USA+UK combined zones
Trizonia- 1948- France joined as well
When was the Deutschmark introduced?
June 1948- Stalin viewed this as a divide between the countries
Stalin’s berlin blockade intentions?
June 1948
blockaded land routes
thought the west would give up on west berlin and he could claim a communist victory
Facts about berlin blockade?
.at the height of the airlift, a plane landed every minute at Berlin’s airport
.cost USA 350million and uk 17mll
.1,000 tonnes of supplies every day
.Berlin only had food by 36 days
How long did the blockade last for?
11 months
NATO?
1949
formed after the Blockade
12 nations
stand against communism
Warsaw pact?
1955- formed because west germany joined NATO
led by USSR
How many times powerful was the H bomb to the A bomb
2500x
Range of ICBM?
5600km
Effects of Nuclear arms race?
USSR spent so much money which inevitably cost them later in the cold war
Role of 1953
Eisenhower and Khrushchev new leaders
Nagy?
Hungary’s Communist leader tried to be freer from the USSR and leave the Warsaw Pact.
Causes of Hungarian Uprising?
Gero replaced Rakosi which led to riots as he was unpopular- people didn’t like communism
-Nagy replaced- friendlier communism
-soviet army leaves and prisoners released
-free elections
-farmers could own their land
-1st Nov 1956 - Hungary wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact
Course of Hungarian Uprising?
-1956
-1,000 soviet tanks
-26,000 killed/injured/imprisoned
-west didn’t intervene
-just provided aid for refugees
Consequences of Hungarian Uprising?
-Khrushchev still like Stalin
-Nagy executed
-warned others in the buffer zone not to leave
-Khrushchev more powerful over satellite states
How many left East Germany for west germany from 1949 and 1961?
2.7 million
What was the Berlin Ultimatum?
Khrushchev demanded the West recognise East Germany as a country and Berlin would be a free city with no western weapons.
Geneva conference?
May 1959
-no solution however relations improved
Camp David?
Sep 1959
-no long term solution
-ultimatum withdrawn
-Khrushchev sets foot on US soil
Paris summit?
-May 1960
-Gary powers spy plane- 13 days before- US lied
-no agreement on Cuba and Berlin
-no test ban treaty
Vienna?
1961
-Kennedy new president
-Khrushchev renewed ultimatum
-spent 2 billion on weapons to fight over Berlin
How long was the Berlin wall?
155km
How many shot in Aug 1962?
130 shot
Impacts of Berlin wall?
refugee crisis ended as it was too dangerous too cross
physical representation of the Iron curtain
Cuban revolution?
Jan 1959
revolted against the pro american government as they wanted independence
batista —> Castro
How far away from Florida was Cuba?
90 miles
Castro in 1960?
-turned cuba communist due to relations with khrushchev
Trade embargo?
Americans stopped buying sugar and tobacco from Cuba however this backfired as Cuba went to the Soviets who then gave them oil and weapons in exchange
Trade embargo?
Americans stopped buying sugar and tobacco from Cuba however this backfired as Cuba went to the Soviets who then gave them oil and weapons in exchange
The bay of pigs?
-April 1961
-America would invade Cuba and overthrow communism
-1,400 cuban exiles were humiliated by Castro and his 20,000 men
- lack of US air support
Discovery of the Missiles?
-October 1962
-American spy plane flying over Cuba took pictures that showed the construction of Soviet missile launch sites
- 20 Soviet ships carrying nuclear missiles in the Atlantic Ocean heading for Cuba.
Cuban Missile crisis timeline?
1962
22nd october- kennedy imposes naval blockade
23rd october- khrushchev’s first letter- soviets will break through
24th october- 20 ships turn back
25th october- moree building work at missile sites
26th october- letter from Khrushchev- promising to remove the launch sites if the USA agrees to lift the blockade and promises not to invade Cuba
27th october- second letter- launch sites will only be removed if the US removes its missiles in Turkey.- kennedy only answers first telegram and does the other in private
28th october- khrushchev removes missiles
Consequences of Cuban Missile Crisis?
-hotline installed- direct phone link to moscow
-1963 test ban treaty- banned testing of nuclear weapons in atmosphere and space/ not undergorund
-SALT 1- no more building of ICBMs
-1967 Outer Space Treaty - space race not for military Both claimed they ‘won’.- stop arms race spreading to outer space
When was the Prague Spring?
1968
What was Dubcek phrase for communsim?
Socialsim with a friendly face
What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?
-declared that the USSR would not allow the countries of Eastern Europe to reject communism or leave the Warsaw Pact
What was the Prague Spring?
-relaxed censorship
-trade and travel with the west
-local govs got more power
Turning point of Prague Spring?
Dubcek invited Tito and Ceausescu (rebellious Communist leaders of Yugoslavia and Romania) to Czechoslovakia for talks.
Brezhnev response in Prague?
-invaded Czechoslovakia with 100,000 troops
Negative Reaction to Prague spring?
-Yugoslavia and Romania criticised USSR
-communist parties in France and Italy cut ties with Moscow
Positive reaction to Prague Spring?
-East Geramny and Poland liked to Brezhnve DOctrine
-kept tight soviet control of the warsaw pact
Why couldn’t the US help at the Prague Spring?
- were outraged but too focused on Vietnam so didnt supply troops
- UN tried to pass a rule against the invasion
Detente
relaxing tensions
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty?
1968
neither USSR or USA would supply nuclear weapons to other states, nor help them develop
stopped superpower conflict engulfing other areas of the world
Salt 1?
-1972
-limited the number of nuclear weapons each superpower could have
can scrap old weapons and make new ones
Stats for salt 1?
USA= 1500
USSR= 1550 ICBMs
USA=41
USSR=42 nuclear subs
Helsinki Accords?
1975
-35 countries
-discuss about protection of human rights
-share medical knowledge
-soviets had to sign
Apollo-Soyuz mission?
-1975
-US and USSR working together in the space race
-slowed down the space race
-shook hands in space
Easing of tension?
Sino-soviet split
USA easy to make negotiations with China
Salt 2?
This agreement set equal limits for missile launchers and strategic bombs but left out Cruise missiles
-1974 agreement stalled
-1979 signed by Brezhnvev and Carter/ wasnt’t ratified as US thought Soviets weren’t limiting new weapons
Tension from 1977-1979?
USA increased cruise missiles
Soviets upgraded their weapons
Causes of Afghan War?
-April 1978- Taraki (communist) overthrew Afghan gov
-imprisoned and tortured muslims
-Amin took over wanted to build relations with US
-civil war broke out between Mujahedeen and commuinsts
-Soviets didn’t want US influence near them so invaded
Why did the US help Afghan?
Persian Gulf produces 65% of global oil
Challenges faced by the Soviets in Afghan?
-ill prepared for the mountainous landscape/tanks not suitable
-mujahideen used their local knowledge of the surroundings
-mujahideen more motivated/bigger cause
-Gorbachev ended the war in 1988/ 15k died
Events of Afghan war?
-beginning
25th Dec 1979- 50,000 USSR troops invaded
27th- Amin assassinated
Events of Afghan war?
-middle
23rd jan 1980- USA involved
-Carter Doctrine- USA woudl defend its oil in the Middle East with force
-provided 32 billion worth of weapons/anti-aircarft missiles
-CIA training
-abolished most Soviet-US trade
Consuqeunces of Afgan war?
-international
1980 Moscow olympics boycotted by US and other members of NATO
1984 Members of Warsaw Pact and USSR boycotted LA olympics
Consuqeunces of Afgan war?
-money
Carter increased military spending by 5%
Reagan?
-1981 president
-anti communist
-increased spending on weapons to 1trillion
‘Star Wars’
-SDI
-1983
-Anti Missile protection
-would’ve cost 60billion of tax payers money
-USA in lead
-USSR out of arms race
What else did Reagan develop?
Stealth bomber- invisible to radar
NUTS- USA weapons target USSR warheads/ not cities
Neutron Bomb
Gorbachev?
-1985
-Respected
-inexperienced
Chernobyl?
-Gorbachev denied radiation leak
-18 million roubles/ almost bankrupted soviets
Glasnost?
1985
openness
.freedom of speech
.end of censorship
.freedom of travel
.soviets pulled out troops of eastern europe
Perestroika?
1985
restructuring
improve economy
private business allowed
foreign investment allowed
Geneva?
part2
-1985
-meet for the first time
-brings arms race to an end
-nothing decided
Reykjavik?
-1986
Reagan wanted to get rid of all ballistic nuclear missiles – Gorbachev refused if SDI not dropped.
Washington?
-1987
-INF treaty signed
-all mid ranged nuclear weapons would be scrapped
-usa would scrap 900 ICBMs
-USSR would scrap 1800 ICBMs
Moscow?
Malta?
-1988
-discussions halted
-relations still good
-1989
-bush
-cold war over
Poland?
sep 1989
communist gov defeated in free electrons
Hungary?
Oct 1989
free elections
opened its border with Austria
Germany?
Nov 1989
berlin wall can no longer prevent East Germans travelling to West
Honecker ordered troops to fire on demonstrators but the troops refused to shoot at their compatriots
people start to tear down the wall
Warsaw Pact end?
Jan 1991
dissolved
Gorbachev’s resignation?
-won nobel peace prize in 1990
-hated in Russia
-Aug 1991
-Gang of 8 coup tried to remove him from power/failed
Dissolution of the USSR?
-25th Decemeber 1991
-Gorbachev retired
